Chapter 2/ CI 343

Write the nine pairs of equivalent consonant phonemes. List the voiced phoneme in each pair first.

/b/ and /p/ /v/ and /f/ /z/ and /s/ /d/ and /t/ /g/ and /k/ /th (underlined)/ and /th/ /w/ and /hw/ /zh/ and /sh/ /j/ and /ch/

MOST of the time, g represents the phoneme.......

/g/

Most of the time, c represents the phoneme

/k/

the consonant digraph ch represents /ch/ about 89% of the time. About 10% of the time, it represents the phoneme ________________, and about 1% of the time it represents the phoneme __________

/k/, /sh/

about 86% of the time, the grapheme x represents the phonemes _____________, and about 12% of the time, it represents the phonemes _____________.

/ks/, /gz/

when qu is found at the beginning of words and syllables , It usually represents the blended phonemes __________, and when que occurs at the end of words, it represents the phoneme _____________.

/kw/ , /k/

the letters nk at the ends of words or syllables reliably represent the phonemes __________

/ng+k/

about 84% of the time, the grapheme s represents the phoneme _______________

/s/

the grapheme z reliably represents /z/, but in a few low-frequency words it represents the phonemes ________ and ________.

/s/, and / zh/

when the letters ce or ci are followed by a vowel letter, ce and ci represent the phoneme _______________

/sh/

in words of more than one syllable, the tion suffix occurs frequently. it most often represents the phonemes _________, but in rare situations represents the phonemes __________.

/shun/, /chun

about 59% of the time, the digraph th represents the phoneme ________ and about 41% of the time, it represents the phoneme_________

/th/, /th (underlined)/

When the grapheme es at the end of a word follows vowels or voiced consonants, it represents the phoneme ___________. Otherwise, it represents the phoneme ____________.

/z/, /s/

when the grapheme s at the end of a word follows voiced consonants, the s represents the phoneme ___________. Otherwise, it represents the phoneme ______.

/z/, /s/

Explain why the consonant letters c, x, and q are said to be superfluous.

The letters c,x,and q have no sounds of their own. Other consonant letters predictably represent the phonemes these letters represent.

when vowel letters precede the letter r, the r is _____________

a part of the vowel

A consonant digraph is __________.

a two-letter grapheme representing one consonant phoneme

sometimes a consonant digraph is blended with a consonant grapheme. write a word containing a digraph blended with a consonant grapheme.

any word containing thr or shr in the initial position, or any word containing nch or ngth in the final position is acceptable. three strength

on rare occasions, h is silent. This usually happens when h

appears as the first letter of a word , and when it follows the consonants k, r, and g at the beginning of words

the letter r consistently represents the consonant phoneme /r/ when it occurs ____________

at the beginning of words or syllables

when the grapheme s occurs ___________, it represents both the /s/ and /z/ phonemes.

at the end of words

There are 25 consonant phonemes used in spoken words. 18 of these phonemes are predictably represented by 18 of our 21 consonant letters. The /zh/ phoneme is represented by the graphemes s,z,and is. Write the 5 two-letter graphemes that represent the remaining 6 consonant phonemes.

ch sh th wh ng

explain the difference between consonant digraphs and consonant blends.

consonant digraphs are two letters representing one phoneme. These should never be separated. consonant blends are two or more consonant letters representing two or more consonant phonemes. These can be separated.

In syllables and single-syllable words containing three or more phonemes, there are, generally speaking, three phoneme positions. These positions are (a) initial, (b) medial, and (c) final. In which positions do we find the consonant phonemes and graphemes?

consonant phonemes are used in the initial and/or final position of syllables and single-syllable words

the consonant trigraph tch occurs at the _________ of words and syllables. it represents /ch/ ______________% of the time, and it follows______ vowel phonemes.

end, 100, short

When any two consonant phonemes are produced by the same speech organs, except one is voiced and the other is voiceless, they are said to be _______ phonemes.

equivalent

on rare occasions, k is silent. This usually happens when k

is followed by an n at the beginning of words

ninety-five percent of the time when the letters gh follow vowel letters, gh ______________.

is silent

occasionally the letter g is followed by the letter n, and occasionally it is followed by a u and some vowel. When g is followed by the letter n, g _______________, and when g is followed by the letter u and another vowel, g _____________.

is silent, represents /g/

the grapheme w is used to represent a vowel phoneme when

it follows the vowels a, e, or o

one of the most interesting things about the grapheme v Is that ___________

it is never found at the end of words without an e after it

the grapheme y reliably represents /y/ when it occurs at the beginning of a word or syllable. it represents vowel phonemes when ___________.

it is not used to begin words or syllables and when it is preceded by a vowel

sometimes the letter l is silent. Although not consistent, the l is often silent when

it precedes another consonant within a word or syllable

Name the speech organs used for producing consonant phonemes.

lips tongue teeth gums palate vocal cords

occasionally, the letter b is silent in words. When it is silent, it either has an ____________ before it or a __________ after it.

m,t

the consonant digraph ____________ occurs more frequently in words than any other consonant digraph and is almost 100% reliable.

ng

the letter n should not be confused with the consonant digraph ____________, and the letter p should not be confused with the consonant digraph ______________.

ng, ph

an important thing to remember about the grapheme n is that it ________ than any other consonant phoneme.

occurs in words more frequently

on rare occasions, the letter p is silent. This happens when ___________.

p occurs at the beginning of words followed by an s, t, or an n

the grapheme w reliably represents /w/ when it occurs at the beginning of words and syllables, unless it is followed by the letter ___________. On these occasions, the w is silent.

r

when the letters gh begin a word, gh ________________

represents /g/

a distinctive characteristic of the letter h is that it never

represents a phoneme in the final position of a syllable or word

a distinctive characteristic of the letter j is that it never

represents a phoneme in the final position of a syllable or word

the grapheme ___________ represents the phoneme /z/ in more words than the grapheme z.

s

the letter h should not be confused with the consonant digraphs

sh th wh ch

on rare occasions, the letter t is

silent

the grapheme t reliably represents the phoneme /t/. However, it should not be confused with the digraph _________

th

what can you say about the reliability of the digraph sh?

the digraph sh consistently represents the phoneme /sh/

what can you say about the reliability of the digraph wh?

the digraph wh represents the phoneme /hw/ about 90% of the time and it represents the phoneme /h/ about 10% of the time.

what can you say about the reliability of the graphemes h, j, k, l, and m?

the graphemes h, j, k, l, and m reliably predict the phonemes /h/, /j/, /k/, /l/, and /m/, respectively.

when we say the letters b, d, and f are reliable graphemes what do we mean?

the letter b reliably predicts the phoneme /b/ in written words, the letter d reliably predicts the phoneme /d/ in written words, and the letter f reliably predicts the phoneme /f/ in written words.

what can you say about the reliability of the graphemes n, p, and r?

the reliably predict the phonemes /n/, /p/, /r/

The letters y and w always represent consonant phonemes when __________________.

they begin words or syllables

the letter q never occurs in a words without a ___________ after it.

u

state the generalization regarding when the letter g represents its own sound and when it represents /j/.

unless the g is followed by an e, I, or y, it represents its own sound. When g is followed by an e, I, or y, it usually represents /j/, but not always. However, when ge and dge occur at the end of words or syllables, they represent /j/.

the grapheme v is (not very reliably, very reliable).

very reliable

Voiced consonant phonemes are produced by ___________.

vibrating our vocal cords

Consonant phonemes are voiced and _______________.

voiceless

describe those situations when readers think they see the ng digraph when they really dont.

when a prefix ending with a n occurs before a rood word beginning with a g, readers might think that they see the digraph ng. when a ge or gi grapheme occurs at the ending of a word to represent /j/ and the letter before that ending is n, readers might think they see the ng digraph.

describe the situation in which the /th/ voiceless phoneme cant be predicted in written words.

when th is preceded by or follows another consonant letter, the th represents the voiceless /th/

state the generalization regarding when the letter c represents /s/ and when it represents /k/.

when the grapheme c is followed by an E, I, or y, it represents the phoneme /s/. All the other times it represents the phoneme /k/.

Which two letters are used to represent both consonant and vowel phonemes?

y and w