Chapter 2

big data analytics

Technologies, skills, and processes for searching and examining massive, complex sets of data that traditional data processing applications cannot handle to uncover hidden patterns and correlations.

customers

Those people and organizations in the environment that acquire goods or services from the organization

high-performance culture

a culture that (1) is based on a solid organizational mission or purpose, (2) embodies shared adaptive values that guide decisions and business practices, and (3) encourages individual employee ownership of both bottom-line results and the organization's cultural backbone.

hero

a figure who exemplifies the deeds, character, and attributes of a strong culture. Heroes are role models for employees to follow.

story

a narrative based on true events and is repeated frequently and shared among organizational employees.

slogan

a phrase or sentence that succinctly expresses a key corporate value. Many companies use a slogan or saying to convey special meaning to employees.

general environment

affects organizations indirectly. It includes social, economic, legal-political, international, natural, and technological factors that influence all organizations about equally.

symbol

an object, act, or event that conveys meaning to others.

Strategic issues

are "events or forces either inside or outside an organization that are likely to alter its ability to achieve its objectives."

consistency culture

culture uses an internal focus and a consistency orientation for a stable environment. Following the rules and being thrifty are valued, and the culture supports and rewards a methodical, rational, orderly way of doing things.

cultural leader

defines and uses signals and symbols to influence corporate culture.

adaptability culture

emerges in an environment that requires fast response and high-risk decision making. Managers encourage values that support the company's ability to rapidly detect, interpret, and translate signals from the environment into new behaviors

involvement culture

emphasizes an internal focus on the involvement and participation of employees to adapt rapidly to changing needs from the environment. This culture places high value on meeting the needs of employees, and the organization may be characterized by a caring, family-like atmosphere.

organizational environment

includes all elements existing outside the boundary of the organization that have the potential to affect the organization.

natural dimension

includes all elements that occur naturally on Earth, including plants, animals, rocks, and resources such as air, water, and climate.

international dimension

includes events originating in foreign countries, as well as new opportunities for U.S. companies in other countries.

legal-political dimension

includes government regulations at the local, state, and federal levels, as well as political activities designed to influence company behavior.

organizational ecosystem

includes organizations in all the sectors of the task and general environments that provide the resource and information transactions, flows, and linkages necessary for an organization to thrive.

internal environment

includes the elements within the organization's boundaries. Is composed of current employees, management, and especially corporate culture, which defines employee behavior in the internal environment and how well the organization will adapt to the external environment.

task environment

is closer to the organization and includes the sectors that conduct day-to-day transactions with the organization and directly influence its basic operations and performance. It is generally considered to include competitors, suppliers, customers, and the labor market.

achievement culture

is suited to organizations concerned with serving specific customers in the external environment, but without the intense need for flexibility and rapid change. This results-oriented culture values competitiveness, aggressiveness, personal initiative, cost cutting, and willingness to work long and hard to achieve results.

merger

occurs when two or more organizations combine to become one.

ceremonies

planned activities at special events, to reinforce company values.

Suppliers

provide the raw materials that the organization uses to produce its output.

Interorganizational partnerships

reduce boundaries and increase collaboration with other organizations.

labor market `

represents people in the environment who can be hired to work for the organization.

sociocultural dimension

represents the demographic characteristics as well as the norms, customs, and values of the general population. Important characteristics are geographical distribution and population density, age, and education levels.

Economic dimension

represents the general economic health of the country or region in which the organization operates. Consumer purchasing power, the unemployment rate, and interest rates are part of an organization's environment.

Boundary-spanning

roles link to and coordinate the organization with key elements in the external environment. Serve two purposes for the organization: They detect and process information about changes in the environment, and they represent the organization's interests to the environment.

technological dimension

scientific and technological advancements in a specific industry, as well as in society at large.

culture

the set of key values, beliefs, understandings, and norms shared by members of an organization.

competitors

Organizations in the same industry or type of business that provide goods or services to the same set of customers