Chapter 2

Which of the following limb movements occur during "jumping jacks"? A. flexion and abduction B. extension and adduction C. flexion and extension D. adduction and abduction

adduction and abduction

Which of the following could be defined by a movement analyst as a mechanical system? A. entire human body B. right arm C. projected ball D. all of the above

all of the above

Which of the following is/are examples of superficial muscle(s)? A. biceps B. triceps C. gastrocnemius D. all of the above

all of the above

Which of the following is/are true regarding anatomical reference position? A. palms face forward B. erect posture C. starting position for describing motion D. all of the above

all of the above

Ventral is a synonym for ____________________, which means toward the front of the body.

anterior

Which of the following terms would accurately describe the biceps muscle? A. anterior B. posterior C. medial D. lateral

anterior

Abduction takes place around which axis? A. anteroposterior B. mediolateral C. longitudinal D. horizontal

anteroposterior

Which is true about the Cartesian coordinate system? A. It is a special reference system used by biomechanists. B. It can be used to describe two-dimensional or three-dimensional motion. C. both A & B D. none of the above

both A & B

Which of the following is true regarding horizontal adduction? A. also called horizontal flexion B. occurs in the transverse plane C. both A & B D. none of the above

both A & B

Which of the following are transverse plane movements at the shoulder? A. horizontal abduction B. medial rotation C. both A and B above D. none of the above

both A and B

Which of the following motions occurs primarily in the frontal plane? A. running B. cartwheel C. pirouette D. all of the above

cartwheel

Which of the following is true regarding circumduction? A. combines flexion, extension, adduction, and abductions B. synonymous with rotation C. both A and B D. none of the above

combines flexion, extension, adduction, and abductions

Which of the following terms best describes translational motion along a curved line? A. rectilinear B. curvilinear C. rotational D. general

curvilinear

What term is used to describe the motion of bringing the foot closer to the lower leg? A. flexion B. extension C. dorsiflexion D. plantar flexion

dorsiflexion

The cardinal frontal plane divides the body into equal _____. A. right and left halves. B. front and back halves. C. top and bottom halves. D. medial and lateral halves.

front and back halves.

Abduction occurs in which plane? A. sagittal B. frontal C. transverse D. it depends on the action being performed

frontal

Most human movement falls into which category? A. rectilinear B. curvilinear C. angular or rotational D. general

general

Which of the following statements is false? A. the hip is distal to the knee B. the shoulder is superior to the hip C. superficial muscles are closer to the skin than deep muscles D. the triceps are posterior to the biceps

the hip is distal to the knee

In anatomical position what is the position of the elbow? A. 180° B. 0° C. need more information D. none of the above

0°

Which of the following units is unique to three-dimensional Cartesian coordinate systems (i.e. do not exist in 2-D systems)? A. x B. y C. z D. all of the above are unique to 3-D systems

C. z

The word __________________ refers to a description of quality without the use of numbers.

qualitative

__________________ describes motion along a straight line, whereas __________________ describes motion along a curved line.

rectilinear; curvilinear

Which of the following categories of motion is mutually exclusive with each of the others? A. translational motion B. rectilinear motion C. curvilinear motion D. rotational motion

rotational motion

Which of the following motions occurs primarily in the sagittal plane? A. running B. a cartwheel C. a pirouette D. all of the above

running

Elbow extension takes place in what plane? A. sagittal B. frontal C. transverse D. longitudinal

sagittal

In which of the following planes does a forward roll occur? A. sagittal B. frontal C. transverse D. oblique

sagittal

Nodding the head "yes" occurs in which plane? A. sagittal B. frontal C. transverse D. oblique

sagittal

Which imaginary cardinal plane bisects the body into right and left halves? A. sagittal B. frontal C. transverse D. none of the above

sagittal

Which of the following is a linear movement in the frontal plane? A. shoulder adduction B. shoulder girdle elevation C. shoulder flexion D. both A & B

shoulder girdle elevation

Which view is best for observing normal human gait? A. side view B. front view C. back view D. does not matter

side view

Foot pronation occurs at which joint? A. ankle B. subtalar C. both A & B D. pronation does not occur in the foot

subtalar

In anatomical position, the forearm is in what position? A. pronated B. supinated C. flexed D. abducted

supinated

Describe three different tools used to collect and analyze kinematic data and provide the strengths and weaknesses of each tool. Include both high and lower tech examples.

1) Electronically controlled still cameras: They are aligned in sequence with an electromagnetic tripping device to capture serial shots of trotting and galloping horses, resolving the controversy about whether all four hooves are ever airborne simultaneously. 2) Reflective joint markers: They can be tracked by a camera for automatic digitizing of the movement. 3) Goniometers: They are used to measure the range of motion around a joint in the body.

Name two ways an analyst can increase his/her knowledge about the mechanics of a motor skill and describe the advantages and disadvantages of each.

1) Having experience in performing the skill: Having experience in performing the skill allows for a better qualitative analysis on a person who may perform the skill poorly. 2) Reading available materials from textbooks, scientific journals, and lay (coaching) journals: Reading available materials allows for the increased knowledge of an analyst about the mechanics of a motor skill.

Describe the steps that should be taken when planning a qualitative analysis.

1) Identify the major question or questions of interest. Having one or more particular questions or problems in mind helps to focus the analysis. 2) Determine the optimal perspective(s) from which to view the movement. If the major movements are primarily planar, a single viewing perspective such as a side view or rear view may be sufficient. 3) Determine the number of trials or executions of the movement that should be observed in the course of formulating an analysis. The greater the inconsistency in the performer's kinematics, the larger the number of observations that should be made. 4) Collect these observations and interpret them. Seeking out observations from a visual, auditory, performer, or other analyst's observation and interpreting allows for a more in-depth and efficient analysis. 5) Communicate with the performer with the analyses made. Communicating with the performer and having a conversation about the movement and how to perform it better allow for the analyst to seek any faults in their observations and to improve for future analyses.

What are the two main sources of information for the analyst diagnosing a motor skill?

1) Kinematics, or technique exhibited by the performer 2) The performance outcome

To supplement visual observations, the analyst can often use non-visual information. Describe two examples of auditory information that could be used during a qualitative analysis.

1) Proper contact of a golf club with a ball sounds distinctly different from when a golfer "tops" the ball. 2) The sound of the ball contacting the arms reveals whether there was an illegal double hit or a legal single hit.

Which of the following describes the knee joint relative to the ankle joint? A. distal B. proximal C. medial D. lateral

proximal

During the preparatory phase for an underhand softball pitch, the hand holding the ball is drawn behind the body prior to the forward swing of the arm. When the hand is drawn behind the body, which of the following movements occurs at the shoulder? A. flexion B. extension C. hyperextension D. circumduction

hyperextension

Which of the following terms means "farther from the head"? A. distal B. proximal C. superior D. inferior

inferior

In anatomical position, what term describes the radius relative to the ulna? A. medial B. lateral C. posterior D. anterior

lateral

Which of the following is not an example of a sagittal plane movement? A. flexion B. hyperextension C. lateral flexion D. plantar flexion

lateral flexion

Shaking the head "no" involves which of the following movements? A. lateral and medial rotation B. left and right rotation C. internal and external rotation D. all of the above are correct

left and right rotation

Translation is a synonym for __________________ motion.

linear

Movements in the transverse plane occur around which axis? A. mediolateral B. anteroposterior C. longitudinal D. horizontal

longitudinal

Internal rotation is synonymous with which of the following? A. medial rotation B. lateral rotation C. external rotation D. none of the above

medial rotation

The __________________ axis is the imaginary line around which sagittal plane motion occurs.

mediolateral

A dancer performs a pirouette in which plane? A. sagittal B. frontal C. transverse D. longitudinal

transverse

Primarily in which plane does the swinging of a baseball bat occur? A. sagittal B. frontal C. transverse D. obtuse

transverse

In two-dimensional Cartesian coordinate systems, what unit is used for the vertical axis? A. x B. y C. z D. any of the above can describe the vertical axis

y