Chapter 2: Nutrition LS

experimental epidemiological studies utilize

a control group; a treatment group

which of the following are the major professional divisions for registered dietitians?

clinical dietetics; food service systems management; community nutrition

in order to test hypotheses, research scientists conduct

experiments

which are examples of food/drug interactions?

kava acting as a sedative; ginseng increasing bleeding

using a copper bracelet to treat arthritis is an example of

quackery

choose the titles that are legally protected

registered dietitian nutritionist; registered dietitian

why is it important to repeat scientific investigations?

to confirm the original researchers' conclusions; to achieve greater acceptability among other scientists

which of the following are less reliable sources of nutrition information?

commercial internet sites (.com); magazines; television advertisements

in vitro experiments must be interpreted carefully because

components removed from a living thing may not function the same way they do when they are in the entire life form

a scientific procedure undertaken to make a discovery, test a hypothesis, or demonstrate a known fact is called a

experiment

a *blank* is a possible explanation for an observation that guides scientific research

hypothesis

a placebo pill is considered to be *blank* because the substances in the pill do not produce measureable physical changes

inert

a control group is important for which of the following reasons?

it enables scientists to control the influence of other variables in the study; it allows scientists to determine if a treatment had an effect

epidemiologists often rely on *blank* people to obtain health data

physical examinations of; surveys of

people who take certain herbal products or use other unconventional medical therapies to prevent or treat diseases are often convinced the products and treatments are effective, despite the general lack of scientific evidence to support their beliefs

placebo effect

epidemiologists use data from NHANES to determine the

prevalence of major diseases; risk factors for major diseases; national standard for height, weight, and blood pressure

why might nutrition researchers reach conflicting results when performing similar studies?

studies may differ in design; a different set of subject may altar the results; the results were analyzed in different ways

a person in a scientific experiment who receives. non-placebo drug is a member of the *blank* group

treatment

what is the term used to describe a study that looks forward in time?

prospective

true or false: since tissue removed from a live organism may not function the same way outside of the body, the results of in vitro studies in nutrition research must be interpreted cautiously

true

true or false: the dynamic and rapidly advancing field of nutrition necessitates that scientists change their recommendations in the light of new, substantiated findings

true

the participants in an experiment who are not given the treatment being tested are known as the

control group

a drug

may have beneficial as well as harmful effects; may be natural or man-made; is a substance that alters body functions

a randomized controlled trial must have members of the treatment and control groups assigned

randomly

which of the following are suggestions to help consumers make healthful and logical nutrition decisions?

read product labels carefully; avoid practitioners who prescribe unnecessary megadoses of nutrients; apply healthy nutrition practices to confirm or disprove claims; examine the scientific credentials of the individual or company making a claim

a member of a treatment group

receives a medication or exercise that is being evaluated

experiments using whole, living organisms are classified as in *blank* whereas "test tube" experiments are classified as in *blank*

vivo; vitro

for the results of an experiment to be accepted by the medical community, a study design must control for *blank* that are not being tested. this is done with a control group

variables

*blank* is the credential that flags a health professional as the most accurate and reliable source of up-to-date nutrition advice

RD

report of a personal experience

anecdote

because epidemiological studies are based in observation and are not experimental, *blank* cannot be established

causation

a valid experiment requires both a treatment and *blank* group

control

in 1994, Congress passed the *blank*, a law that classified vitamins, minerals, amino acids, and botanicals as foods, thereby limiting FDA's ability to regulate dietary supplements

dietary supplement health and education act

choose the true statements about the role of the FDA in approving dietary supplements

dietary supplements do not follow the same rigorous review as medications; a manufacturer of a dietary supplement does not need FDA approval before introducing their product to the market; manufacturers do not have to provide proof of the efficacy of a dietary supplement

information based on the results of scientific studies is called *blank blank* information

evidence-based

a *blank* is a systematic way of testing a hypothesis

experiment

describe the design of a case-control study

factors are identified that may be responsible for the disease; individuals with a disease are matched to a person with similar characteristics who do not have the disease

*blank* has blood-thinning effects similar to aspirin

ginseng; vitamin E; garlic

a true nutrition expert

has experience in the application of scientific methodology; has extensive college coursework in nutrition; is usually a registered dietitian

use of dietary supplements, especially medicinal herbs, should be shared with health care providers because

herbal ingredients may interact with prescription medications or other dietary supplements

intervention studies and observational studies can be two types of *blank* research

human

which of the following questions should be asked when evaluating nutrition information?

is the information from an article in a peer-reviewed journal?; are the authors trying to sell me something?; who sponsored the research?

which of the following are true statements about pseudoscience?

it does not adhere to valid scientific methodology; it is a presentation of inaccurate information; it uses vague or unprovable claims

dietary supplements are also referred to as

nutraceuticals

consumers need to be skeptical of nutrition and health-related claims because

nutrition misinformation can be spread through a variety of sources; the FDA cannot prevent the spread of published misinformation; promoters of worthless nutrition products are good marketers

when researchers find new evidence for better nutrition practices and expanded principles of nutrition

old beliefs and practices about nutrition are discarded

nutrition misinformation, or nutrition fiction

promotes purchase of special products; uses personal testimonials; is widespread in our culture

which of the following occurs after completion of an experiment?

scientists seek to publish the results in scientific journals; scientists figure out if the findings support or disprove the hypothesis; scientists summarize the findings

consumers are often unaware that

the FDA evaluates supplements as foods, not medication

the dietary supplement health and education art of 1994 defines a supplement as a product that

adds to a person's dietary intake; contains one or more dietary ingredients

this type of health care practices includes a variety of practices and products that are not accepted by the majority of physicians

alternative health care

who are the subjects in a case-control study?

person with disease or condition under investigation; person without the disease or condition under investigation