Chapter 2 Quiz

A person agrees with the American psychologist Albert Bandura's perspective on human development. The person is most likely to believe that

a person's behavior is based on the way in which the world responds to the person.

Diana agrees with Jean Piaget's cognitive-stage theory of human development. She is most likely to believe that

a state of equilibrium is a result of incorporating new information into an existing cognitive structure and the associated changes.

The study of the distinctive adaptive behaviors of animal species in natural contexts that have evolved to increase survival of the species is known as

ethology

Chris reads about Jean Piaget's cognitive-stage theory of human development and agrees with Piaget's observations that formed the basis for the theory. He is most likely to believe that

his children make reasoning errors similar to those made by their peers

According to Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic perspective on human development, newborns are governed by a hypothetical part of the personality called the

id

Lena, a psychology researcher, identifies a potential sample of 150 people for her study. Hundred people from the potential sample express their interest in participating in the study after completely understanding the details of what the study will involve. Which of the following is a concept that is related to the ethics of research and is primarily illustrated in this scenario?

informed consent

According to Sigmund Freud, the Oedipus and Electra complexes occur in the ________ stage of psychosexual development.

phallic stage

One-year-old Philip prefers to be with his mother all the time. He cries when someone other than his mother tries to hold him. In the context of the evolutionary or sociobiological perspective on human development, this behavior of Philip is termed

proximity-seeking

Olivia has a 6-year-old son named Nathan. When Nathan fights with his younger sister, Olivia scolds him and takes his toys away. As a result, Nathan stops fighting with his sister. In the context of behaviorism, this scenario exemplifies the process of

punishment

The process by which a behavior is weakened, decreasing the likelihood of repetition, is known as

punishment

Stephanie, a psychology researcher, conducts a study to find out the effect of environmental factors on one's eating habits. She assigns numbers to people who have expressed their interest in participating in the study. She finalizes the sample by arbitrarily choosing 100 numbers from the numbers assigned. In the context of quantitative research, which of the following is exemplified in this scenario?

random selection

A psychologist believes that a developing child is shaped by his or her experiences over time. Based on this statement, it can be concluded that the psychologist believes in

reactive development.

Maya, a psychologist, conducts a study on children's behavior based on operant conditioning. Which of the following findings from Maya's study supports the aspects of reinforcement?

Children improve their positive behavior when their parents reward them with tangible objects.

Monica, a psychology researcher, conducts a correlational study to determine the relationship between physical exercise and mental health. She finds out that there is no correlation. Which of the following can be concluded from this result?

There is no relationship between physical exercise and depression.

Which of the following is a reason for the recent growth of the reproducibility crisis?

Journals where psychological research is published are biased toward the publication of novel findings.

Which of the following is true of the theorists who agree with the organismic model of development?

They are proponents of stage theories in which development is seen as occurring in a series of distinct stages.

In the context of the theories of human development, identify a true statement about behaviorists.

They focus on associative learning, in which a mental link is formed between two events.

In the context of cognitive development, identify a true statement about information-processing theorists.

They see people as active thinkers about their world.

In the context of human development, identify a true statement about mechanistic researchers.

They want to identify the factors that make people behave as they do.

Which of the following is true of the organismic model of development?

This model sees people as active, growing organisms that set their own development in motion

Oscar, a 12-year-old, lives with his parents. He is a seventh-grade student. According to Urie Bronfenbrenner's bioecological theory, which of the following is primarily part of Oscar's exosystem?

The workplace of Oscar's mother

Identify a true statement about theories.

Theories organize and explain the information gathered by research.

A psychologist believes that an individual creates experiences for himself or herself and is motivated to learn about the world around him or her. Based on this statement, it can be concluded that the psychologist believes in

reactive development.

Which of the following is the outcome of Erik Erikson's psychosocial stage of "generativity versus stagnation"?

the virtue of care

In the context of Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic perspective on human development, which of the following is the ego's aim?

to find realistic ways to gratify the id that are acceptable to the superego

Research on adults suggests that Piaget's focus on formal logic as the climax of cognitive development is

too narrow.

The organismic model of development maintains that

environmental influences do not cause development.

A 2-year-old child who undergoes toilet training begins to feel control over his or her body. The child feels that he or she can do things himself or herself without relying on his or her parents. According to Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, the child is in the

"autonomy versus shame and doubt" stage

Two psychologists conduct a study on children's behavior based on operant conditioning. Which of the following findings from their study supports the aspects of punishment?

A child's unwanted behavior is weakened if his or her parents remove his or her privileges, such as playtime.

Jenna and Simon, psychology researchers, decide to conduct a study on the impact of alcohol on the sleeping patterns of people from different age groups. Jenna wants to observe a sample of 30 year old people and ten 25 year old people over five years, whereas Simon wants to observe a sample of two hundred 25 to 30 year old people over two weeks. Which of the following supports Simon's preference for the method of studying?

A cross-sectional study is better than a longitudinal study because cross-sectional studies help eliminate the issue of attrition and repeated testing.

Melanie and Joseph, psychology researchers, decide to conduct a study on the impact of age-related changes on sleeping patterns. Melanie wants to observe a sample of ten 35-year-old people over five years, whereas Joseph wants to observe a sample of two hundred 25- to 35-year-old people over two weeks. Which of the following supports Melanie's preference for the method of study?

A longitudinal study is better than a cross-sectional study because longitudinal studies help establish age-related changes over a long period of time.

Aarav, a psychology researcher, conducts a qualitative study on the effect of alcohol on depression. He adopts the method of self-reporting to collect data. When using this method, he is most likely to

Ask participants about some aspects of their lives and let them answer in their own words.

Three-year-old Hannah calls earthworms "noodles." Over time, she finds out that earthworms are not noodles and calls earthworms "worms." In the context of Jean Piaget's cognitive-stage theory of human development, which of the following aspects is directly exemplified in this scenario?

Assimilation and accommodation work together to produce equilibrium.

Which of the following is true according to classic social learning theory?

Behaviors are learned by observing and imitating models

Benjamin, a psychology researcher, conducts a study to find out the effects of the diagnosis of a disease in mental health. He takes the necessary steps to maximize the benefits of the study to minimize the risks associated with this research procedure. He ensures that the participants are not harmed when conducting the study. Which of the following principles that guide researches in resolving ethical dilemmas does this scenario exemplify?

Beneficence

The study of links between neural processes and thinking abilities is called

Cognitive neuroscience

Which of the following is true according to the organismic model of development?

Development has an underlying, orderly structure.

Which of the following is true according to the theorists who agree with the mechanistic model of development?

Development is continuous and occurs in small incremental stages

Which of the following is the Swiss theoretician Jean Piaget's perspective on human development?

Development is the product of children's efforts to understand and act on their world.

An arrest in development that can show up in adult personality is called

Fixation

Amina, a psychology researcher, conducts a study to find out whether having breakfast has an impact on people's performance at work. She chooses a sample of 100 participants and categorizes them into two equal groups: group A and group B. She asks group A to go to work after having breakfastand group B to go to work without having breakfast for 10 days. In the context of research designs, which of the following is true about this study?

Group A is the experimental group, and group B is the control group.

Jonathan claims that most retailers design their stores in order to encourage people to buy the products on display by associating them to the stores' colorful and bright ambience. He believes that the ambience, over a long time, affects an individual's buying behavior. Which of the following can be most likely inferred from his claim?

He agrees with the concept of classical conditioning.

In the context of the psychoanalytic perspective on human development, identify a true statement about Sigmund Freud.

He proposed that humans were born with a series of innate, biologically based drives such as hunger, sex, and aggression.

In the context of quantitative research, which of the following is the first step one should take when using the scientific method

Identification of a problem to be studied, often on the basis of theory or of previous research

Identify a true statement about the mechanistic model of development.

In this model, people are viewed as machines that react to environmental input.

Identify a true statement about Skinnerian psychology.

It does not adequately address individual differences, cultural and social influences, or biologically influenced behavioral patterns.

Identify a true statement about the cognitive perspective on human development.

It encompasses both organismic and mechanistically influenced theories.

Which of the following is true of operant conditioning?

It is a type of associative learning.

Identify a true statement about observational learning.

It is an active process.

In the context of Skinnerian psychology, identify a true statement about reinforcement

It is most effective when it immediately follows a behavior.

In the context of Jean Piaget's cognitive-stage theory of human development, which of the following is true of accommodation?

It is the process of adjusting one's cognitive structures to include new information

Identify a true statement about Lev Vygotsky's sociocultural theory.

It maintains that people learn through social interaction.

Which of the following statements about evolutionary psychology is accurate?

It places great weight on the environment to which humans must adapt.

In the context of Jean Piaget's cognitive-stage theory of human development, which of the following is true of adaptation?

It refers to how children handle new information in light of what they already know.

In the context of Jean Piaget's cognitive-stage theory of human development, identify a true statement about assimilation.

It refers to the incorporation of new information into an existing cognitive structure.

Which of the following is true of a sequential study?

It requires large amount of time and effort and analysis of very complex data.

Identify a true statement about Jean Piaget's cognitive-stage theory of human development

It states that children's mental development advances in a series of four phases involving qualitatively distinct types of mental operations.

A researcher prefers the laboratory observation method over the naturalistic observation method for a study. Which of the following is most likely the reason for this preference?

Laboratory observation provides greater control than naturalistic observation does because all participants are observed under same conditions.

Riya, a psychology researcher, conducts a study to find out whether listening to music has an impact on people's performance at work. She chooses a sample of 100 participants for the study. In the context of research designs, which of the following is true about this study?

Music is the independent variable, and performance at work is the dependent variable.

Stella, a researcher, conducts a study to determine the relationship between the use of vitamin C tablets and aggressive behavior. She chooses 200 participants for the study and plans to give real vitamin C tablets to 100 participants and give inert placebos to others. She uses the double-blind procedure to conduct the research. Which of the following is true about this study?

Neither Stella nor the participants know who is given real drugs and who is given inert placebos.

Which of the following is true of theories?

No theory is ever proven.

Mariana, a psychology researcher, conducts a study on the effect of environmental factors on one's communication skills. She adopts the method of naturalistic observation to collect data. When using this method, she is most likely to

Observe participants in their real life settings without any attempt to manipulate their behavior

Paul, an accountant, and Emily, a doctor, have divorced recently after 15 years of marriage. They have a 11-year-old son, David, who is a sixth-grade student. According to Urie Bronfenbrenner's bioecological theory, which of the following is primarily part of David's chronosystem?

Paul and Emily's divorce

A researcher claims that performance on formal reasoning tasks is as much a function of culture as it is of development. Which of the following supports this claim?

People from developed countries who have participated in a formal educational system show better performance on logical reasoning tests than others do.

Which of the following is a criticism of Jean Piaget's cognitive-stage theory?

Piaget fails to account for the emergence of such mature abilities as practical problem solving, wisdom, and the capacity to deal with ambiguous situations.

________ is specifically defined as a change in kind, structure, or organization, not just in number.

Qualitative change

Identify a true statement about qualitative research.

Qualitative research usually involves verbal or pictorial descriptions of participants' subjective understanding, feelings, or beliefs about their experiences

_______ is specifically defined as a change in number or amount, such as height, weight, or vocabulary size.

Quantitative change

Identify a true statement about quantitative research.

Quantitative research deals with objectively measurable, numerical data that can answer questions such as "how much?" or "how many?" and that is amenable to statistical analysis.

Peter has a 4 year old daughter named Eva. When Eva keeps her toys back in order after playing with them, Peter smiles and praises her. As a result, Eva repeated this behavior in the following days. In the context of behaviorism, this scenario exemplifies the concept of

Reinforcement

According to Lev Vygotsky's sociocultural theory, which of the following statements is true?

Sensitive and effective instruction should be aimed at the zone of proximal development (ZPD).

Who was the originator of the psychoanalytic perspective on human development?

Sigmund Freud

Patrick, a psychology researcher, conducts a correlation study to determine the relation between mental health and hypertension. He finds out that these factors are correlated negatively. Which of the following can be concluded from this result?

When the quality of mental health increases, the likelihood of developing hypertension decreases

Martin, a psychology researcher, wants to study the behavioral pattern of a particular individual who has a rare psychological disorder. Which of the following research designs should he ideally choose to fulfill this purpose?

a case study

Jessica, a researcher, agrees with the eighteenth-century English philosopher John Locke's perspective on human development. She is most likely to believe that

a child's development is influenced by his or her experiences and society.

Chloe, a psychology researcher, plans to conduct an experiment to find out the effect of alcohol consumption on speech. She wants to rigorously control the events that may occur so that the cause and effect are clear. Which of the following types of experiments is best suited for this purpose?

a laboratory experiment

Omar is an information-processing theorist. He is most likely to

agree with the perspective of the mechanistic model that development is a continuous process.

Jonathan, a psychology researcher, conducts a study to identify the reasons for an increase in eating disorders among teenagers. He believes that the increase is due to environmental factors such as the influence of social media websites and peer pressure and designs the study to prove this. In the context of human development, Jonathan most likely

agrees with the mechanistic model of development

Penelope, a researcher, wants to study a lesser known tribe living in Africa. She wants to determine whether the behavior of the members of this tribe differs from that of the members of a known tribe. Which of the following research designs should Penelope ideally choose to fulfill this purpose?

an ethnographic study

Which of the following types of research can help overcome cultural biases in theory and research?

an ethnographic study

Emily, a psychology researcher, wants to determine the impact of the colors white and black on children's behavior. Which of the following research designs should she ideally choose to fulfill this purpose?

an experiment

In the context of Jean Piaget's cognitive-stage theory of human development, the processes through which adaptation occurs are

assimilation and accommodation.

Amelia, a psychology researcher, conducts a quantitative study on the effect of temperature on human behavior. She wants to test the physical responses of participants to temperature differences. Which of the following data collection methods should she ideally use for this study?

behavioral and performance measures

In the context of social learning theory, "reciprocal determinism" is Albert Bandura's term for

bidirectional forces that affect development.

Which of the following is Urie Bronfenbrenner's approach to understanding processes and contexts of human development that identifies five levels of environmental influence?

bioecological theory

According to Sigmund Freud, which of the following statements directly represents the Oedipus and Electra complexes?

boys develop sexual attachment to their mothers, and girls to their fathers, and they have aggressive urges toward the same-sex parent, whom they regard as a rival.

In the context of human development, the French philosopher Jean Jacques Rousseau believed that

children's development is dependent on their own positive innate tendencies if they are not corrupted by society.

Learning based on associating a stimulus that does not ordinarily elicit a response with another stimulus that does elicit the response is known as

classical conditioning

Selena, a psychology researcher, conducts an experiment based on the learning perspective on human development. She beeps a horn whenever her pet dog tries to play with her son's toys, and this noise frightens the dog. She repeats this several times and notices that the dog starts showing fear whenever it sees the toys. This experiment demonstrates the concept of

classical conditioning.

The view that thought processes are central to development is known as the

cognitive perspective.

Susan is an ethologist. As an ethologist, she primarily

compares animals of different species and seeks to identify which behaviors are universal and which are specific to a particular species or modifiable by experience.

Unlike the theorists who agree with the mechanistic model of development, the theorists who agree with the organismic model of development

consider development a discontinuous process.

A natural experiment is a correlational study because

controlled manipulation of variables and random assignment to treatment groups are not possible.

According to Jean Piaget, people

create increasingly complex cognitive structures called schemes.

Juan and Irene, psychology researchers, conduct a study to find out whether children between the ages of 4 and 13 prefer playing video games over participating in outdoor activities. They choose a sample of 50 children within the age group and interview them at the same time. They conclude that children between ages 4 and 8 prefer participating in outdoor activities over playing video games and children between ages 9 and 13 prefer playing video games over participating in outdoor activities. This scenario primarily exemplifies a developmental research design called

cross-sectional research.

Research indicates that performance on formal reasoning tasks is as much a function of development as of

culture

Vygotsky's theory highlights the importance of __________ to development because he recognized that there are many ways to successfully raise a child.

culture

P-hacking involves combing through data until a statistically significant result is found, and then

developing a post-hoc (after the fact) explanation for the finding.

Sean, a psychology researcher, conducts an experiment to determine the relationship between temperature and one's behavior. He chooses a sample of 300 people for the study and categorizes them into two groups: group A and group B. To control confounded results, Sean must make sure that

everything apart from temperature is constant during the experiment.

Which of the following refers to the application of Darwinian principles of natural selection and survival of the fittest to individual behavior?

evolutionary psychology

Behaviors that developed to solve problems in adapting to an earlier environment are called

evolved mechanisms.

As far as John Locke was concerned, how a child developed, in either positive or negative ways, depended entirely on its

experiences

According to Sigmund Freud, if children receive too little or too much gratification in the first three stages, they are at risk of

fixation

In the context of human development, a social learning theorist is most likely to

focus on imitation of moral examples, possibly in stories or in movies.

Which of the following is an illustration of the human's ability to override evolutionary influences?

forgoing a piece of chocolate cake

Unlike classical conditioning, operant conditioning

involves voluntary behavior.

Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development is considered important because

it emphasizes social and cultural influences and development beyond adolescence.

Which of the following is the view of human development that holds that changes in behavior result from experience or from adaptation to the environment?

learning perspective

Farah and James, psychology researchers, conduct a study to determine the relationship between age and sleeping patterns of people in a particular region. The researchers choose a sample of 20 people and examine their sleeping habits over the course of 10 years. This scenario primarily exemplifies a developmental research design called

longitudinal research.

In the context of social learning theory, the process of learning through watching the behavior of others is called

observational learning

Thirteen-year-old Emma and her elder sister learn gymnastics from a trainer. Emma imitates the trainer's style of somersaulting and her elder sister's style of trampolining. Even so, Emma develops her own style of movements. Which of the following is primarily exemplified in this scenario?

observational learning

Salma's 1-year-old son hums when he plays with toys. Salma responds to this behavior by smiling and talking to the baby, and so he keeps humming to gain Salma's attention. In the context of the learning perspective on human development, this scenario exemplifies the concept of

operant conditioning

Learning based on association of behavior with its consequences or learning based on reinforcement or punishment is referred to as

operant conditioning.

Which of the following is Jean Piaget's term for the creation of categories or systems of knowledge?

organization

Psychologists who believe in active development argue that

people are involved in making their world what it is.

Jason finds it easy to make rational and practical decisions when he is in a calm and peaceful environment, but he finds it difficult to think rationally when he is in a noisy and messy environment. In the context of social learning theory, this scenario exemplifies the concept of

reciprocal determinism.

The process by which a behavior is strengthened, increasing the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated, is known as

reinforcement

Some psychologists have called for steps to increase the integrity of scientific work, noting a "_____ " in the social sciences.

reproducibility crisis

A group of participants chosen to represent an entire population under study is known as a(n)

sample

Alex helps his 10-year-old daughter solve mathematical problems. After a few days, he stops helping her because she is able to solve the problems alone. In the context of Lev Vygotsky's sociocultural theory, which of the following concepts is exemplified in this scenario?

scaffolding

The sense of one's capability to master challenges and achieve goals is known as

self-efficacy

Lev Vygotsky's sociocultural theory maintains that

shared activities help children internalize their society's modes of thinking and behaving.

According to Sigmund Freud, which of the following is the final stage of psychosexual development that lasts throughout adulthood?

the genital stage

In the context of Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic perspective on human development, which of the following is a difference between the id and the ego?

the id operates under the pleasure principle, whereas the ego operates under the reality principle.

Matteo, a fourth-grade student, lives with her parents and a younger sister. According to Urie Bronfenbrenner's bioecological theory, which of the following is primarily part of Matteo's mesosystem?

the interaction between Matteo's mother and his teacher

Arthur, an eighth-grade student, lives with his parents. According to Urie Bronfenbrenner's bioecological theory, which of the following is primarily part of Arthur's macrosystem?

the national legal system's

Melissa, a second-grade student, lives with her parents and an elder brother. According to Urie Bronfenbrenner's bioecological theory, which of the following is primarily part of Melissa's microsystem?

the relationship between Melissa and her parents and brother

Which of the following views of human development focuses on evolutionary and biological bases of behavior?

the sociobiological perspective

A person who agrees with the evolutionary or sociobiological perspective on human development is likely to believe that individuals

with heritable traits better adapted to their environments survive and reproduce more than those that are less well adapted.

Ten-year-old Justin finds it difficult to solve a simple mathematical problem on his own. When his mother helps him solve the problem, he understands the method and finds it easy. This fills the gap between what he can do alone and what he can do with help. In the context of Lev Vygotsky's sociocultural theory, which of the following concepts is exemplified in this scenario?

zone of proximal development