Chapter 2

The presence of carburetor ice in an aircraft equipped with a fixed-pitch propeller can be verified by applying carburetor heat and noting:

A decrease in RPM and then a gradual increase in RPM When carburetor heat is applied, the mixture is enriched, and RPM decreases. Then, as the ice melts, airflow into the carburetor increases, as does the engine RPM

In the Northern Hemisphere, a magnetic compass will normally indicate initially a turn toward the east if:

A left turn is entered from a north heading When turning from a northerly heading, the compass initially indicates a turn in the opposite direction. When starting a left turn toward the west, the compass begins to show a turn to the east

If the AHRS detects a problem with the integrity of the sensor information for the instruments on a PFD, what occurs?

A red X is placed over the display of the affected instrument (attitude indicator or HSI) The AHRS monitors itself constantly, comparing the data from different inputs and checking the integrity of its information. When the system detects a problem, it places a red X over the display of the affected instrument to alert you that the indications are unreliable. When this happens, use the back-up instruments

In the Northern Hemisphere, a magnetic compass will normally indicate initially a turn toward the west if:

A right turn is entered from a north heading When turning from a northerly heading, the compass initially indicates a turn in the opposite direction. When starting a right turn toward the east, the compass begins to show a turn to the west

What documents or records must be aboard an aircraft during flight?

ARROW Airworthiness certificate Registration Radio station class license (international flight) Operating limitations Weight and balance

What should be the first action after starting an aircraft engine?

Adjust for proper RPM and check for desired indications on the engine gauges

Which condition would cause the altimeter to indicate a lower altitude than true altitude?

Air temperature warmer than standard When the air temperature is warmer than standard, indicated altitude is lower than actual (true) altitude.

Which records or documents shall the owner or operator of an aircraft keep to show compliance with an applicable Airworthiness Directive?

Aircraft maintenance records

The pitot system provides impact pressure for which instrument?

Airspeed indicator The airspeed indicator is the only pitot-static instrument that is connected to the pitot-tube. It operates by sensing impact pressure (ram air) in the pitot tube and comparing it to static pressure

Which instrument will become inoperative if the pitot tube becomes clogged?

Airspeed indicator The airspeed indicator is the only pitot-static instrument that is connected to the pitot-tube. It operates by sensing impact pressure (ram air) in the pitot tube and comparing it to static pressure

Which digital flight instruments are related to the air data computer (ADC)?

Airspeed indicator, altimeter, and VSI

Which instrument(s) will become inoperative if the static vents become clogged?

Airspeed, altimeter, and vertical speed These all use static air and would therefore be affected

If a pilot changes the altimeter setting from 30.11 to 29.96, what is the approximate change in indication?

Altimeter will indicate 150 feet lower. The indicated altitude changes about 1,000 feet for each one-inch change in the altimeter's setting and in the same direction. Decreasing the altimeter setting by 0.100 inch decreases the indicated altitude by about 100 feet. In this case, you decrease the altimeter setting by 0.15 inches (30.11-29.96= 0.15), therefore, the indicated altitude decreases by 150 feet.

In the Northern Hemisphere, a magnetic compass will normally indicate a turn toward the north if:

An aircraft is accelerated while on an east or west heading Acceleration error is most pronounced on east/west headings. In the northern hemisphere, acceleration will show a turn to the north, and deceleration will show a turn to the south. The memory aid, ANDS (accelerate north, decelerate south), can help you recall how acceleration error affects the compass.

Which factor would tend to increase the density altitude at a given airport?

An increase in ambient temperature. The factors that decrease air density, increasing density altitude, are increased ambient temperature, decreased barometric pressure, and increased relative humidity

What aircraft inspections are required for rental aircraft that are also used for flight instruction?

Annual and 100-hour inspections

How long does the airworthiness certificate of an aircraft remain valid?

As long as the aircraft is maintained and operated as required by the FAR

Under what condition is pressure altitude and density altitude the same value?

At standard temperature. Because density altitude is pressure altitude corrected for nonstandard temperature, density altitude and pressure altitude are equal only at standard temperature.

A precaution for the operation of an engine equipped with a constant-speed propeller is to:

Avoid high manifold pressure settings with low RPM For a given RPM setting, there is a maximum allowable manifold pressure. Generally, you should avoid high manifold pressures with low RPM to prevent internal stress within the engine

When hand-propping an airplane, it is extremely important that a competent pilot:

Be at the controls in the cockpit

Which preflight action is specifically required of the pilot prior to each flight?

Become familiar with all available information concerning the flight

Excessively high engine temperatures, either in the air or on the ground, will:

Cause loss of power, excessive oil consumption, and possible permanent internal engine damage High temperatures can cause detonationand a resulting loss of power, excessive oil consumption, and engine damage including scoring of the cylinders and damage to piston, rings, and valves

Deviation error of the magnetic compass is caused by:

Certain metals and electrical systems within the aircraft. Metal and electronic components in the aircraft create magnetic fields that cause deviation errors in the compass readings.

During the run-up at a high-elevation airport, a pilot notes a slight engine roughness that is not affected by the magneto check but grows worse during the carburetor heat check. Under these circumstances, what would be the most logical initial action?

Check the results obtained with a leaner setting of the mixture. In this case, engine roughness is probably caused by the mixture set too rich for the high altitude.

In the Northern Hemisphere, if an aircraft is accelerated or decelerated, the magnetic compass will normally indicate:

Correctly when on a north or south heading. Because acceleration and deceleration errors are most pronounced on east/west headings, accelerating or decelerating on a north or south heading will not show much of an error on the magnetic compass

The basic purpose of adjusting the fuel/air mixture at altitude is to:

Decrease the fuel flow in order to compensate for decreased air density If fuel flow is not decreased with altitude, the mixture becomes too rich with fuel. Therefore, the fuel mixture must be leaned to maintain the proper fuel/air mixture.

If the grade of fuel used in an aircraft engine is lower than specified for the engine, it will most likely cause:

Detonation The higher the grade of fuel, the more pressure it can withstand without detonating. Conversely, lower fuel grades are more prone to detonation with accompanying higher engine temperatures

High engine temperature can cause:

Detonation and a resulting loss of power, excessive oil consumption, and engine damage, including scoring of the cylinders and damage to pistons, rings, and valves

You are flying an airplane with an integrated digital flight display and the PFD screen fails. What is a back-up option for the PFD instruments?

Display the PFD instruments on the MFD screen.

You suspect that your engine (with a fixed-pitch propeller) is detonating during climbout after takeoff. Your initial corrective action would be to:

Drop the nose slightly to increase airspeed During a climb, one action that you can take to help cool the engine is to increase airspeed by lowering the nose. This action will reduce the rate of climb and increase the cooling airflow around the engine.

Applying carburetor heat will:

Enrich the fuel/air mixture When the carburetor heat is turned on, the warmer air entering the carburetor is less dense, and with the same amount of fuel entering the carburetor, the mixture is thereby enriched and power decreases

What is one procedure to aid in cooling an engine that is overheating?

Enrichen the the fuel mixture A richer fuel mixture burns at a lower temperature and reduces heat in the engine.

To properly purge water from the fuel system of an aircraft equipped with fuel tank sumps and a fuel strainer quick drain, it is necessary to drain water from the:

Fuel strainer drain and fuel tank sumps Fuel needs to be drained from both the fuel tank sumps and the fuel strainer drain. The fuel strainer drain might be the lowest point in the fuel system, but draining it without draining the fuel tank sumps is insufficient

If the outside air temperature (OAT) at a given altitude is warmer than standard, the density altitude is:

Higher than pressure altitude. At standard temperature, density altitude is equal to pressure altitude. However, when the ambient air temperature is above standard, the air density is reduced, density altitude is higher than pressure altitude, and aircraft performance degrades.

If a flight is made from an area of high pressure into an area of lower pressure without the altimeter setting being adjusted, the altimeter will indicate:

Higher than the actual altitude above sea level. The aircraft is at a lower true (actual) altitude above sea level than is indicated because the altimeter indicates higher than the actual altitude. Remember, "from high to low, look out below".

Dual-ignition system:

Improved engine performance Dual-ignition systems fire 2 spark plugs on each cylinder. In addition to system redundancy, this improves combustion of the fuel/air mixture and results in slightly more power

Under what condition will true altitude be lower than indicated altitude?

In colder than standard air temperature. When the air is colder than standard, the actual (true) altitude of an aircraft is lower than indicated.

The expiration date of the last annual aircraft inspection can be found:

In the aircraft maintenance records

Where can the operating limitations for an aircraft be found?

In the current, FAA-approved flight manual, approved manual material, markings, and placards, or any combination of these items

If an aircraft is equipped with a fixed-pitch propeller and a float-type carburetor, the first indication of carburetor ice would most likely be:

Loss of RPM The restricted airflow through the carburetor causes an enriched mixture and a loss of RPM

If a flight is made from an area of low pressure into an area of high pressure without the altimeter setting being adjusted, the altimeter will indicate:

Lower than the actual altitude above sea level. The aircraft is at a higher true (actual) altitude above sea level than is indicated because the altimeter indicates lower than the actual altitude.

The angular difference between true north and magnetic north is:

Magnetic variation Occurs because the earth's magnetic poles do not coincide with its geographic poles, and a magnetic compass aligns with the magnetic poles. You can determine local magnetic variation by referencing the isogonic lines on aeronautical charts, which are represented by dashed magenta lines.

Airworthiness Directives (ADs) are:

Mandatory

What is an important airspeed limitation that is not color coded on airspeed indicators?

Maneuvering speed (Va) Not shown on the airspeed indicator because it varies with weight. You can find Va in the AFM/POH or on placards in the plane

How do you perform a standard-rate turn in in airplane with digital instruments on a PFD?

Monitor the trend vector on HSI and adjust the angle of bank as needed

With regard to carburetor ice, float-type carburetor systems in comparison to fuel injection systems are generally considered to be:

More susceptible to icing Because the fuel is introduced directly into the hot cylinders instead of vaporizing in a cold venturi throat, fuel injection systems are not as susceptible to icing and float-type carburetors

What does the red line on an airspeed indicator represent?

Never-exceed speed

Preignition:

Occurs when the fuel/air mixture is ignited in advance of the normal timed ignition

During flight, when are the indications of a magnetic compass accurate?

Only in straight-and-level unaccelerated flight Magnetic dip causes turning and acceleration/deceleration errors. For this reason, magnetic compass indications are accurate only in straight-and-level unaccelerated flight.

You enrich the mixture as you descend because:

Otherwise the fuel/air mixture can become excessively lean. With a decrease in altitude, air density increases.

What is an advantage of a constant-speed propeller?

Permits the pilot to select the blade angle for the most efficient performance By setting propeller RPM, you indirectly set blade angle. Selecting the optimal blade angle enables a high percentage of engine power to be converted into thrust over a wide range of RPM and airspeed combinations, which enables the best performance to be gained from the engine

How do variations in temperature affect the altimeter?

Pressure levels are raised on warm days and the indicated altitude is lower than true altitude. Because atmospheric pressure levels are raised on warm days, the aircraft is at a higher altitude than indicated. In other words, the indicated altitude is lower than true altitude. When lower temperatures lower the pressure levels, the indicated altitude is higher, not lower than true altitude.

Filling the fuel tanks after the last flight of the day is considered a good operating procedure because this will:

Prevent moisture condensation by eliminating airspace in the tanks

What action can a pilot take to aid in cooling an engine that is overheating during a climb?

Reduce rate of climb and increase airspeed By lowering the nose you reduce the rate of climb and increase the cooling airflow around the engine

As altitude increases, the indicated airspeed at which a given airplane stalls in a particular configuration will

Remain the same regardless of altitude

Preventive maintenance example:

Replenishing hydraulic fluid

What is required to be carried in the aircraft during flight? (manuals etc)

The FAA requires all currently manufactured airplanes to be equipped with an FAA approved airplane flight manual (AFM), which is specifically assigned to the individual airplane and must be accessible by the pilot during flight. Although the PIM and POH are derivatives of the AFM, they do not meet the legal requirement

In the Northern Hemisphere, the magnetic compass will normally indicate a turn toward the south when:

The aircraft is decelerated while on a west heading Acceleration error is most pronounced on east/west headings. In the northern hemisphere, acceleration will show a turn to the north, and deceleration will show a turn to the south. The memory aid, ANDS (accelerate north, decelerate south), can help you recall how acceleration error affects the compass.

If the pitot tube and outside static vents become clogged, which instruments would be affected?

The altimeter, airspeed indicator, and vertical speed indicator These all use static air and would therefore be affected

Pressure altitude:

The altitude indicated when the barometric pressure scale is set to 29.92 The height above the standard datum plane, which is indicated when you set 29.92 on the scale in the altimeter setting window.

For internal cooling, reciprocating aircraft engines are especially dependent on:

The circulation of lubricating oil Engine oil lubricates moving parts, reduces friction, and carries heat from interior portions of the engine to the oil cooler

What should be the indication on the magnetic compass as you roll into a standard rate turn to the right from a south heading in the Northern Hemisphere?

The compass will indicate a turn to the right, but at a faster rate then is actually occurring. When turning from a southerly heading, the compass moves the correct direction but at a faster rate than the actual change in heading.

Prior to takeoff, the altimeter should be set to:

The current local altimeter setting, if available, or the departure airport elevation

Float-type carburetors operate based on:

The difference in air pressure at the venturi throat and the air inlet The decreased pressure caused by air flowing rapidly through the venturi tube draws fuel from the float chamber

If the altimeter setting is not available before flight, to which altitude should the pilot adjust the altimeter?

The elevation of the departure area If unable to obtain a local altimeter setting, you should set the altimeter to the departure field elevation as shown in flight information sources.

You discover inoperative equipment on an airplane that you are planning to fly. Under what conditions can you complete the flight under VFR?

The equipment is not required by FAR 91.205, an equipment list or KOEL, the VFR-day type certificate requirements, or an AD

Detonation may occur at high-power settings as:

The fuel mixture ignites instantaneously instead of burning progressively and evenly Detonation occurs when the fuel/air mixture suddenly explodes in the cylinders instead of burning smoothly. Detonation is caused by excessively lean mixtures, while hot spots in the cylinder cause preignition.

What type fuel can be substituted for an aircraft if the recommended octane is not available?

The next higher octane avgas

An abnormally high engine oil temperature indication may be caused by:

The oil level being low A low oil level is less effective at cooling the engine indicated by high engine oil temperature

Ensuring that an aircraft is maintained in an airworthy condition, maintenance records indicating the aircraft has been approved for return to service, and ensuring that the appropriate entries are made in maintenance records is who's responsibility?

The owner or operator

Who is responsible for ensuring that airworthiness directives (ADs) are complied with?

The owner or operator

Who is responsible for determining if an aircraft is in condition for safe flight?

The pilot in command

Density altitude:

The pressure altitude corrected for nonstandard temperature You can find density altitude by applying a correction for nonstandard temperature to the pressure altitude

What paperwork is required is preventive maintenance has been performed on an aircraft?

The signature, certificate number, and kind of certificate held by the person approving the work and a description of the work. Entered in the aircraft maintenance records

How is engine operation controlled on an engine equipped with a constant-speed propeller?

The throttle controls power output as registered on the manifold pressure gauge and the propeller control regulates engine RPM

Detonation occurs in a reciprocating aircraft engine when:

The unburned charge in the cylinders explodes instead of burning normally Detonation occurs when the fuel/air mixture suddenly explodes in the cylinders instead of burning smoothly. Detonation is caused by excessively lean mixtures, while hot spots in the cylinder cause preignition.

True altitude:

The vertical distance of the aircraft above mean sea level (MSL)

Absolute altitude:

The vertical distance of the aircraft above the surface Often referred to as altitude above ground level (AGL)

How should an aircraft preflight inspection be accomplished for the first flight of the day?

Thorough and systematic means recommended by the manufacturer

If the engine oil temperature and cylinder head temperature gauges have exceeded their normal operating range, the pilot may have been operating with:

Too much power and with the mixture set too lean High power settings with the mixture set too lean can cause overheating, which is indicated by high engine oil and cylinder head temperatures

Altimeter setting is the value to which the barometric pressure scale of the altimeter is set so the altimeter indicates

True altitude at field elevation When the current altimeter setting is set on the ground, the altimeter reads true altitude of the field, which is the actual height above mean sea level.

What would most likely cause the cylinder head temperatures and engine oil temperature gauges to exceed their normal operating range?

Using fuel that has a lower-than-specified fuel rating Lower fuel grades detonate under less pressure. Using fuel with a lower fuel rating than specified can cause detonation, which in turn leads to excessive engine temperatures.

Which preflight checks should you make on an airplane with full-authority digital engine control? (FADEC)

Verify proper operation of both ECUs as well as their back-up power sources On an airplane equipped with FADEC, the engine control units (ECUs) completely manage the engine and propeller operation, eliminating the need for a propeller or mixture control.

When are non-rechargeable batteries of an emergency locator transmitter (ELT) required to be replaced?

When 50% of their useful life expires

Under what condition is indicated altitude the same as true altitude?

When at sea level under standard conditions When properly set, the altimeter indicates true altitude as closely as possible. However, some amount of error always occurs due to pressure and temperature variations. If standard conditions exist at sea level, indicated altitude is the same as true altitude, pressure altitude, and density altitude. When the altimeter is set to 29.92 at any altitude, it indicates pressure altitude.

Under which condition will pressure altitude be equal to true altitude?

When standard atmospheric conditions exist. Pressure altitude equals true altitude only when standard atmospheric conditions of pressure and temperature exist.

When must batteries in an emergency locator transmitter (ELT) be replaced or recharged, if rechargeable?

When the ELT has been in use for more than one cumulative hour

May a pilot operate an aircraft that is not in compliance with an Airworthiness Directive (AD)?

Yes, if allowed by the AD

Deviation in a magnetic compass is caused by the:

magnetic fields within the aircraft distorting the lines of magnetic force

Carburetor icing:

most probably between 27°-70°F with high humidity or visible moisture. Although uncommon, carburetor icing is possible at temperatures as low as 50%. Carburetor icing is not a high risk at low temperatures, as the air cannot hold much moisture.

Aircraft inspections must be made every ___ calendar months:

12 calendar months No person may operate an aircraft unless, within the preceding 12 calendar months, it has had an annual inspection.

What regulation allows a private pilot to perform preventive maintenance?

14 CFR 43.7

What are the standard temperature and pressure values for sea level?

15°C and 29.92 inches in Hg. The standard atmosphere is sea level is a temperature of 15°C (59°F) and 29.92" Hg

Transponder inspections must be performed every __ calendar months:

24 months No person may use an ATC transponder unless, within the preceding 24 calendar months, that transponder has been tested and found to comply with the appropriate standards listed in Appendix F of FAR part 43

If it is necessary to set the altimeter from 29.15 to 29.85, what change occurs?

700-foot increase in indicated altitude The indicated altitude changes by about 1,000 feet for each 1-inch change in the altimeter's setting and in the same direction. Increasing the altimeter setting by 0.10 inch increases the indicated altitude by about 100 feet. In this case, you increase the altimeter setting by 0.70 inches, therefore, the indicated altitude increases by 700 feet.