Chapter 20+ 21 civil rights

"Hand up- not a hand out" ?

"Give a hand up, not a handout" is a common remark among proponents of workfare or other welfare-to-work systems. The term "government handout" is often applied to both welfare systems as well as corporate welfare or pork.

Mandate

- A clear indication of voters approving - Kennedey lacked this due to him being elected by the slimmest margins

Earl Warren/ warren court

- Chief Justice during the 1950's and 1960's who used a loose interpretation to expand rights for both African-Americans and those accused of crimes. Presided of Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka. - banned praying in schools -banned segeragation -no more state loyalty oaths -limited censor of books and let freedom of speech be the main thing in USA

Truth in Advertising

-Federal truth in advertising regulations are designed to protect the public, especially consumers, from advertising that is false, misleading, or bot

Strom Thurmond

Democratic governor of South Carolina who headed the State's Rights Party (Dixiecrats); he ran for president in 1948 against Truman and his mild civil rights proposals and eventually joined the Republican Party. he had run for presidency in 1948, advocated for segregation; Trent Lott said that he "had the right idea...should've won"; mainstream media ignored it but blogs didn't

Unsafe at any speed

The covere - flipped over due to engine - cause seatbelt

Separate but equal

the concept that having separate facilities for African-Americans and white people was not illegal as long as the facilities were equal, from the U.S. Supreme Court case Plessy v. Ferguson - they were not actually equal

White Flight

working and middle-class white people move away from racial-minority suburbs or inner-city neighborhoods to white suburbs and exurbs

Clean Water Act

(CWA, 1972) set maximum permissible amounts of water pollutants that can be discharged into waterways; aims to make surface waters swimmable and fishable

Peace Corp

- (JFK) , volunteers who help third world nations and prevent the spread of communism by getting rid of poverty, Africa, Asia, and Latin America - Helped make connections with other nations - Sent a lot of college students - Still in act today

Alliance for Progress

- (JFK) 1961, a program in which the United States tried to help Latin American countries overcome poverty and other problems, money used to aid big business and the military - program set up by JFK to send economic aid to Latin America in an attempt to keep them away from communism - Latin American countries did more reforms to improve the lives of their people; in return the U.S. helped by contributing aid to building schools, hospitals, improve farming and sanitation services

SNCC

- (Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee)-a group established in 1960 to promote and use non-violent means to protest racial discrimination; they were the ones primarily responsible for creating the sit-in movement

Martin Luther King

- 1929-1968. Pivotal leader of the American Civil Rights movement. Non-violent leader, became youngest person to receive the Nobel Peace Prize in 1964 for his efforts to end segregation and racial discrimination. Led Montgomery Bus Boycott, helped found Southern Christian Leadership Conference, and led March on Washington in 1963 where he delivered "I have a Dream" speech. - Grew up baptist- wanted equality for all - very well educated has Phd

JFK

- 1961-1963, Democrat, both parties had the platform of civil rights planks and a national health program, used president to be elected and first Roman Catholic -Cold War era president, funded NASA to compete with USSR, sends military advisors to Vietnam, uses flexible response against USSR; tried to lower tensions with USSR after Cuban Missile Crisis; hotline, Limited Test Ban Treaty, federal protection for Freedom Riders and James Meredith

The Other America

- 1962 Micheal Harringtons book 'The Other America" showed the problem of poverty in America - profiled 50 million who had less then $1000 a year - Shocked many Americans - Waker Kennedey on pushing help for the poor - cut taxes - 10 billion

Miranda vs Arizona

- 1966-police required to inform all criminal suspects of their constitutional rights, "Miranda Rights," before questioning -is the Supreme Court case that ruled that police had acted unconstitutionally and had violated a suspect's rights. This decision brought major changes in law enforcement policies and procedures across the nation (have to be read your rights)

Rosa Parks

- A black seamstress and the Montgomery NAACP's secretary who became famous for her refusal to stand on a bus when a white man wished to sit, and was subsequently arrested. This began a city-wide boycott of the bus system, which was highly detrimental to those companies and set a movement in place to remove transportation segregation as well. - Was a civil rights activist before

Montgomery Bus Boycott

- A boycott in which African American citizens of, Alabama united to boycott public transportation after Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her seat to a white passenger. It lasted over a year until the Supreme Court ruled that buses in Montgomery must be integrated (desegregated); it also made Martin Luther King, Jr. a national figure. - They would walk for justice - filed a lawsuit -381 days refused to ride the bus - workers (whites) donated 1/5 of there pay - other groups such as nAACP, the united auto workers and the jewish community - remained non violent- even though bomb blew up MLK home - 1956- superme cout outlawed bus segeration

Medicaid

- A combination federal and state medical assistance program designed to provide comprehensive and quality medical care for low-income families with special emphasis on children, pregnant women, the elderly, the disabled, and parents with dependent children who have no other way to pay for healthcare. Coverage varies from state to state

Fourteenth Amendment

- A constitutional amendment giving full rights of citizenship to all people born or naturalized in the United States, except for American Indians. -the constitutional amendment adopted after the Civil War that states, "no state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws."

Voters Rights Act

- A law passed at the time of the civil rights movement. It eliminated various devices, such as literacy tests, that had traditionally been used to restrict voting by black people - allowed federal examiners to enroll voters who were denied before - A.A registration went from 10 in 64 to 60 in 68 - South amount of A.A voters tripled

Immigration Act of 1965

- Abolished the national-origins quotas and providing for the admission each year of 170,000 immigrants from the Eastern Hemisphere and 120,000 from the Western Hemisphere - Ended discrimination of races coming; allowed Asians to come - not as many immigrants from northern or western Europe - LBJ- signed in front of staue of liberty - Still in use today

Nation of Islam

- Also called Black Muslims, the Nation of Islam advocated black nationalism. Its members believed that blacks should live apart from whites and control their own communities. -A religious group, popularly known as the Black Muslims, founded by Elijah Muhammad to promote black separatism and the Islamic religion. - Men should live a good life and not be criminals - Use of self defense - whites were the devil

Thurgood Marshall

- American civil rights lawyer, first black justice on the Supreme Court of the United States. Marshall was a tireless advocate for the rights of minorities and the poor. - American civil rights lawyer, first black justice on the Supreme Court of the United States. Marshall was a tireless advocate for the rights of minorities and the poor. Argued the case of Brown v Board of Education

NAACP

- An association that was formed to help blacks gain equal rights socially and politically. The purpose was to "abolish segregation and discrimination, to oppose racism, and to gain civil rights for African Americans." It had several political victories over discrimination against blacks.

Non-Violent Civil disobedience

- Breaking unjust laws without showing violence or resistance, A philosophy of opposing a law one considers unjust by peacefully violating it and allowing oneself to be punished as a result. - MLK used this tactic - Birmingham 1963, Little Rock, Sit ins, Freedom riders

Freedom Riders

- Civil Rights activists called Freedom Riders, rode in interstate buses into the segregated southern United States to test the United States Supreme Court decision Boynton v. Virginia, (1960) 364 U.S. 454, which outlawed racial segregation in interstate transportation facilities, including bus stations and railroad terminals. A total of 436 Freedom Riders were arrested for trespassing, unlawful assembly, violating state and local Jim Crow laws, etc. All but a very small number were sponsored by the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) while the others belonged to the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC). - At one point bus drivers refused to take them; they were later escorted by the federal government

Commission on civil disorders

- Commission created by president Lyndon Johnson in response to the race riots that issued a report in the spring of 1968 recommending massive spending to eliminate the conditions of ghettos. Kerner Commission, header by Governor Kerner of Illinois. -Strives to get rid of the ghetto and prevent riots like the watts riot. Causes lots of whites to move out of cities, so they become poorer.

CORE

- Congress of racial equality: an organization founded by James Leonard Farmer in 1942 to work for racial equality, a U.S. civil rights organization that played a pivotal role in the Civil Rights Movement from its foundation in 1942 to the mid-1960s. Membership is stated to be open to anyone who believes that 'all people are created equal' and is willing to work towards the ultimate goal of true equality throughout the world; connected with the Freedom Riders

HUD

- Department of Housing and Urban Development - Helped Homeless find shelter- set up projects

Organization of American States

- Formed in 1948 to promote democracy, economic cooperation, & human rights; Members pledged not to interfere with one another; The US often dominated this organization; worked to promoted cooperation among the nations of the Western Hemisphere - international organization that promotes peace and economic progress in the Americas

George Wallace

- Four term and very racist governor of Alabama; runs for president. In 1968 on American Independent Party ticket of racism and law and order, loses to Nixon - ; runs in 1972 gets shot paralyzed but lives tpo soften his segregationist views. , A governor of Alabama who widely and openly opposed integration of public schools, and has been famously quoted as saying, - "I draw the line in the dust and toss the gauntlet before the feet of tyranny and I say segregation now, segregation tomorrow, segregation forever."

Gideon vs Wainwright

- Gideon was accused of breaking and entering, couldn't afford a lawyer and the court refused to give him one. He lost the case and sued because his 6th Amendment was not upheld. Supreme Court said it was illegal to deny a lawyer based on economic status.

Affirmative Action

- Government or business policies favoring a historically disadvantaged minority group (university admissions, hiring decisions); raises 14th Amendment equal protection problems (reverse discrimination); limited by Bakke v. University of California (race can be "plus factor" in admissions but no racial quota system) -A policy designed to redress past discrimination against women and minority groups through measures to improve their economic and educational opportunities

James Meredith

- He was a civil rights advocate who spurred a riot at the University of Mississippi. The riot was caused by angry whites who did not want Meredith to register at the university. The result was forced government action, showing that segregation was no longer government policy. - He had already won a federal court case that allowed him to go to college - "I will never surrender" - caused riots - him and his family had federal protection

1960 Debate

- JFK was confident and life had been served to him, while Nixon struggled and worked hard to get where he was. Actual debate was superior, but his presentation was lacking. - JFK was directed by his advisor= looked good - Nixon was very sweaty= no makeup= looked bad

Cuban Missile Crisis

- Kennedey was informed that their were missiles in cuba from Soviets and wanted to move them. We would not tolerate nuclear weapons in Cuba - Any missile launched in Cuba would lead to all out war on Soviets - (JFK) , , an international crisis in October 1962, the closest approach to nuclear war at any time between the U.S. and the USSR. When the U.S. discovered Soviet nuclear missiles on Cuba, President John F. Kennedy demanded their removal and announced a naval blockade of the island; the Soviet leader Khrushchev acceded to the U.S. demands a week later, on condition that US doesn't invade Cuba - (Oct 1962) U.S. forced USSR to withdraw nukes from Cuba by agreeing to not invade the mainland of Cuba. CONSEQUENCES: Prevented nuclear catastrophe -We promised Soviets we would no invade and they removed their missile - We also removed our missiles from Turkey - Things were looking peaceful -

Great Soceity

- LBJ's term for how he wanted to shape America. Basically sums up his ideals of an involved government, specifically economically and socially - President Johnson called his version of the Democratic reform program the Great Society. In 1965, Congress passed many Great Society measures, including Medicare, civil rights legislation, and federal aid to education.

Desegregation of school bussing

- Linda Brown-lived only a few blocks from an only white school, had to walk far to catch bus which took a long ride to get her to school, father tried to get her into white school, school said we do not accept blacks, NAACP supported them emotionall, economically, the case went all the way to supreme court, Brown vs. the Bored of Education of Topeka, Kansas, Linda and Oliver Brown, Thurgood Marshall, decisions in 1954-58 years after Plessy vs. Ferguson-separate but equal is not okay -

LBJ -Great Persuader

- Lyndon B Johnson was very good at persuading - He would sway congresses decsions

Black Panther Party

- Organization of armed black militants formed in Oakland, California, in 1966 to protect black rights. The Panthers represented a growing dissatisfaction with the non-violent wing of the civil rights movement, and signaled a new direction to that movement after the legislative victories of 1964 and 1965. (989) - Used violence - Wore all black - Would follow police offers with guns- to end police brutality

Missile Gap

- President Kennedy's announcement that the US was behind the Soviet Union in development of the weapons to launch nuclear devices. - Kennedy's claim that the Russians have more missiles than we do; this creates/intensifies the arms race

Entitlement Programs

- Programs such as unemployment insurance, disability relief, or disability payments that provide benefits to all eligible citizens.

Plessey vs Ferguson

- Separate but equal established. Jim crow laws---- de facto segregation in the north. - Schools, faciltys= supposed to be equal but really were not

SCLC

- Southern Christian Leadership Conference, churches link together to inform blacks about changes in the Civil Rights Movement, led by MLK Jr., was a success

Brown vs Board of Education

- Supreme Court case in which the Court reversed the Plessy decision and ruled that racial segregation in public schools is unconstitutional due to the fact that separate facilities are inherently unequal because they did not present minority students with the same opportunities that were offered in white schools - Warren - Against 14 amendment - Turning point

Detroit Riot

- The 1967 Detroit riot, also known as the 12th Street riot, was a violent public disorder that turned into a civil disturbance in Detroit, Michigan. - It began on a Saturday night in the early morning hours of July 23, 1967. The precipitating event was a police raid of an unlicensed, after-hours bar then known as a blind pig, on the corner of 12th (today Rosa Parks Boulevard) and Clairmount streets on the city's Near West Side. - Police confrontations with patrons and observers on the street evolved into one of the deadliest and most destructive riots in United States history, lasting five days and surpassing the violence and property destruction of Detroit's 1943 race riot. - 43 dead (33 B and 10 W) Detroit was booming- Urban renewal from Federal spending White power- Police force- "The big 4" Cops would abuse the men - suspicion- would accost anyone Raided "blind pig" African Americans- stealing things - sunday morning Started huge riot Articale in free press by congressmen John Conyers - Essay People were tired of being violated Black people wanted control of their community Police shoot many people- even a pregnant women 43 dead (10 W and 33 B) Police arrested 7200 people- mostly young black men America was becoming two soceitys- Black and white - sperate and unequal

Civil rights Act of 1968

- The Civil Rights Act signed into law in April 1968-popularly known as the Fair Housing Act-prohibited discrimination concerning the sale, rental and financing of housing based on race, religion, national origin and sex. Intended as a follow-up to the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the bill was the subject of a contentious debate in the Senate, but was passed quickly by the House of Representatives in the days after the assassination of civil rights leader Martin Luther King Jr. The act stands as the final great legislative achievement of the civil rights era.

Clean Air Act

- The Clean Air Act is a United States federal law designed to control air pollution on a national level. It requires the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to develop and enforce regulations to protect the public from airborne contaminants known to be hazardous to human health. - (RN), 1970 reaction to Rachel Carson in her 1962 in Silent Spring, It describes one of a number of pieces of legislation relating to the reduction of smog and air pollution in general. The legislation forced the country to enforce clean air standards to improve health and showed that American was moving towards certain environmentalist measures.

Lunch Counter sit ins

- The Greensboro sit-ins at a Woolworth's in Greensboro, North Carolina, on February 1, 1960, launched a wave of anti-segregation sit-ins across the South and opened a national awareness of the depth of segregation in the nation. - Launched a lot more lunch counter sit ins

Little rock 9

- The Little Rock Nine were a group of nine African American students enrolled in Little Rock Central High School in 1957. Their enrollment was followed by the Little Rock Crisis, in which the students were initially prevented from entering the racially segregated school by Orval Faubus, the Governor of Arkansas. - smart student - sticked together - had a soldier follow them - were beaten by the white mob - had to meet before school and walk in separate entrance

New Frontier

- The campaign program advocated by JFK in the 1960 election. He promised to revitalize the stagnant economy and enact reform legislation in education, health care, and civil rights. - Kennedy's plan, supports civil rights, pushes for a space program, wans to cut taxes, and increase spending for defense and military - President John F. Kennedy's legislative program, which included proposals to provide medical care for the elderly, to rebuild blighted urban areas, to aid education, to bolster the national defense, to increase international aid, and to expand the space program - HELPED HIM WIN MANY SUPPORTED

Desegregation

- The ending of authorized segregation, or separation by race.

Huey Newton

- The founding members of the Black Panther Party for Self Defense. Shortly after the group was formed, Huey P. Newton was arrested after a shootout that left one police officer dead, and Newton badly wounded. "Free Huey" became a rallying cry for the Black Panthers around the country.

Consumer Protection

- The government may have to step in and ensure that laws, rules and regulations are being followed and that there is a suitable balance between the businesses making a profit and the protection of the consumers. - Seat Belts in cars, cannot have an unequal weight of care - Products must have food labels on the back

Nikita Kruchshev

- The leader after Stalin who wanted to "destalinize" Russia and was seen as a weak leader. He wants to relax tensions with the west. - After cuban missile crisis= wanted to help and ease tensions - when Berlin wall was created his worries lessen but the tensions of the cold war increased - He wanted peace between East and West Germany -Removed his troop from cuban missile crisis if American pledged not to invade - ruined his prestige in Russia - Was sided with Cuba and aided them

1963 March on Washington

- This marched included more than 200,000 marchers in which both black and white united. It lasted a day and marchers listened to speeches, hymns, etc. The climax of the rally was Dr. Martin Luther King Jr's "I Have A Dream" speech. This march was also significant because it emphasized universal freedom and brother and it presented a unified call for change.

Bay of Pigs Invasion

- US government did not like Cuba's alignment with the USSR so JFK authorized invasion of Cuba to overthrow Castro and his supporters: landed in Cuba at the Bay of Pigs; did not incite internal uprising like JFK hoped; diminished US prestige especially in Latin America; strengthened Castro's position in Cuba, thus he accepted deployment of USSR nuclear missiles in Cuba to stop further invasion - They were ready for Americans - complete blunder - Nothing went as planned- weapons were not working, air force was not landing in correct spot -Hoping to cause uprising to overthrow Castro - We looked like we were attacking our friends - Kennedey negotiated with Castro for reals of exiles - and they paid a ransom of 53 million in food and medical supplies

VISTA

- Volunteers in Service to America which sent volunteers to help people in poor communties - Bascially the peace corps in the states - recruited doctors and lawyers - Still in use today

Emit Till

- Young fourteen year old boy who visited the south. He was tortured and killed by two men for flirting with a white woman. Jury did not convict the men, and the death shook the African American community. - Was from the north did not know better - Was seriously beaten and hurt- increased cry for civil rights

Camelot Presidency

- Young, Beautiful, small children, close family, and the closest to a royal family that America has ever witnessed. - Kennedey Family - Jackie was a fashion icon; many looked up to her - Was "good looking", well spoken, movie star

Stokely Carmichael

- a black civil rights activist in the 1960's. Leader of the Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee. He did a lot of work with Martin Luther King Jr.but later changed his attitude. Carmichael urged giving up peaceful demonstrations and pursuing black power. He was known for saying,"black power will smash everything Western civilization has created." - wanted to use violence - refused and urged the SNCC to keep whites in the program and made them leave it

Freedom Summer

- a campaign in the United States launched in June 1964 to attempt to register as many African American voters as possible in Mississippi, which up to that time had almost totally excluded black voters. -The project was organized by the Council of Federated Organizations (COFO), a coalition of four established civil rights organizations: the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) and the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), with SNCC playing the lead role.

Job Corp

- a federal program created to train young men and women in the work skills they needed to get better jobs and move out of poverty - a work training program for young people between the ages of 16 and 21 - LBJ war on poverty - trained the unskilled so they could get better jobs

Economic Opportunity Act

- a law, enacted in 1964, that provided funds for youth programs, antipoverty measures, small-business loans, and job training

Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party

- an American political party created in the state of Mississippi in 1964, during the civil rights movement. It was organized by African Americans from Mississippi, with assistance from the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) and Council of Federated Organizations (COFO), to challenge the legitimacy of the then-white-only Mississippi Democratic Party. - Wanted to end discrimination of blacks

Poverty Line

- an absolute level of income set by the federal government for each family size below which a family is deemed to be in poverty

Food Stamps

- government-issued coupons that recipients exchange for food

Section 8 Housing

- mid 70s; over half of HUD's budget; private housing; must earn less than half of your area's medium income; shouldn't spend more than 40% of your income on housing; benefits = mainstream living, can live anywhere for free, renter is guaranteed to have a renter and they will likely be a good tenant; problems = limited supply and limited funds, waiting list, certification process, no time limit

Landslide

- winning by a lot- having a lot of votes - Kennedy did not have this

Silent Spring

- written by Rachel Carson in 1962 controversial, it criticized chemicals and named their makers "if the song bird gets sick, humans aren't far behind" "we're all toxic from conception to death" - 1962 environmental book written by Rachel Carson that argued against the use of pesticides such as DDT--stating they are environmentally harmful, as well as positing that corruption is rampant among upper echelons of pesticide corporations and public officials. Led to the banning of DDT.

Malcom X

-Father was lynched- life spilraled - Joined gang- got arrested - went to jail - learned about Nation of Islam and soon became one of the leaders - Preached self defense - Believed blacks were greator then whites - Whites were the devil - Wanted white separatism - changed idea after hajj and then preached equality - was murdered - an african-american man who converted to a Black Muslim while in prison. At first urged Blacks to seize their freedom by any means necessary, but later changed position and advocated racial harmony. He was assassinated in February, 1965.

Model Cities

-LBJ war on poverty, created a new program at the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) intended to improve coordination of existing urban programs and provide additional funds for local plans. The program's goals emphasized comprehensive planning, involving not just rebuilding but also rehabilitation, social service delivery, and citizen participation. -A plan for urban renewal. The federal government would support projects in the downtown area to help rebuild it. This was to keep people from moving out of the cities.

Jim Crow

-Limited rights of blacks. Literacy tests, grandfather clauses and poll taxes limited black voting rights - The Jim Crow laws were racial segregation state and local laws enacted after the Reconstruction period in Southern United States that continued in force until 1965 mandating de jure racial segregation in all public facilities in Southern U.S. states

Black Power

-emphasized racial pride and the creation of black political and cultural institutions to nurture and promote black collective interests, advance black values, and secure black autonomy. a range of political goals, from defense against racial oppression, to the establishment of separate social institutions and a self-sufficient economy (separatism help usher in black radical thought, and action against white supremacy. Black Power adherents believe in Black autonomy, with a variety of tendencies such as black nationalism, and black separatism. Often Black Power advocates are open to use violence as a means of achieving their aims, but this openness to violence was nearly always coupled with community organizing work. CONFLICTED with civil rights. - A slogan used to reflect solidarity and racial consciousness, used by Malcolm X. It meant that equality could not be given, but had to be seized by a powerful, organized Black community.

NASA

.- .., Founded in 1958 to compete with Russia's space program. It gained prestige and power with Kennedy's charge to reach the moon by the end of the 1960s. Over the years, NASA has sent experditions to the moon, developed and managed the space station and space shuttle programs and sent probes to Mars - Founded in 1958 to compete with Russia's space program. It gained prestige and power with Kennedy's charge to reach the moon by the end of the 1960s.

Berlin Wall

1961 - The Soviet Union, under Nikita Khrushev, erected a wall between East and West Berlin to keep people from fleeing from the East, after Kennedy asked for an increase in defense funds to counter Soviet aggression. - Khurshev said it solved all of his problems; Kennedy said it caused more problems -ended berlin crisis- economic problems of too many coming to East Germany - Created more tension in Cold war

Civil rights Act of 1964

1964; banned discrimination in public acomodations, prohibited discrimination in any federally assisted program, outlawed discrimination in most employment; enlarged federal powers to protect voting rights and to speed school desegregation; this and the voting rights act helped to give African-Americans equality on paper, and more federally-protected power so that social equality was a more realistic goal

War on Poverty

1965 - Johnson figured that since the Gross National Profit had risen, the country had lots of extra money "just lying around," so he'd use it to fight poverty. It started many small programs, Medicare, Head Start, and reorganized immigration to eliminate national origin quotas. It was put on hold during the Vietnam War.Medicaid, Medicare, food stamps, Head Start, Job Corps, VISTA and Title I

Medicare

A program added to the Social Security system in 1965 that provides hospitalization insurance for the elderly and permits older Americans to purchase inexpensive coverage for doctor fees and other health expenses. - must be 65 or over - A federal health-insurance program that covers U.S. residents over the age of sixty-five. The costs are met by a tax on wages and salaries.

Zoo Suit Riots

Racism against Mexican Americans and the fear of juvenile crime became linked because of the zoo suit. 2,500 soldiers and sailors attacked Mexican American neighborhoods after rumors of zoo-suiters attacking several sailors

De Jour Segregation

literally "by law" refers to legally enforced practices, such as schools segregation in the south before the 1960s

De Facto Segregation

segregation by unwritten custom or tradition