Chapter 2: Europeans Encounter the New World

In the fall of 1493, Columbus was dispatched with a fleet of ____ ships, he would return two more times to the New World: in ____ and ____.

17, 1498, 1502

During the century following 1492 approximately _________ Spaniards settled in the colonies. Europeans never made up more than 1-2% of the total population, there was a shortage of Spanish women so Spanish men would often fornicate with Native American Women. Thus race formed a hierarchy, with ________ or people from Spain at the top. Followed by ______ who were fully Spanish children born in the New World. Below them were ______ the offspring of Spanish men and Indian women. At the very bottom were the Native Americans.

225,000, peninsulares, creoles, mestizos

Columbus upon reporting to Isabella and Ferdinand post his discovery was given the title ______ __ ___ _____ __. He brought 7 Tainos who were ______, and King Ferdinand became their godfather. The pope said they had claims to the land, the Portuguese got worried about their territory, and thus the ______ __ ______ was negotiated in 1494. ( It drew an imaginary line eleven hundred miles west of the Canary Islands. Spain got the west side, Portugal got the east side.

Admiral of the Ocean Sea, baptized, Treaty of Tordesillas

In 1520, German artist _____ _____ said the most exciting news about the new lands is that they could serve the interest of Europeans.

Albrecht Dürer

The Tlaxcala were bitter enemies of the Mexica and thus allowed the Spaniards to recuperate there. In the spring of 1521, Cortés and thousands of Native American allies laid siege to the Mexican capital, defeating the last defenders on ______ ___ ____. The Spaniards superior ______ ____ partially offset the Mexicans' numerical advantage. The European _____ proved an even more powerful weapon. Smallpox killed thousands of Mexicans and left many others too sick to fight. (Many Mexicans feared the gods had abandoned them, and the Spaniards' exploitation of the tensions of the people within the Mexican Empire allowed them leverage)

August 13, 1521, military technology, viruses

The limited food in Europe soon became plentiful for survivors of the ____ ____ otherwise known as the bubonic plague.

Black Death

Everybody wanted a piece of the New World, in 1497 King Henry VII sent John _____ to look for a Northwest Passage to the ______ he reached the tip of Newfoundland which he thought was part of _____, he sailed west in 1498 but was never heard from again. An Italian businessman, ______ ______, was aboard the Spanish expedition that landed on the northern coast of South America in 1499.

Cabot, Indies, Asia, Amerigo Vespucci

King Charles I/ Charles V used the wealth of New Spain to promote his own interests including protecting orthodox ________. In 1517, Martin Luther (Catholic Priest) initiated the ______ ______, pretty much claimed you can't buy into heaven. He was called a heretic and Charles V pledged to exterminate his heresies. American wealth, especially Mexican _____, fueled Spanish ambitions but the constant warfare surpassed the revenues from the New World. Both Charles and Philip II raised taxes more than ______ in the 16th century.

Christianity, Protestant Reformation, silver, fivefold

Spaniards brought: ______, ____ technology, ______ ships, ____, ______ vehicles, ______, and ______. ( Which caused devastating epidemics that nearly obliterated the native population)

Christianity, iron, sailing, fire-arms, wheeled, Old World microorganisms

What were soldiers who fought in conquests called?

Conquistadors

In 1488, Bartolomeu ______ sailed around the Cape of Good Hope and then back to Lisbon with the news that it seemed possible to sail on to India and China from the southern tip of Africa. In 1498, _____ __ ___ commanded the first Portuguese fleet to sail to India. By the early 16th century, the Portuguese controlled a far-flung commercial empire in the ____ _____. (The collective of the countries India, Indonesia, and China)

Dias, Vasco da Gama, East Indies

Portugal was too concerned with exploiting its hard-won trade with the _____ _____ than colonizing the New World. England and France were absorbed by _____ and ____ concerns in Europe and largely lost interest in America until late in the century. In the decades following 1519, the Spaniards created the distinctive colonial society of ___ ____.

East Indies, domestic, diplomatic, New Spain

Historically the _____--- not the ______--- attracted the Europeans. Europeans did not venture across the North Atlantic until around 1000 AD when _______ founded a small fishing village at L'Anse aux Meadows (It only lasted a decade or so on the tip of Newfoundland)

East, West, Norsemen

From the 12th through 15th centuries, spices, silk, carpets, ivory, and gold traveled overland from Persia, Asia Minor, India. and Africa and then funneled into continental _____ through ______ trade routes. Dominated primarily by the Italian cities of _____, _____, and _____.

Europe, Mediterranean, Venice, Genoa, Pisa

Columbus married ____ ____, whom he used to get access to explorers' maps and information about sailing in the tricky currents and winds of the Atlantic. He was an idiot and thought that Asia was only _____ miles away when the shortest distance is nearly _____ miles. Nobody believed him but Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand of Spain saw it as a small loss or a very big gain and financed the expedition. They even gave him a letter addressed to China's ____ _____.(Isabella may have been having sexual intercourse with Christopher)

Felipa Moniz, 2,500, 11,000, Grand Khan

______ ______ conquered the Incan Empire in _____, by capturing the Incan emperor ______, and killing him once they received the ransom of gold and silver equal to 1/2 a century's precious-metal production in Europe. In an attempt to find another rich empire like Peru, _____ ____ __ _____ sailed to Florida in 1521 only to be killed in a battle with the Calusa Indians.

Francisco Pizarro, Peru, Atahualpa, Juan Ponce de León

In 1524, France sent ________ __ _______ to look for a Northwest Passage. In 1535, they sent _____ _____ up the St. Lawrence River, he returned in 1541 to settle but the colony wasn't that successful. In 1576, England in an attempt to find a Northwest Passage sent ______ _______ who believed he found gold but it was actually worthless.

Giovanni da Verrazano, Jacques Cartier, Martin Frobisher

Sir ______ ______ led expeditions in 1578 and 1583, and made feeble attempts to colonize Newfoundland until he vanished at sea. Sir _______ _______ organized an expedition in 1585 to settle Roanoke Island, in 1587 he sent 100+ settlers with _____ ____, when he returned in ____ the colonists had disappeared.

Humphrey Gilbert, Walter Raleigh, John White,1590

In 1598, ____ __ _____ led an expedition to settle what is present-day New Mexico, near the present-day cities of __________ and ____ __. The Acoma Pueblo revolt eventually occurred and the Spaniards ruthlessly suppressed the uprising killing 800 men, women, and children. After another revolt occurred in _____ many Spaniards left the area.

Juan de Oñate, Albuquerque, Santa Fe, 1599

Essay 4: During the sixteenth century, Spain became the most powerful country in both Europe and the Americas. Explain how Spain rose to this position of power, and describe how the Spanish transformed the New World.

Key Points: Page 46 -The riches of New Spain helped make the sixteenth century the Golden Age of Spain -They changed the racial structure -Forced the Native Americans into labor -Tried to convert the Native Americans -Killed a lot of them

Essay 2: Although the Portuguese seemed ideally qualified to discover America, the opportunity fell to an Italian explorer supported by the Spanish monarchy. Discuss how the Portuguese became the leaders in exploration during the fifteenth century, as well as their reasons for not sponsoring Columbus's expedition to the New World. Include in your discussion the significant accomplishments of the Portuguese relating to exploration.

Key Points: Pages 29-30 -Henry the Navigator collected the latest information about sailing techniques and geography -Conquered Ceuta -Expeditions to Africa** -Developed the Caravel -Surrounded by ocean -Found sea route to East Indies -Columbus was dumb and they knew wayyy more about the ocean -Spain wants to expand, thinks it's a good enough risk, little loss big gain.

Essay 3: Despite Columbus's lack of success in locating the Asian mainland by sailing west, by initiating the Columbian exchange, his arrival in the Caribbean had profound and lasting impact on both the Old and New Worlds. (a) Explain the meaning of the Columbian exchange. (b) Discuss the significant ways the Old and New Worlds experienced both gains and losses because of the exchange (c) Develop a position on whether there was a clear winner in this exchange. Defend your position with specific evidence and examples.

Key Points: Pages 33, 46, 47 -A transatlantic trade of goods, people, and ideas, "A sea highway", anything that is traded -Mexican Silver financed Charles V's expenses -Was expensive to send people to the new world -Spanish added knowledge and wealth. They had great pride in the accomplishments. -Europeans brought Christianity, iron technology, sailing ships, fire-arms, wheeled vehicles, and horses and DISEASES. Native Americans gave corn, potatoes, syphilis, and tobacco -90% population decrease of Native Americans they obvs got the worse deal

Essay 1: A series of events and conditions existed in the Old World at the dawn of the fifteenth century that made New World exploration not only possible but also desirable. Identify these events and conditions, and explain how each helped set the stage for exploration.

Key Points: Pg 27(Paragraph 3)-Pg 30 -The population of Europe was greatly reduced by the Black Plague making food, and advancement more possible. -this life encouraged a few people to take greater risks - In European societies, exploration promised fame and fortune* Monarchs wanted to enlarge their realms and enrich their dynasties so they sent people on the journeys. -all the science and technology advancements (astrolabe(latitude), caravel(ship), lateen rig(sail against wind))*** -Portugal's African explorations -want fortune don't want to encounter pirates -Coming out of the Middle Ages

______ _____ __ ______ explored the coast north of Florida to present-day South Carolina, establishing in 1526, the settlement ___ _____ ___ _______ in Georgia marking the first Spanish attempt to establish a foothold in what is now the United States. (It was soon swept away by sickness and hostile Native Americans)

Lucas Vázquez de Ayllón, San Miguel de Gualdape

Hernán Cortés could not speak any Native Language but he had good luck in being gifted _______, a young girl who could speak several native languages, including _____, the language of the Mexica from a local ______ chief. The Spaniards called her Marina, and she was the mother of Cortés's son. The emperor of Tenochtitlán, ______, sent gifts to Cortés including food and a disk in the shape of the ____ and made of very fine gold.

Malinali, Nahuatl, Tobascan, Montezuma, sun

In 1507, ______ __________, a German cartographer, published the first map that showed the New World separate from Asia, and he named in America in honor of ______ ________.

Martin Waldseemüller, Amerigo Vespucci

Because finding riches was a big bust the Spanish Monarchy demanded that a few settlements were to be made in Florida and ____ ______. The settlements in Florida additionally protected Spanish ships from _____ and privateers. In 1565, _____ _____ __ ____ was sent to found St. Augustine in ______, the first permanent European settlement within what would become the United States.

New Mexico, pirates, Pedro Menédez de Avilés, Florida

Who was the most influential advocate of Portuguese exploration?

Prince Henry the Navigator

In 1528, ______ __ ______ surveyed the Gulf coast from Florida to Texas, but there was a disastrous ship wreck. In 1539, ______ __ ____, an experienced conquistador slaughtered many Native Americans starting in Florida until he died in 1542 and was buried in the _________ River.

Pánfilo de Narváez, Hernando de Soto, Mississippi

Portugal cooperated with Spain in the ______, a centuries-long drive to expel Muslims from the Iberian Peninsula. With a key victory in 1415 when Portugal conquered _____, at the straight of Gibraltar, thus giving them access to the Atlantic coast of ______.

Reconquest, Ceuta, Africa

Nobody knew how big Africa was so they hugged the coast because they didn't want to die. Somehow in 1434, they made it to the _____ desert, and then in 1444, they reached ___ _____. Once they got caravels the Portuguese were able to make it around the ____ __ _____, and as far south as the ____ by 1480. (The Africans wouldn't let them settle anywhere but coastal trading posts and the Portuguese realized it was better to just be trading partners than to murder everyone)

Sahara, Cape Verde, Gulf of Guinea, Congo

The _____ ____ __ ___ lured Francisco _______ ___ _____ to search the Southwest and Great Plains of North America. It turned out to just be a small _____ pueblo of about a hundred families. He kept moving until 1542 when he decided they were just rumors. In 1542, ____ ____ _____ made a sea expedition along the coast of California, he died on _____ _____ Island offshore from present-day L.A

Seven Cities of Cíbola, Vásquez de Coronado, Zuñi, Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, Santa Catalina

What country was the dominant European power in the Western Hemisphere during the sixteenth century?

Spain

The New World helped _____ become the most powerful monarchy in the 16th century. Initially, the Spaniards enslaved the Caribbean tribes, but that barely covered the cost of maintaining the settlers. In 1519, ______ _____ marched into Mexico, this was the first expedition that made it evident that the New World could yield bonanza profits. (Although the forced labor and deadly epidemics demolished the native populations)

Spain, Hernán Cortés

In 1513, ______ _____ __ ______, crossed the Isthmus of Panama and reached the Pacific Ocean. _______ ______, who was sponsored by Spain.discovered just how much water when he led an expedition to circumnavigate the world in 1519. ( Magellan lost 4 ships and 232+ men but it provided great geographical insight)

Vasco Núñez de Balboa, Ferdinand Magellan

The New World introduced foods like ____ and _____ which would become a staple in poor Europeans' diets, as well as the std ______, which Columbus's sailors took home with them. The New World's _____ made smoking fashionable.

corn, potatoes, syphilis, tobacco

Spain wanted ____, _____, and _____ from the New World. Portugal wanted the New World for ______ plantations. England sent the ______ when Bloody Mary came to power and they sent back products from the New World. France initially wanted a ______ ______, but eventually got into ____ trade. (What each nation wanted from the New World)

god, gold, glory, sugar, Puritans, Northwest Passage, fur

On November 8, 1519, Cortés reached the capital of Mexico and was welcomed by Montezuma with lavish hospitality, who he then held under ____ ____, to use as a puppet ruler. Several months later one of Cortés's men brutally massacred _____ _____ causing a revolt. Montezuma was killed and the Mexica continued fighting the Spaniards until June 30, 1520, when the Spaniards were able to retreat to _____.

house arrest, Mexican nobles, Tlaxcala

Portugal's explorations of Africa in the 15th century broke the _____ of the old Mediterranean trade with the East, expanded the world known to Europeans, established a network of Portuguese outposts in ____ and ____, and developed methods of ____ that _____ employed on his groundbreaking voyage west.

monopoly, Asia, Africa, sailing, Columbus

Scientific and technological advances helped set the stage up for exploration. The invention of _____ ____ by Gutenberg allowed for the spreading of information to be faster and easier. The ______ helped sailors determine latitude. A ______ ____ sail allowed for the sailors to sail opposite the wind. The invention of _____ ships, which were inspired by the Vikings also allowed for the voyages. Although many people knew about such technological advances the _______ were the first to use them in a campaign to sail beyond the known world.

movable type, astrolabe, lateen rig, caravel, Portuguese

By 1570, the Indian population of New Spain had fallen ____ percent from what it was when Columbus arrived. ( A catastrophe unequaled in human history) Because of the great decline in Native Americans for labor, the Spaniards imported _____ ____, as the Native Americans declined the number of imported slaves changed from _______ to _______.

ninety, African slaves, 15,000, 36,000,

When Charles and Philip raised taxes the burden mainly fell on the ______ ________, this brought the nation to the brink of bankruptcy. The monarchy proceeded to borrow large sums from European bankers, by the end of the century _____ of the nation's revenue was swallowed by interest payments. In retrospect, the riches from New Spain proved a _______ blessing but a ______ curse. Yet, a good portion of Spaniards still viewed New Spain as a glorious achievement. (It was a curse because it was very expensive to fund the expeditions and the monarchs didn't want to say no)

poor peasants, two-thirds, short-term, long-term

Columbus took three ships stocked with _____, the ____, and _____, both caravels and the _____ ____. Six weeks after departing the ____ Islands, he landed on a tiny island above the eastern tip of Cuba. He named it ____ _______, in honor of the Savior, Jesus Christ. He called the islanders Indians because he thought he was in India. The Islanders called themselves ______, meaning good or noble in their language. They all were naked, worshipped gods called _____, and possibly believed Columbus was bringing the rapture.

prisoners, Niña, Pinta, Santa María, Canary, San Salvador, Tainos, zemis

The Spanish monarchy gave the conquistadors permission to explore and plunder what they found, the crown took one-fifth of what was acquired and it was called the _____ ____. Most conquistadors received very little after Cortés played favorites, but he would give them town they had conquered. The distribution of these towns institutionalized the system of ______, which gave the conquistadors power to rule the Indians. It transferred to the Spanish _____ (the man who "owned" the town)

royal fifth, encomienda, encomendero

Columbus's arrival in the Caribbean anchored the western end of what might be imagined as a _____ _____, this launched the __________ _______, a transatlantic trade of goods, people, and ideas, that still exists.

sea bridge, Columbian Exchange

More territory under a monarchy meant more _____ who could pay more _____, provide more _____ for battles, and participate in more ______. Exploration was also a way for monarchs to divert unruly nobleman towards distant lands.

subjects, taxes, soldiers, commerce (trading)

The Portuguese ____ plantations that developed on Cape ____ inaugurated the association between enslaved Africans and plantations that would later be transplanted to the New World in the centuries to come.

sugar, Verde

Catholic missionaries worked hard to convert the Native Americans when the Native Americans wouldn't conform they thought they couldn't understand Christianity. It was believed the most important treasure Spaniards could plunder from the New World was ________ ____ ____. Missionaries were horrified by this and persuaded the monarchs and royal bureaucracy to move to abolish encomienda. In 1549, a reform called ________ began to replace it. This did not change much besides the amount of days they could be worked.

uncompensated Indian labor, repartimiento