Chapter 2 - Concept of Teaching and Learning

ASSESSMENT Nursing Process Education Process

> Appraise physical and psycho social needs. > Ascertain learning needs, readiness to learn and learning style

Education and the Nursing Process Differentiated

Both have the same elements such as assessment, planning, implementation, and evaluation

Teaching

It is also consequential process where the teacher demonstrate and the learner appreciates what is shown and to internalize what is seen and heard.

Assessment

- - Includes gathering of data about the system, the individual, family, or community and recording of all needed information - Data are gathered through interview, physical examination, research, and review of records - Purposes: o Predict, detect, prevent, manage, or eliminate health problems o Clarify expected outcomes o Develop specific plan o Review of records o Initiates the intellectual process in sorting and classifying gathered data, recognizing patterns and discrepancies, comparing these data with norms and identifying client response to health problems that are amendable to nursing interventions

Syntax

- - Relating data to what we learn

Assessment

- A process which provides the nurse educator with information regarding the student's knowledge and skills needed to efficiently and effectively transfer knowledge and skills to the learners

Health

- According to WHO, "it is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity." It encompasses the ability of an individual to perform tasks expected even if some manifestations of illness are felt.

Education

- An interactive process of imparting knowledge through sharing, explaining, clarifying and synthesizing the substansive content of the learning process in order to arrive at a positive judgement and well-developed wisdom and behavior. (Kozier, 2004)

Constructivism Learning Theory

- Based on the idea that students would create their own type of learning stemming from the previous learning experiences - based on the idea that students actually create their own learning based on their previous experience.

Humanism Learning Theory

- Directly focus on the idea of self-actualization

The nursing process is dynamic & cyclic

- Each step may be reviewed and revised according to changing client responses to nursing interventions, which may require revisions in the plan of care

Documentation

- Establishes a: o Written record of assessment o The care provided o The patients' response

Principles of Reaction

- Gives the teacher an outlook on how students react or respond to activities or situations - Guided by the learner's attitude and personality

Support System

- Includes additional requirements to support and improve an individual's learning style

Institutional Acts

- Includes policies and rules

Evaluation

- Involves the collection of pertinent and reliable data about the process and outcome of care - The quality of nursing care that is provided is analyzed and results are compared with expected outcome criteria

The Nursing Process

- Is a scientific & systematic, problem-solving approach used to identify, prevent, and treat actual or potential health problems & promote wellness - The nursing process provides the necessary tool to enable the nurse to render quality nursing care to patients - Helps determine the clients' health needs - Emphasizes the need to manage and maximize health by managing risk factors and encouraging healthy behaviors - Provides a framework in which nurses use their knowledge and skills to express human caring - An orderly, systematic manner of determining the client's problems, making plans to solve the problems, initiating the plan or assigning others to implement the plan, and evaluating the extent to which the plan has effectively resolved the problems identified

Education

- It is an application of several teaching and learning principles which comprise a body of knowledge and research findings ultimately meant to results in the formation of expected behavior of an individual.

The nursing process is an intellectual process

- Nurses use knowledge in problem-solving making, decision-making and critical thinking to: o Assess their client's problems, plan their care, implement plans, and evaluate the effectiveness of the care given

Connectivism Learning Theory

- People learn and grow when they make connection

Implication of the Concepts of Teaching & Learning in Nursing Practice

- Planning of patient care is a complex process involving several individuals - It is designed to achieve specific goals like health promotion or improvement - Nursing is synonymous to care where a nurse's responsibility is beyond care for the patient by doing his or her clinical duties such as giving comfort measures and administering treatment modalities - Nursing also means teaching the patient proper self-care, health promotion, illness or disease prevention, factors affecting health and treatment, and treatment options - Teaching plays an important role in the efficient and effective dissemination of information and in developing practical clinical skills of students by means of demonstration, laboratory activities and similar hands on exercise.

Health

- it is a conditions that permits optimal functioning of the individual to live most and to serve best in her personal and social relationships. (Sharman, 1948)

Purposes of the Nursing Process

- Provides a tool to enable the nurse to render quality nursing care to clients - Helps identify the client's health care needs, and determine priorities of care and expected outcomes - Establishes nursing intervention to meet client-centered goals - Provides nursing interventions to meet the needs of clients - Evaluates the effectiveness of nursing care in achieving goals - Achieves scientifically-based, holistic, and individualized care - Takes the opportunity of working collaboratively with clients and other members of the health care team - Achieves continuity of care to the clients

Application

- Provides information about the use of the model and structural setting of the given model

Assessment

- Refers to the gathering of data about the learner's or group of learners' demographic profile, skills and abilities needed in identifying the most appropriate teaching strategy

Social systems

- Support Groups; instructor acts as facilitator

Implementation

- The actual performance of the plan - Helps determine client's progress towards meeting expected outcomes and goals - Nurses document this plan in appropriate forms such as "nursing progress forms" - They put the plan in action in order to: o Assess appropriateness of intervention o Perform interventions o Make immediate changes o Chart and monitor progress of clients

Planning

- The formulation of the nursing care plan on which the nurse works with the client to set goals and objectives and predict outcomes - Identifies nursing actions for preventing, correcting, or relieving health problems and developing specific interventions as stated in the nursing care plan - Planning is done in order to: o Detect, prevent, and manage health problems o Promote well-being and anticipate potential problems o Allocate and utilize possible resources to achieve desired outcomes

Universally Applicable

- The nursing process allows nurses to practice nursing with well or sick people, young or old, regardless of race, creed or religion and in any practice setting

Interpersonal

- The nursing process ensures that nurses are client-centered rather than task-centered - The nursing process encourages nurses to work and help clients use their strength to meet their own needs

Systematic

- The nursing process has an ordered sequence of precise and accurate activities - Preceding activities influence activities following them

Goal-Directed

- The nursing process is a means for nurses and clients to work together in order to identify specific goals related to wellness promotion, disease and illness prevention, health restoration, and coping with altered functioning

Dynamic

- The nursing process provides active interaction and integration among activities - Current activity is necessary to influence future activities

The nursing process is planned & goal-directed

- The plan of care and nursing intervention is organized carefully to meet the client's goals of care

Scenario of the Model

- Through this, the learners are able to enhance their skills

Planning

- a carefully organized written presentation of what the learner needs to learn and how the nurse educator is going to initiate the teaching process

Learning (Gagne 1985)

- a change in human dispostion or capability that persists over a period of time and is not simply ascribable to process of growth.

Planning of patient care

- a complex process involving several individuals. - It is designed to achieve specific goals like health promotion or improvement

Health

- a sense of being physically fit, mentally stable and socially comfortable. It encompasses more than the state of being free of disease. (Kozier, 2004)

Planning

- also includes culturally-relevant skills for the: o Learner o the goals of learning o type of teaching-learning setting such as: > classroom setting > laboratory setting > clinical setting > ward setting

Patient Teaching

- basic

Patient Teaching

- basic function of nursing, the concept of patient teaching is perceived as legal and moral requirement and function of licensed nursing personnel and defined as a system of activities intended to produce learning and change in client behavior. (Nursing Fundamentals, 1995)

Evaluation

- evaluation must be constructive and objective with the purpose of creating effective change in the behavior of both the teacher and the learner in terms of: o input o process o output

Coding

- finding a way to connect/code life experiences to decision making skills

Implementation & Application of the Teaching Plan

- includes procedures or techniques and strategies that the teacher will use to best implement the plan

Planning

- indicates teaching timeline and specific sets of learner activities

Nursing assessment

- involves data gathering about the patient from a variety of sources

Responding

- is learning to perform what has been learned; it also requires feedback

Education Process

- it is a systematic, sequential, logical, scientifically based, planned course of action consisting of teaching and learning (Bastable, 2007) - It is a cycle that involves a teacher and a learner.

Patient Teaching

- it is dynamic interaction between the nurse as a teacher who provides all the needed information for the learners to acquire knowledge. The patient as a learner internalizes these information as basis for his daily routines and activities in promoting and maintaining health.

Health for Hildegard Peplau

- it is the process by which an individual strive for a stable equilibrium and a forward movements of one's personality. - the ability of an individual to adapt to constant change which will make life easier and faster.

Health for Faye Abdellah

- it means that the state when a individual has no unmet needs and no anticipated or actual impairment of the body that is manifested.

Teaching-Learning Process

- occurs before the lesson begins and continues after the last lessons ends.

Teaching

- providing learning materials, activities, situations and experiences that enables the clients or learners to acquire knowledge, attitudes, values and skills in order to facilitate self-reliant behavior. (Calderon 1998).

Storage

- the ability to sustain the knowledge learned

Learning

- the acquisition of knowledge of all kinds such as activities, habits, attitudes, values and skills (Calderon, 1998) primarily to create change in an individual. It is a gradual, continuous process throughout of life.

Reinforcement

- the continuous effort to learn more

Expectancy

- the expectations to the learning process

Evaluation

- the measurement of the teaching-learning performance of both the teacher and the learner

Implementation & Application of the Teaching Plan

- the point where the theoretical and practical aspects of the teaching-learning process meet as the teacher applies the plan

Logical Acts

- those can be evaluated independently of their consequences - these includes, explaining, concluding, inferring, giving reasons, amassing evidence, demonstrating, defining, and comparing, - requires knowledge of the laws of thoughts

Strategy Acts

- which are evaluated by their consequences. - needs an acquaintenance with the laws of learning and human growth. - this inludes motivating, counseling, evaluating, planning, encouraging, disciplining and questioning

Education

-- it must provide adequate learning oppurtunities which allow an individuals to demonstrate lifelong values which enable her to contribute fully to the development of a peaceful and just society.

Cognitive Learning Theory

-looks at the way people think. - understands that learners can be influenced by both internal and external elements. - Talks about our drive to learn

Steps in Education Process

1. Assessment 2. Planning 3. Implementation 4. Evaluation

Steps in Nursing Process

1. Assessment 2. Planning 3. Implementation 4. Evaluation 5. Documentation

Theories of Learning

1. Behaviorism Learning Theory 2. Cognitive Learning Theory 3. Constructivism Learning Theory 4. Humanism Learning Theory 5. Connectivism Learning Theory

The Process of Learning

1. Expectancy 2. Attention 3. Coding 4. Storage 5. Retrievable 6. Transfer 7. Responding 8. Reinforcement

Models of Teaching

1. Logical Acts 2. Strategy Acts 3. Institutional Acts

Characteristics of Nursing Process

1. Systematic 2. Dynamic 3. Interpersonal 4. Goal-Directed 5. Universally Applicable

Nature of the Nursing Process

1. The nursing process is dynamic & cyclic 2. The nursing process is planned & goal-directed 3. The nursing process is an intellectual process

IMPLEMENTATION Nursing Process Education Process

> carrying out nursing care interventions using standard procedures. > Perform the act of teaching based on instructional methods and tools.

EVALUATION Nursing Process Education Process

> determine physical and psycho social outceomes > determine behavior changes.

PLANNING Nursing Process Education Process

> develop care plan based on mutual goal setting to meet individual needs. > Develop teaching plan

- Different in terms of focus: o Nursing Process o Education Process

> focuses on planning and implementation of care based on the assessment and diagnosis of physical and psychological needs of a client > focuses on the planning and implementation of teaching based on the assessment and prioritization of student needs, readiness to learn, and learning styles

Instructional and Nurturant

> these are directly achieved by reading the learning in certain directions. > Refers to the indirect result of the model. usually a result of experiencing the environment created by the model.

Elements of Various teaching models

Scenario of the Model Syntax Social System Principles of Reaction Support System Application Instructional and Nurturant

Retrieval

is the reusing the knowledge stored when needed

Transfer

is when learners would discover that new learnings can be transferred (applied) to new situations

Attention

the concentration or focus on things that are engaging and interesting

Behaviorism Learning Theory

the idea that how a student behaves is based on their interaction with their environment. - influenced and learned from external forces rather than internal forces. - Things are learned from our environment - We recognize the influence of environment in the promotion or hindrance of learning