Chapter 2 Nutrition

Kava cures migraine headaches

A physician who hosts a popular TV show makes several nutrition-related claims during one of the programs. Which of the doctor's claims is a "red flag" of unreliable information?

cannot determine cause--and-effect relationships

Generally, epidemiological studies

cannot determine cause-and-effect relationships.

Generally, epidemiological studies

retrospective

A group of nutrition researchers interviews 100 adults who have chronic high blood pressure to determine whether there is an association between consuming diets low in calcium during adolescence and developing high blood pressure in adulthood. This study is an example of a ____ study.

make observations

A group of registered dietitians is planning to conduct a scientific study to investigate the effects of eating honey on school-age children's behavior. At first, the researchers will

a prospective study

A group of scientists observe a group of college students over 4 years to determine which of their characteristics leads to weight gain. This study is an example of

epidemiological

A group of scientists would like to determine lifestyle factors that are associated with the development of asthma among American children. Based on this information, the researchers should design a (an) _____ study.

disclaimer

A magazine advertisement for a weight loss product includes before and after photos of a woman who supposedly lost 50 pounds in 3 weeks while taking the product. The bottom of the ad includes the statement, "Results are not typical." This statement is an example of a(n)

cannot be marketed as a dietary supplement

A team of scientists extracts a chemical that they call "Zombia" from the leaves of a common houseplant. One of the scientists would like to market Zombia as a dietary supplement because it makes people sleepy, when it is injected into them. Based on this information, Zombia

case-control

Scientists study 200 adults who have type 2 diabetes and 200 adults who have similar characteristics but do not have the disease. For 18 months, the researchers collect lifestyle information on all the study participants. According to the study's findings, the adults with type 2 diabetes were 25% less physically active than their counterparts who did not have type 2 diabetes. This is an example of a(n) _____ study.

FDA

The ____ is responsible for ensuring the safety and effectiveness of medications.

FDA

The ____ is the federal agency that tries to ensure the safety and effectiveness of health-related products.

making observations.

The first step of the scientific method usually involves

Federal Trade Commission (FTC)

The government agency that enforces consumer protection laws by investigating false or misleading health-related claims is the

Federal Trade Commission (FTC).

The government agency that enforces consumer protection laws by investigating false or misleading health-related claims is the

Men's Journal

Which of the following journals does not have peer-reviewed articles?

data

bits of information

Ginger

can safely treat morning sickness and some other forms of nausea

registered dietitian (RD), registered dietitian nutritionist (RDN), or licensed dietitian nutritionist (LDN)

college-trained health care professional who has extensive knowledge of foods, nutrition, and dietetics

multivitamin/mineral (MV/M)

describes a dietary supplement that contains vitamins and minerals

double-blind study

experimental design in which neither the participants nor the researchers are aware of each participant's group assignment

peer review

expert critical analysis of a research article before it is published

placebo

fake treatment, such as sham pill, injection, or medical procedure

Flaxseed oil

generally safe but may cause diarrhea

St. John's wort

may interact with oral contraceptives

variable

personal characteristic or other factor that change an influence and outcome

pseudoscience

presentation of information masquerading as factual and obtained by scientific methods

quackery

promotion of useless medical treatments

anecdote

report of personal experience

case-control study

study in which individuals who have a health condition are compared with individuals with similar characteristics who do not have the condition

epidemiology

study of the occurrence, distribution, and causes of health problems in population

cohort study

study that measures variables of a group of people over time

epidemiology

An aspect of ______ involves studying causes of health problems in a population.

a case-control study

Comparing individuals with iron-deficiency anemia to individuals who have very similar characteristics but are healthy would be an example of

treatment group

group being studied that receives a treatment

Evidence based

information that is based on results of scientific studies

testimonial

personal endorsement of a product

scare tactic

During a television interview, Dr. Ima Quack provides the following statement. "Most Americans suffer from nutritional deficiency diseases and will develop cancer within the next 10 years because they are not taking my megavitamin formula therapy." Dr. Quack's statement is an example of a(n)

compare findings of the control group with those of the experimental group

Having a control group enables researchers to

Bitter orange

May increase blood pressure and cause stroke

placebos

Researchers are conducting a study to determine the effects of vitamin C on the human immune system. The study involves providing pills that contain vitamin C to one group of human subjects and pills that do not contain vitamin C or other active ingredients to another group of people. The pills that do not contain the vitamin are

submitting an article describing the study to a peer-reviewed journal

Researchers at a major American university plan a 10-year scientific study to investigate lifestyle factors that contribute to heart disease. Which of the following activities is likely to be a component of their research efforts?

retrospective study

Which of the following kinds of studies would be the best to use to identify lifestyle factors that may be related to the development of liver cancer in an adult population?

When a population's vitamin D intake decreases, the percentage of people in the population that have healthy immune systems decreases.

Which of the following observations is an example of a positive correlation?

When members of a population increase their consumption of milk and milk products, their risk of bone fractures decreases.

Which of the following observations is an example of an inverse correlation?

consuming St. John's wort to improve mood

Which of the following practices is an example of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM)?

visiting a chiropractor to have a spinal treatment

Which of the following practices is an example of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM)?

"All ingredients in this product have been scientifically tested and clinically proven."

The host of a radio program makes a "red flag" claim about a nutrition-related product, because the claim is generally an indication that the information about the product is unreliable. The radio program host said,

a testimonial

The professional football star Andro "The Man" McGraw claims the dietary supplement AminoProFix helped him build muscle mass quickly and safely. His endorsement of the product is an example of

control group

group being studied that does not receive a treatment

ginseng

Which of the following substances would be classified as a dietary supplement according to the Dietary Supplement and Health Education Act of 1994?

dietsnnomore4u.com

Which of the following websites is most likely a source of biased and unreliable nutrition information?

a site that promotes or sells dietary supplements (.com)

Which of the following websites is most likely to provide biased and unreliable nutrition information?

Gingko biloba

_____ can be classified as a dietary supplement.

.com

a commercial website contains ads for gluten-free food products and supplements that are targeted for people who have intestinal problems

placebo

a fake treatment is a(n)

.gov

a government health agency promotes its campaign to increase calcium consumption among pre-teen girls

.edu

a nationally accredited university publishes highlights of a recent study about the effects of beef intake on risk of heart disease

.org

a nationally recognized health association that is for people with diabetes provides information about choosing healthful foods for diabetes management

a personal endorsement of a product

a testimonial is

anecdotes

reports of personal experiences

placebo effect

response to a placebo

experiment

systematic testing of hypothesis

conventional wisdom

traditional belief

complementary and alternative medicine (CAM)

variety of health care practices that are not accepted by the majority of conventional medical practitioners