Chapter 2: Tools of a Healthy Diet

Food Allergen Labeling and Consumer Protection Act (FALCPA) of 2004

- 8 (now 9) common allergens must be clearly identified on nutrition fact labels (milk, eggs, fish, crustacean shellfish, peanuts, tree nuts, wheat, soy, & now sesame) - Allergens must be identified in plain language on the ingredient list or the word "contains" followed by the name of the major food allergen

food labels must include... (5)

- A statement of identity - Net contents of the package - Ingredients list - Manufacturer's name and address - Nutrition information (Nutrition Facts Panel)

Old vs new nutrition fact labels

- Calories & serving size bigger & bolded - Added sugars - Mg of vitamins & minerals

Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act (DSHEA) 1994

- Can be marketed in the US w/o Federal Drug Administration (FDA) approval if not determined to be unsafe. - Classified vitamins, minerals, amino acids and herbal remedies as foods

AMDR for carbs, fats, & proteins

- Carbohydrates: 45-65% of calories - Fat: 20-35% of calories - Protein: 10-35% of calories

This mark on a dietary supplement label indicates that the product... (4)

- Contains ingredients listed on the label in declared potency & amounts - Doesn't contain harmful level so specified contaminants - Will break down & release into the body w/in a specific amount of time - Has been according to FDA current good manufacturing practices using sanctuary & well-controlled procedures

Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL)

- Highest average daily intake level likely to pose no risk of adverse health effects to most people - Consumption of a nutrient at levels above the UL, the potential for toxic effects and health risks increase.

Nutrition Education and Labeling Act of 1990

- Set requirements for certain label information - Purpose: To ensure that food labels truthfully inform consumers about nutrients and ingredients in a package

when did regulation of food labeling start?

1973

Tolerable Upper Intake Levels are the maximum daily intake amounts of nutrients that are not likely to cause adverse effects in _______% of individuals.

98%

DRI specifications

Age & gender specific

undernutrition

Deficiency of energy or nutrients over time - Weight loss, Extremely Thin, Loss of Lean Tissue, Prone to Infection and Disease

DRI stands for

Dietary Reference Intake

umbrella term to describe a set of four groups of values: EARs, RDAs, AIs, and ULs.

Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs)

What formula should be used to determine the RDA for a nutrient?

EAR x 1.2 = RDA

central obesity

Excessive intra-abdominal (visceral) fat which is associated with various chronic diseases. (Visceral body fat is distinct from subcutaneous fat)

Retrospective Diet Assessment

Individual recalls all food and beverages consumed in the previous 24-hour period

Prospective diet assessment

List of all foods and beverages consumed over a specific time period (3-7 days)

____ are daily nutrient intake amounts that have been scientifically deemed sufficient to meet the needs of nearly all individuals (97-98%) in a life stage.

Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs)

What is the term for the maximum daily intake amounts of nutrients that are not likely to cause adverse health effects in almost all individuals in a life-stage group?

Tolerable Upper Intake Levels

___________ provides a guideline for intake limits for those who take supplements or consume large amounts of fortified foods.

Tolerable Upper Intake levels (ULs)

BMI formula

Weight (kg)/height squared (m^2) or lbs/in^2 times 703

According to MyPlate, what percentage of the grains you consume should be whole grains? a) 50% b) 25% c) 35% d) 15%

a

An RDA can only be set for nutrients that have an ______. a) Estimated Average Requirement b) Upper Level c) Estimated Energy Requirement d) Adequate Intake

a

What are the Estimated Average Requirements? a) Daily nutrient intake amounts that are estimated to meet the needs of half of the people in a certain life stage. b) Daily nutrient intake amounts that are estimated to meet the needs of all adults. c) Daily nutrient intake amounts that are estimated to meet the needs of all people in a certain life stage. d) Daily nutrient intake amounts that are estimated to meet the needs of most people in a given life stage.

a

Which statement about healthy foods is true? a) They are often similar in price compared to some processed foods. b) They are significantly more expensive than less healthy choices. c) They are harder to find in most grocery stores. d) They cannot be frozen.

a

The intake of which foods and food components should be increased to promote healthy living? Select all that apply. a) fat-free/low-fat dairy b) refined sugars c) vegetables and fruits d) whole grains e) solid fats

a, c, & d

What considerations should be made in regards to alcohol consumption in order to promote a healthy diet and lifestyle? Select all that apply. a) Women can have one drink daily. b) Alcohol consumption should be restricted to low or moderate levels. c) Men can have up to two drinks daily. d) Women can have up to two drinks daily.

a-c

daily intake amounts set for nutrients for which there are insufficient research data to establish an EAR

adequate intake

Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA)

average daily intake level required to meet the needy of 97-98% of healthy people in a particular category

The key to getting the array of nutrients offered by each food group is called ______. a) nutrient density b) variety c) calorie control d) moderation

b

What statement about DRIs is true? a) They only apply to healthy people over the age of 30. b) They only apply to healthy people. c) They include people who are undernourished. d) They include people with a variety of nutrition needs.

b

The following are true about variety. Select all that apply. a) Eating a variety of foods allows one to eat in moderation. b) Variety helps ensure that a diet contains sufficient nutrients. c) Eating a variety of foods helps ensure that the meal is calorie balanced. d) Variety makes meals more interesting.

b & d

What are some goals of the Dietary Guidelines? Select all that apply. a) to reduce physical activity b) to reduce obesity c) to guide government nutrition programs d) to aid in food labeling

b-d

For each macronutrient, the _______ provide a range of intake associated with good health and a reduced risk of chronic diseases while providing for recommended intakes of essential nutrients. a) UIs b) DRIs c) AMDRs d) EERs

c

In order to simply evaluate your overall diet, you can compare your daily food intake with _____ recommendations. a) Estimated Energy Requirement b) Estimated Average Requirement c) MyPlate d) Tolerable Upper Intake Level

c

To maintain good health, you should aim to consume a) the UL for vitamin C. b) the EAR for vitamin C. c) the RDA for vitamin C. d) within the AMDR for vitamin C.

c

_______ are estimates because energy needs depend on energy expenditure and, in some cases, the energy needed to support growth or human milk production. a) Average Intakes b) Acceptable Distribution Ranges c) Estimated Energy Requirements d) Daily Adequate Intakes

c

how to convert form calories to gram for a specific macronutrient

calories/calories provided per gram by that macronutrient

nutrient density

contribution to nutrient intake per calorie

why can the FDA can no longer demand that only health claims with the highest degree of scientific support appear on food labels

courts ruled "Holding only the highest standard for claims interferes with commercial free speech."

DRIs are intended for...

diet planning

foundation of the U.S. government's nutrition policy and education. They reflect what scientific experts believe is the most accurate and up-to-date scientific knowledge about nutritious diets, physical activity, and related healthy lifestyle choices.

dietary guidelines

____ calorie foods are ones that are high in solid fats and/or added sugar. They provide calories but few to no nutrients.

empty

For most adults, the best estimate of energy needs in relation to the ____ is the amount of energy required to achieve and maintain a healthy weight.

estimated energy requirement

AI is used to...

evaluate current intake for a specific nutrient (An AI implies that further research is required before scientists can establish a more definitive intake amount needed to set an RDA)

RDA is used to...

evaluate current intake for a specific nutrient (The more intake strays above or below this value, the greater the likelihood a person will develop nutrition-related problems)

overnutrition

excess of energy or nutrients over time - Obesity due to excess calories, Correlation with chronic diseases, Nutrient Toxicities

Nutrition assessment is critical to assessing...

fitness, malnutrition, illnesses as they relate to diet

UL is used to...

highest amount of daily nutrient intake that is unlikely to cause adverse health effects in the long run (As intake rises higher than the UL, the potential for adverse effects generally increases.)

a food is said to be nutrient dense if...

it provides a greater contribution to your nutrient need than calorie need

website that depicts the key elements of a healthy diet. It emphasizes the fruit, vegetable, grain, protein, and dairy food groups.

myplate

Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges (AMDRs)

not a DRI; used to provide guidance on the recommended ranges of the macronutrients

secondary malnutrition

nutrient deficiency caused by something OTHER than inadequate intake (ex: malabsorption, drug interaction, & altered excretion)

primary malnutrition

nutrition deficiency caused by inadequate intake

mrs. jones is recovering from gastric bypass surgery. she hasn't been eating well & there are concerns about nutrition absorption. as a result, she has become deficient in a # of nutrients. mrs. jones is experiencing which type(s) of malnutrition?

primary & secondary

2 further classifications of malnutrition

primary & secondary malnutrition

Body Mass Index (BMI)

ratio of weight to height squared; accepted method for assessing body weight and height

Adequate Intake (AI)

recommended average daily intake level for a nutrient to expect that the needs of most health people are met; Used when the RDA is not yet established.

limitations of retrospective diet assessment

relies on memory, estimating portion sizes, may not be typical intake

2 types of diet assessments

retrospective & prospective

Anthropometry

scientific study of the measurements and proportions of the human body; anthropos = human & metric = measures

The greater the discrepancy with AMDR,... the greater the risk for nutrition-related chronic diseases.

the greater the risk for nutrition-related chronic diseases.

intakes are considered adequate if...

they are between the RDA/AI and the UL.

purpose of Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges (AMDRs)

to help reduce the risk of nutrition-related chronic disease.

2 types of malnutrition

undernutrition and overnutrition

how to get most accurate weight measurements

w/o shoes & minimal clothing, same time daily, & after urination

does the FDA require food labels or most products?

yes