Chapter 2: Biological Beginnings

mental defiency

A common outcome of fragile X syndrome is

Chorionic villus sampling

is a prenatal medical procedure in which a small sample of the placenta is removed and analyzed.

Turner syndrome.

A chromosomal disorder in females in which either an X chromosome is missing or part of one X chromosome is deleted is referred to as

MRI

A fetal _____________ may be able to detect certain placental abnormalities better than ultrasound sonograph

MRI

A powerful magnet and a radio create images that generate a detailed picture of the body's organs and structures. This sort of screening is called a fetal

Zygote

A single cell formed through fertilization is called a(n)

do not determine phenotypes independently from the contexts in which they develop.

According to developmental psychologist David Moore, genetic factors

increase reproductive success

According to evolutionary psychology, natural selection favors behaviors that

due to heredity and environment each affecting the other.

According to the epigenetic view, development is

Mitosis

All cells in our bodies, other than eggs and sperm, reproduce through a process called

an extra Y chromosome.

All of the following are characteristic of Klinefelter syndrome EXCEPT

genotype.

Angela describes her friend as tall and slender with blue eyes and red hair. She is describing her friend's

natural selection

As the environment changes, some species adapt in a way that helps them survive and reproduce, while other species do not adapt well and die. This process is called

a small sample of the placenta is removed for testing.

Chorionic villus sampling is a prenatal medical procedure in which

meiosis.

Chromosomal abnormalities result when a chromosome does not separate properly during

evolution shapes behaviors and thought patterns, not just physical traits.

David Buss has argued that

viruses parenting schooling birth complications

Environmental influences include which of the following?

there is an abnormality on the X chromosome, which becomes constricted and often breaks.

Fragile X syndrome is a chromosomal disorder in which

Fertilization

Genes are passed from generation to generation through three processes, called mitosis, meiosis, and

The genetic code inherited from our parents.

How are characteristics that suit a species for survival, transmitted from one generation to the next.?

23

How many chromosomes does a gamete or sex cell have?

at least one X chromosome.

In order to be viable, human embryos must possess

heredity-environment correlations.

Interpreting the results of adoption and twin studies is difficult because of the complexities of

Klinefelter syndrome.

Males who have an extra X chromosome, making them XXY, have

>Klinefelter syndrome- An extra X chromosome causes physical abnormalities. >Fragile X syndrome- An abnormality in the X chromosome can cause intellectual disability, learning disabilities, or short attention span. >Turner syndrome- A missing X chromosome in females can cause intellectual disability and infertility. >XYY syndrome- Males with this condition have an extra Y chromosome.

Match each sex-linked chromosomal abnormality with the correct definition.

>Mitosis- A cell's nucleus, including the chromosomes, duplicates itself, and the cell divides. >Meiosis- A specialized form of cell division forms sperm and eggs only. >Fertilization- An egg and sperm fuse together to create a single cell.

Match the following word with the correct definition. Mitosis, Meiosis, and fertilization

ultrasound sonography

Normally conducted seven weeks into the pregnancy, ______ is used to detect structural abnormalities in the fetus and when used later in the pregnancy can help determine whether the baby is male or female.

a specialized diet.

Phenylketonuria is best treated by

the Apgar Scale.

Prenatal diagnostic tests include all of the following EXCEPT

the Apgar Scale.; The Apgar Scale is a test administered to the baby immediately after it is born.

Prenatal diagnostic tests include all of the following EXCEPT

Oxygen

Sickle-cell anemia, in which the red blood cells cannot carry ______ properly and die quickly, occurs most often in African Americans.

XO

Someone with which of the following chromosomes has Turner syndrome?

Natural Selection

The evolutionary process by which the best adapted individuals of a species survive and reproduce is called

Chromosomes

There are times when abnormalities involve whole ________ that do not separate properly, whereas other abnormalities are produced by harmful genes.

TRUE. Example: An individual can inherit the genetic potential to grow very large, but good nutrition, among other things, will be essential for achieving the potential.

True or False. Environments interact with genotypes to produce phenotypes.

False; Phenotype is the way an individual's genotype is expressed in observable and measurable characteristics.

True or False: Phenotype is a person's genetic heritage, the actual genetic material.

TRUE

True or false: The emerging view is that complex behaviors are influenced by genes in ways that give people a propensity for a particular developmental trajectory as well as by complex environments.

Fasle; Although there used to be a belief that an extra Y chromosome contributed to aggression and violence, researchers have subsequently found that XYY males are no more likely to commit crimes than are XY males.

True or false: Those with XYY syndrome are more prone to aggression and violence.

False; There is virtually no risk to a woman or fetus in using ultrasound.

True or false: Ultrasound sonography during pregnancy can pose significant risks to both mother and fetus.

fetal MRI

What fetal screening method can provide more detailed images than an ultrasound?

DNA

What is the complex molecule, shaped like a spiral staircase, that contains genetic information?

GENES

What unit of hereditary information is composed of short segments of DNA?

between the 10th and 12th week of pregnancy

When can chorionic villus sampling be used to screen for genetic defects and chromosomal abnormalities?

either the woman or the man.

When couples experience infertility, the problem may lie with

Down syndrome

Which genetic disorder occurs more often in the children of mothers who are pregnant when younger than 16 and older than 34?

Sickel cell anemia

Which genetic disorder occurs primarily in African Americans?

-Turner syndrome -Down syndrome -fragile X syndrome

Which of the following are chromosomal abnormalities?

-low sperm production -blocked fallopian tubes -the woman does not ovulate

Which of the following are potential causes of infertility?

-blond hair -freckles -nearsightedness

Which of the following are recessive characteristics?

-The mother is over age 34. -The mother is under age 16.

Which of the following are risk factors for Down syndrome?

- A cell's nucleus duplicates itself. - Two new cells are formed

Which of the following happens during mitosis?

blond hair

Which of the following is NOT a dominant characteristic?

phenotypic

Which of the following is NOT one of behavior geneticist Sandra Scarr's hereditary-environment correlations?

DNA

Which of the following is a double helix shaped molecule that contains genetic information?

phenylketonuria (PKU)

Which of the following is a genetic disorder in which an individual cannot properly metabolize a certain amino acid and, if left untreated, causes intellectual disability?

-central nervous system malformations -genital/urinary malformations -chest malformations

Which of the following malformations can be detected by fetal MRI?

-ultrasound -chorionic villus sampling -amniocentesis -fetal MRI

Which of the following tests can be used to indicate whether a fetus is developing normally?

Evolutionary Psychology

Which psychological approach emphasizes the importance of adaption, reproduction, and the survival of the fittest in shaping behaviors?

Evolutionary Psychology

Which psychological approach emphasizes the importance of adaption, reproductions, and survival of the fittest in shaping behaviors?

Active genotype-environment correlations occur when the biological parents provide a rearing environment for the child.

Which statement regarding genotype-environment correlations is true?

Buss

Who among the following argues that evolution pervasively influences how we make decisions, how aggressive we are, our fears, and our mating patterns?

male has an extra Y chromosome.

XYY syndrome is a chromosomal disorder in which the

Genes

________ control the reproduction of cells and the assembly of proteins.

Down Syndrome

________ syndrome results when a person inherits an extra copy of chromosomes.

Meiosis

_________ is a specialized form of cell division that occurs to form eggs and sperm.

Behavior geneticists

________________try to figure out what is responsible for the differences among people: genes, environment, or a combination of these

chromosomes

are threadlike structures made up of strands of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

retained in our DNA

human traits and characteristics that are genetically influenced have an evolutionary history that is

Adoption

is the social and legal process by which a parent-child relationship is established between persons not related by birth.