Chapter 20

Chicago world fair

a massive World Fair,it gave the opportunity for people to claim a part in the countries most civilized societies.

spanish american war

a popular war (since the American Revolution) between the United States and Spain, in which the U.S. supported the Cubans' fight for independence

populist movement

formed in 1892 by members of the Farmer's Alliance, this party was designed to appeal to workers in all parts of the country. Populists favored a larger role of government in American Society, a progressive income tax, and more direct methods of democracy.

William Marcy Tweed

led a political ring in NYC. He stole more than $200 million from the public in the 6 years he was a political boss. He was indicted in 1871 and sentenced to jail

good neighbor policy

phrase coined by Henry Clay , foreign policy announced by President Franklin Roosevelt in 1933 to promote better relations with Latin America (expanded navy too)

"infant industries"

Hamilton proposed to protect the young nation's new and developing industries by imposing high tariffs on imported goods

Icc

the first federal regulatory board, supervised railroad regulation

Pendleton Civil service reform act

(1883) Civil Service Reform; one of the major issues of the Gilded Age. 1883 Pendleton Civil Service Act introduces merit system. The Pendleton Civil Service Act, passed by Congress in 1882, created the Civil Service Commission to oversee competitive examinations for government positions. The act gave the commission jurisdiction over only 10 percent of federal jobs, though the president could expand the list. Because the Constitution barred Congress from interfering in state affairs, civil service at state and local levels developed more haphazardly.

sherman silver purchase act

1890 act that was a compromise between the western silver agitators and the eastern protectionists. The Westerners agreed to support a higher tariff and the protectionists, this bill. It ordered the Treasury to buy 4.5 million ounces of silver monthly.

Wabash v Illinois

A Supreme Court decision that prohibited states from regulating the railroads because the Constitution grants Congress the power to regulate interstate commerce. As a result, reformers turned their attention to the federal government, which now held sole power to regulate the railroad industry.

Great White Fleet

A group of 16 gleaming white ships on a cruise around the world to display the nation's naval power.

Mugwumps

A political movement comprising Republicans who supported Democratic candidate Grover Cleveland in the United States presidential election of 1884. They switched parties because they could not in good faith support the Republican candidate, James Blaine of Maine. After the election was over, mugwump survived for more than a decade as an epithet in American politics, and the Mugwumps themselves continued many of their associations as reformers well into the 20th century.

coxeys army

A protest march by unemployed workers from the United States, led by the populist Jacob Coxey. They marched on Washington D.C. in 1894, the second year of a four-year economic depression that was the worst in United States history to that time. Officially named the Commonweal in Christ, its nickname came from its leader and was more enduring. It was the first significant popular protest march on Washington and the expression "Enough food to feed Coxey's Army" originates from this march.

free silver

After the discovery of silver, several disparate factions in American politics began to agitate for the feds to allow it to be minted freely at the rate of $1 per troy ounce. As the gold standard in effect at the time valued gold at the official price of $20 per troy ounce, the result of this policy would have been a considerable increase in the money supply and resultant inflation.

"Protective association"

An organization created by nativists in 1887 that campaigned for laws to restrict immigration

American Protective Association

An organization created by nativists in 1887 that campaigned for laws to restrict immigration

elecion of 1896

Between William Bryan and Mckinley-Mckinley (Republican) won because he had big party bosses behind him-Mark Hanna-large issue was silver

granger laws

During the late 1800's an organization of farmers, called the Grange, strove to regulate railway rates and storage fees charged by railroads, warehouses, and grain elevators through state legislation. These laws that were passed, but eventually reversed, are referred to as the Granger Laws.

Stalwarts

FRACTION OF THE REPUBLICAN PARTY; led by Roscoe Conkling; favored machine politics; support patronage

wctu

Led by Frances Willard, the WCTU (Woman's Christiam Temperance Union) was an organization of women intended to mold women into a political force. They vehemently opposed alcohol. They were largely unsuccessful in politics, however. CULTURAL & POLITICAL

teller amendment

Legislation that promised the US would not annex Cuba after winning the Spanish-American war

platt amendment

Legislation that severely restricted Cuba's sovereignty and gave the US the right to intervene if Cuba got into trouble

munn v illinois (1877)

Munn vs. Illinois This 1876 Supreme Court case seemed like a victory for the Grangers movement and represented a step toward greater governmental regulation of the economy. The court decided that states had the right to regulate commerce within their states (particularly railroad and grain elevator companies), but this decision was largely overturned 10 years later by the Wabash case.

Open door policy

Statement of U.S. foreign policy toward China. Issued by U.S. secretary of state John Hay (1899), the statement reaffirmed the principle that all countries should have equal access to any Chinese port open to trade.

Plessy v Ferguson

Supreme Court case about Jim Crow railroad cars in Louisiana; the Court decided by 7 to 1 that legislation could not overcome racial attitudes, and that it was constitutional to have "separate but equal" facilities for blacks and whites.

nawsa

The National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) was an American women's rights organization formed in May 1890 as a unification of the National Woman Suffrage Association (NWSA) and the American Woman Suffrage Association (AWSA).[1] The NAWSA continued the work of both associations by becoming the parent organization of hundreds of smaller local and state groups,[2] and by helping to pass woman suffrage legislation at the state and local level. The NAWSA was the largest and most important suffrage organization in the United States, and was the primary promoter of women's right to vote. Like AWSA and NWSA before it, the NAWSA pushed for a constitutional amendment guaranteeing women's voting rights, and was instrumental in winning the ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution in 1920.

William J. Bryan

This Democratic candidate ran for president most famously in 1896 (and again in 1900). His goal of "free silver" (unlimited coinage of silver) won him the support of the Populist Party. Though a gifted orator, he lost the election to Republican William McKinley. He ran again for president and lost in 1900. Later he opposed America's imperialist actions, and in the 1920s, he made his mark as a leader of the fundamentalist cause and prosecuting attorney in the Scopes Monkey Trial.

great uprising of 1877

Unsuccessful railroad strike to protest wage cuts and the use of federal troops against strikers; the first nationwide work stoppage in American history.

YMCA

Young Men's and Women's Christian Associations; established before Civil war and combined physical and other kinds of education with religious teachings.

USS Maine

accidentally exploded to rescue American citizens

Henry George

advocated social reform through the imposition of a "single tax" on land

spoils system

allowed men to buy their way into office

Mary E. Lease

became well known during the early 1890's for her actions as a speaker for the populist party. She was a tall, strong woman who made numerous and memorable speeches on behalf of the downtrodden farmer. She denounced the money-grubbing government and encouraged farmers to speak their discontent with the economic situation.

panic of 1873

caused by too many railroads and factories being formed than existing markets could bear and the over-loaning by banks to those projects; main causes, over-speculation and too much credit

Wilmington massacre

caused when a white mov burned Manly's newspaper office; killed 12 blacks

Tom Watson

champion of interracial unity; supported equal rights, but not social equality; fought for equality of both races

caesars column

discussed that industrial society appears to be a "wretched failure" to "the great mass of mankind."

farmers alliance`

organization that united farmers at the statewide and regional level; policy goals of this organization included more readily available farm credits and federal regulation of the railroads.

Dingley Tariff of 1897

passed in 1897, proposed new high tariff rates to generate enough revenue to cover the annual Treasury deficits. Replaced the Wilson-Gorman law and raise more revenue, raising the tariff level to whopping 46.5 percent.

YWCA

provided housing and recreation to city youth, imposing Protestant morals, unable to reach out to all youth

Ida B. Wells

young black woman editor that wrote against lynching