Chapter 2- Developmental Psychology

The Apgar Scale should be used to assess the health of newborns at

1 and 5 minutes after birth.

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Down syndrome?

An extra Y chromosome

______ are threadlike structures made up of strands of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).

Chromosomes

Low birth weight infants weigh less than ______ at birth.

5 pounds 8 ounces

Which of the following is a chromosomally transmitted form of intellectual disability caused by the presence of an extra copy of chromosome 21?

Down syndrome

Which statement is best supported by the results of current research?

Genes shape predispositions for behaviors or traits, but we need to also take context into account.

How long does the postpartum period last?

about 6 weeks

In the third stage of birth, the placenta, umbilical cord, and other membranes are expelled from the uterus. This stage of birth is called the

afterbirth

Which of the following prescription drugs can function as teratogens?

antibiotics; acne medications; synthetic estrogen; some antidepressants

Which field seeks to discover the influence of environment and heredity on individual differences in human development?

behavior genetics

According to Gilbert Gottlieb's epigenetic view, which of the following characterizes the relationship between heredity and environment in development?

bidirectional

In the period shortly after birth, a connection between the parent and the infant forms. This attachment is known as

bonding

The formation of a connection, especially a physical one, between parent and infant shortly after birth is known as __.

bonding

The threadlike structures found in the nucleus of each human cell and made up of deoxyribonucleic acid are called

chromosomes.

When a single sperm cell from the male unites with an ovum (egg) in the female's fallopian tube, what occurs?

conception

__ syndrome results when a person inherits an extra copy of chromosome 21.

down

When couples experience infertility, the problem may lie with

either the woman or the man.

The ______ view states that development is the result of an ongoing, bidirectional interchange between heredity and the environment.

epigenetic

Which psychological approach emphasizes the importance of adaption, reproduction, and survival of the fittest in shaping behaviors?

evolutionary psychology

Fertilization typically takes place in the

fallopian tube

Conception occurs when a single sperm cell from a male unites with an ovum in a process called

fertilization

Genes are passed from generation to generation through three processes, called mitosis, meiosis, and __.

fertilization

Prenatal development begins with ______ and ends with ______.

fertilization; birth

A cluster of abnormalities that may appear in the offspring of mothers who drink alcohol heavily during pregnancy is referred to as

fetal alcohol spectrum disorders.

Prenatal development is divided into what three periods?

fetal; embryonic; germinal

Which of the following are recessive characteristics?

freckles; nearsightedness; blond hair

For a particular teratogen, the severity of damage to the embryo or fetus and the type of defect are influenced by which of the following?

genetic susceptibility; the dosage; time of exposure

Which of the following outcomes are associated with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders? (Choose every correct answer.)

heart problems; learning problems; facial deformities

Interpreting the results of adoption and twin studies is difficult because of the complexities of

heredity-environment correlations.

According to evolutionary psychology, natural selection favors behaviors that

increase reproductive success.

In general, exposure to teratogens has a more serious impact when ______.

it occurs earlier in the pregnancy

Jemma weighs 4 pounds at birth. She would be considered a(n) ______ infant.

low birth weight

Which of the following are potential causes of infertility?

low sperm production; blocked fallopian tubes; the woman does not ovulate

Which of the following are psychoactive drugs?

marijuana; alcohol; nicotine; caffeine

The prenatal testing that should be performed depends on which of the following?

medical history; mothers age; genetic risk factors

During __, the cell's nucleus duplicates itself and the cell divides. During __, a specialized form of cell division occurs to form egg and sperm cells.

mitosis; meiosis

The evolutionary process by which the best-adapted individuals of a species survive and reproduce is called ______ selection.

natural

As the environment changes, some species adapt in a way that helps them survive and reproduce, while other species do not adapt well and die. This process is called

natural selection.

Environmental influences include which of the following?

neighborhood; birth complications; parenting; schooling; viruses

Which of the following is NOT one of behavior geneticist Sandra Scarr's hereditary-environment correlations?

phenotypic

The ______ period lasts from the end of delivery until the mother's body has returned to a nearly prepregnant state (in about six weeks).

postpartum

The general term for drugs that act on the nervous system to alter states of consciousness, modify perceptions, and change moods is

psychoactive drugs.

A ______ gene will only be expressed if a person does NOT have the ______ gene on the other half of a chromosome pair.

recessive; dominant

The Apgar Scale evaluates all of the following, EXCEPT

size and weight

Prenatal care often includes which of the following components?

social services; comprehensive educational services; nutritional services

Research indicates that prescription drugs can act as a(n) to the unborn fetus. (Watch your spelling!)

teratogen

Any agent that can potentially cause a birth defect or negatively alter cognitive and behavioral outcomes is referred to as a(n)

teratogen.

In general, prenatal care involves which of the following?

testing for treatable diseases; a defined schedule of visits for medical care; screening for manageable conditions

Prenatal diagnostic tests include all of the following EXCEPT

the Apgar Scale.

Teratology is the field of study that investigates

the causes of birth defects

The placenta, umbilical cord, and other membranes are detached and expelled during the ____ stage of birth.

third

Which of the following would be most commonly used by a behavior geneticist?

twin or adoption studies