Chapter 2 and 3 quiz

what are Basic Search Rules:

-Always wear gloves -Never touch or move anything until its been documented -Document everything

what are the rules of evidence collection?

-Maintain the physical integrity of the sample -Limit degradation of biological samples -Prevent contamination

a database applicable to DNA profiling is _______.

CODIS

_______ programs provide an extensive symbol library and may create a

Computer-aided design

All unauthorized personnel must be _____ from crime scenes

Excluded

.True or false: the techniques of physical evidence collection require a highly skilled individual who must specialize in this area of investigation

False

True or false: crime-scene notes should be written from memory back at the laboratory

False

True or false: scientific evaluation of crime-scene evidence can usually overcome the results of a poorly conducted criminal investigation

False

True or false: when an injured or deceased victim is present at the scene, the state of the body before being moved should be observed but not recorded.

False

The ________ arriving on the scene of a crime is responsible for taking steps to preserve an protect the area to the greatest extent possible, and this person must rely on his or her training to deal with any violent or hazardous circumstances

First responding officer

The crime-scene note should include a precise record of personnel movement in and out of the scene starting with the ________.

First responding officer

At a crime scene, first priority should be given to obtaining ______ for individuals in need of it and attempting to minimize disturbance of evidence

Medical assistance

the _____ database allows firearms analysts to compare markings made by a firearms on bullets that have been recovered from crime scenes

NIBIN

Before located evidence is collected, it must be fully described in the investigator's _________.

Notes

what are the three methods used to record the crime scene?

Notes, photographs, and sketches

the ______ database contains chemical and color information pertaining to original automotive paints

PDQ

Three methods for recording the crime scene are _______, ________, and ________.

Photography; sketching; notes

The term ______ encompasses all the objects that can establish or disprove whether a crime has been committed or can link a crime and its victim or its perpetrator

Physical evidence

Forensic analysis of physical evidence is based on two fundamental principles, what are they?

Principal of divisible matter and ii. Principle of transfer (Locard exchange principal)

True or False: failure to protect a crime scene properly may result in the destruction or altering of evidence

True

True or false: the note-taking process begins with the call to a crime-scene investigator to report to a scene.

True

The most important prerequisite for photographing a crime scene is to have a(n) ________ condition.

Unaltered

what is a zone search?

area is segmented into smaller segments - these smaller segments can be searched in any manner.

what is a strip search?

area is segmented into strips and searched

In the case of Michigan V. Tyler, the supreme court dealt with search-and-seizure procedures at a(n) ___________ scene.

arson or fire

A swab of the inner portion of the cheek; check cells are usually collected to determine the dan profile of an individual. this type of swab is know as ___________.

buccal swab

Besides the more obvious items of physical evidence possible _______ of trace evidence must be collected for detailed examination in the laboratory

carriers

A list of all people who come into possession of an item of evidence is known as a __________.

chain of custody

the possibility of future legal proceedings requires that a(n) _________ established with respect to the possession and location of physical evidence

chain of custody

what are Class characteristics?

characteristics that are shared by a group and never by a single source

Properties of evidence that can be associated only with a group and never a single source is known as ____________ characteristics

class

evidence associated with a group and not with a single source is said to possess _____ characteristics.

class

Photographs of physical evidence must include overviews as well as _______ to record the details of objects.

close-up

A(n) ______ analysis subjects a suspect specimen and a standard/reference specimen to the same test and examination in order to determine whether they have a common origin

comparative

the process of ascertaining whether two or more object have a common origin is known as a ________.

comparison

the value of class physical evidence lies in the ability to _________ events with data in a manner that is, nearly as possible, free of human error and bias.

corroborate

what is a grid search?

cover the area the most when searching, do the search twice

what is the ultimate goal of a forensic investigation?

crime scene reconstruction

the number and type of tests needed to identify a substance must be sufficient to _______ all other substances from consideration.

exclude

students studying forensic science must be cautioned that merely reading relevant textbooks and journals is no substitute for ______ in the most practical of sciences.

experience

the believability of _______ accounts, confessions, and informative testimony can all be disputed, maligned, and subjected to severe attack and skepticism in the courtroom.

eyewitness

True or False: An Ordinary mailing envelope is considered a good general-purpose evidence container.

false

True or False: Charred debris recovered from the scene of an arson is best placed in a porous container

false

True or False: If the investigator does not recognize physical evidence or does not properly preserve it for laboratory examination, sophisticated laboratory instruction or technical expertise can salvage the situation and attain the desired results

false

True or False: Overview photographs should include only points of entry and points of exit.

false

True or False: the boundaries Of the crime scene, denoted by crime-scene tape, rope, or traffic cones, should encompass only the center of the scene where the crime occurred

false

True or False: the search patterns that may be used to search a crime scene for evidence include the line pattern, grid pattern, polar coordinate pattern, and spiral pattern.

false

True or False: the value of crime-scene photographs lies in their ability to show the layout of the scene, position of witnesses, and relation of people to one another in the scene.

false

true or false: a fingerprint can be positively identified through the IAFIS database

false

true or false: physical evidence cannot be used to exclude or exonerate a person from suspicion of committing a crime

false

true or false: the distinction between individual and class evidence is always easy to make

false

Unlike the rough sketch, the ______ is constructed with care and concern for aesthetic appearance and must be drawn to scale

final sketch

A precise rendering of the crime scene, usually drawn to scale is known as a _______.

finished sketch

what are the three most important aspects of the reconstruction of a crime scene?

i. Deduce what happened ii. Order the events iii. Its not a video-play

the process of _______ determines a substance's physical or chemical identity with as near absolute certainty as existing analytical techniques will permit

identification

the process of determining a substance's physical or chemical identity. Drug analysis, species determination, and explosive residue analysis are typical example of this undertaking in a forensic setting. This is known as_________.

identification

Properties of evidence that can attribute to a common source with an extremely high degree of certainty is known as ________ characteristics.

individual

evidence that can be traced to a common source with an extremely high degree of probability is said to possess ______ characteristics

individual

An airtight container (is, is not) recommended packaging material for blood stained gagarments

is not

whenever possible, trace evidence (is, is not) to be removed from the object that bears it.

is not

Even though no unauthorized personnel are admitted to the scene, an accurate ________ must be kept of those who do enter and exit the scene and the time they do so.

log

modern analytical techniques have become so sensitive that the forensic examiner must be aware of the _______ among materials when interpreting the significance of comparative data

natural variation

The succession of photographs taken at a crime scene is _________ photographs first and _______ photographs last.

overview; close-up

although databases are consistently updated so that scientist can assign probabilities to class evidence, for the most part, forensic scientist must rely on ______ when interpreting the significance of class physical evidence

personal experience

Any object that can establish that a crime has or has not been committed or can link a crime and its victim or its perpetrator is known as?

physical evidence

The crime scene search is undertaken to locate ___________.

physical evidence

A digital camera captures light on a light-sensitive ________.

pixels

_______ is the frequency of occurrence of an event

probability

multiplying together the frequencies of independently occurring genetic markers to obtain an overall frequency of occurrence for a genetic profile is know as the ____________.

product rule

a process for developing DNA profiles from a buccal swab in 90 minutes or less that are compatible with a CODIS search is known as _____.

rapid DNA

An investigator need only draw a(n) _________ sketch at the crime scene to show its dimensions and pertinent objects

rough

A draft representation of all essential information and measurements at a crime scene this sketch is drawn at the crime scene?

rough sketch

each item collected at the crime scene must be placed in a(n) __________ container

separate

The most commonly used camera for crime-scene photography is the _______ camera, high can be film or digital.

single lens reflex

To ensure tat their digital images will be admissible, many jurisdictions have developed or are developing ________ for the use of digital photography to avoid the possibility of enhancement or doctoring of crime-scene photographs

standard operating procedures

Most physical evidence collected at the crime scene will require the accompanying submission of ____________ material for comparison purposes.

standard/reference

physical evidence whose origin is known, such as a fiber or hair from a suspect, that can be compared to crime-scene evidence is know as ________

standard/reference sample

uncontaminated surface material close to an area where physical evidence has been deposited. this sample is to be used to ensure that the surface on which a sample has been deposited does not interfere with laboratory tests. this is known as_________.

surface control

A detailed search of the crime scene for physical evidence must be conducted in a(n) _________ manner

systematic

what is the goal of class characteristics?

to narrow the class characteristics to one individualizing characteristics

True or False: each crime scene should be photographed as completely as possible in a logical succession, and he photographs should include the area in which the crime actually took place and all adjacent areas where important acts occurred.

true

True or false: the lead investigator will immediately proceed to gain an overview of the situation and develop a strategy for the systematic examination of the crime scene during the final survey.

true

true or false: given the potential weight of scientific evidence in a trial setting, failure to take safeguards may unfairly prejudice a case against the subject

true

true or false: one of the major deficiencies of forensic science is the inability of the examiner to assign exact or approximate probability value to the comparison of most class physical evidence.

true

what are Individual characters?

two objects that possess traits so that the analyst can conclude that no other item exhibits this array of traits

In the case of Mincey vs. Arizona, the supreme court restricted the practice of conducting a(n) ___________ search at a homicide scene

unwarranted

what is luminal used for?

used to detect non-biologicals like fingerprints

a. what is a Paraffin test used for?

used to determine nitrates in: 1. Residue on hand - positive results indicate nitrates are present (nitrates are associated with guns) 2. Firearm discharge gives positive results 3. Tobacco and fertilizer give positive results too

The process of ________ the crime scene essentially combines notes and photography

videotaping or digital video

the ______ accorded physical evidence during a trial is left entirely to the trier of fact

weight

as a matter of routine, all items of clothing are to be ________ before packaging

air dried

what are the three types of searches?

Zone search Strip search Grid search