Chapter 20: environmental policy and decision making

The 1970s were an important decade in environmental policy in the United States because __________.

-Clean Air Act was created -Environmental Protection Agency was established

Which of the following acts include very rigid standards that are examples of command and control regulation?

-Clean Water Act, which regulates surface water -Clean Air Act, which regulates Urban air quality -Comprehensive Environmental Response Compensation and Liability Act, Which applies to specific landfill sites

Which of the following events are considered to be important in initiating the modern environmental movement?

-the you publication of Rachel Carson's book "silent spring" in 1962 -The first Earth day on April 22, 1970

The cleanup of rivers in the United States, such as the Potomac and the Hudson, as a result of the ______, is a good example of the effectiveness of _______.

Clean Water Act; command and control methods

The movement of trade, people, and information across borders that occurs outside of government control is referred to as ________.

Globalization

To which entities does administrative law apply?

Government agencies and those affected by agency actions

Human population on earth has more than doubled in the last 50 years and is continuing to grow. Which of the following statements best summarizes how tomorrow's world will be shaped by the large global population?

Growing population increases demands for food, goods, water, and space and exacerbates scarcity, conflict, and overuse of natural resources

The _______ of 1987 is a good example of successful environmental policy that was based on expert advice, global agreement on the seriousness of an environmental threat, and a cooperative approach.

Montreal Protocol

Which of the following statements best describes what human population is expected to look like in the next 50 years?

More crowded, more connected, and more consuming then at any time in human history

Which international agreement was the first environmental accord involving all the nations of eastern and western Europe and North America?

The convention of Long Range transboundary air pollution

The Montreal protocol protects _______.

stratospheric ozone

Which of the following are stated purposes of the National Environmental Policy Act?

-Advise the president on the state of the nations environment -Create an advisory Council called the Council on environmental quality

Which of the following events help increase the political will to establish the US environmental protection agency (EPA)?

-Air quality problems in Los Angeles -The Cuyahoga River catching on fire in Ohio -The near extinction of bald eagles.

Which of the following describes some of the reasons behind the earth summit?

-Developed nations consume a disproportionate share of natural resources -It was a rare opportunity to persuade countries to agree on some basic changes in the way they treat the environment -Developing nations populations are growing and beginning to consume more resources.

In the 21st-century, __________ has enhanced our ability to transmit and receive information, and as a result, people have greater power to influence events that affect them.

Communication technology

Why is the environmental for protection agency called a regulatory agency?

Congress authorizes EPA to write regulations that explain the details necessary to implement laws.

A shift towards an economy driven by knowledge has resulted in which of the following?

Deeper understanding of the connections between efficiency, profits, and environmental protection

Which government agency bears a primary responsibility for introducing and enforcing environmental legislation in the United States?

EPA- Environmental protection agency

________ help consumers choose products that means safety, quality, and environmental protection requirements of the authority that issues the label.

Ecolabels

What are the benefits of acting with environmental foresight and thinking about the future?

-Future generations won't have to bear the environmental debts of previous generations -The cost of avoiding the problem is often for less than the cost of solvent later

Which of the following actions can individuals take to make a difference in the future quality of the environment?

-Get involved and acting on their choices -Being held accountable for their actions -Making choices based on a broader and longer view of their self interest

Which of the following aspects of life on earth was Congress protecting with the enactment of major environmental laws in the 1970s?

-Human welfare -The environment -Human health -The oceans

Which of the following describes the US government response to the environmental problems that were immediate an obvious in the 1970s?

-Many important pieces of environmental legislation were in enacted -The percent of discretionary funds spent on natural resources in the environment grew significantly

Which of the following major environmental laws were enacted by Congress in the 1960s and 70s?

-National Environmental Policy Act -Resource Conservation and recovery Act -Toxic Substances Control Act -Safe Drinking Water Act

What does the endangered species act do?

-Recognizes that species of fish, wildlife, implants have value -Provides a program for the conversation of threatened and endangered species -Provides a mean for conserving ecosystems that endangered species rely upon

Despite the effectiveness of environmental regulations to control points sources of air and water pollution in the United States, we still face population problems. The most important remaining sources come from this fuse and widespread sources, such as ______

-Runoff from agriculture lands -runoff from city streets and highways -exhaust from cars and woodstoves

Which of the following are important international agreements that were adopted in response to emerging environmental problems?

-The framework Convention on Climate Change -The Convention on Biological Diversity - The Montreal Protocol

Which international organizations address global environmental issues?

-The world bank -The north American federal trade agreement -The world trade organization

In which situations is the command control approach particularly effective?

-When applied to specific emissions, such as the end of a pipe -When applied against particular substance

Which of the following best describes the relationship between administrative law in environmental law in the United States?

Administrative law governs environmental law

The national environmental policy act in (NEPA) encourages environmental awareness among which federal agencies?

All federal agencies

Rather than focus on cleanup and control of individual sites and environmental problems, in the future our environmental paradigm is shifting to include ___________

Assessment, anticipation, and avoidance

Another way of stating the precautionary principle is the say which of the following?

Better safe than sorry

Lobbyist representing industries, the environmental community, or science spend a great deal of money attempting to influence politicians. Which of the following is a possible solution to reduce the influence a lobbyist?

Campaign finance reform

Which of the following is not a benefit given to US non-governmental organizations? They __________.

Can serve on congressional committees that make important decisions on environmental laws

Which of the following is not an example of how expenditures to develop technologies that prevent environmental harm are beginning to pay off?

Consumer products are being designed to consume more resources

The executive branch of the federal government ________ environmental laws

Enforces

The environmental protection agency is the primary agency responsible for ________ environmental legislation.

Enforcing

In the 1970s, Congress enacted several major _______ that were broadly worded to identify existing problems that can be corrected to protect human health and welfare and the environment.

Environmental laws

Which of the following is not one of the reasons why some global organizations have struggled to make progress in reversing global environmental degradation?

Environmental problems need to be addressed by individual countries and not global organizations

Which US government agency is responsible for enforcing laws regarding air and water pollution, noise, pesticides, solid waste, and toxic substance?

Environmental protection agency EPA

Science can I play a major role in crafting environmental agreements

False- Science played a crucial role in developing in Montreal protocols and links between human activities and global environmental problems

The environmental protection agency (EPA) face challenges in the future because both political parties in the United States agree that the agency should be eliminated

False-Some people at the liberal side of the political spectrum agree for increasing the power of the EPA

Which congressional act designated the general procedures that are used by federal agencies when they exercise their rule-making, adjudicatory, and enforcement powers?

Federal Administrative Procedure Act

The 21st-century faces this particular challenge is because of what should be following reasons?

In the modern era, changes are occurring more rapidly than ever before

Policies and laws are important to protect environment, but even more importantly, _______ can have a great deal of influence with their choices, purchases, boats, and involvement.

Individual citizens I'm

The concept of globalization encompasses the international movement of which of the following across borders?

Information, trade goods, people

Which of the following is not one of the major groups that lobbies in the environmental policy area?

International trade organizations

Which of the following major global environmental agreements has the United States not ratified?

Kyoto Protocol to the Framework Convention on Climate Change

Food quality and protection act

Mandates that pesticide be proven safe for children or removed

Which federal act forces federal agencies to consider the environmental consequences of their actions before implementing a proposal or recommendation?

National environmental policy act

The growth of what type of organizations in the United States resulted in increased prominence of the United States as a environmental leader?

Non-governmental organizations

The growth of what type of organizations in the United States resulted in increased prominence of the United States as an environmental leader?

Non-governmental organizations

Congress has the ability to _______ if it determines a certain conduct were activities are in conflict with public policy.

Pass legislation in the form of acts or statues

It is clear that environmental, social, and economic goals are integrally linked, as exemplified by many environmental problems that result in high economic and social costs. As we move forward in the future, how should policy react in response?

Policies must reflect the entire relationship between environmental, social, and economic goals.

The general principle by which the government branches are guided in their management of public affairs _______.

Public policy

The general principle by which the government branches are guided in their management of public affairs is ___________

Public policy

National Environmental Policy Act

Requires environmental impact assessment for any federal funded project

Food and drug administration=

Requires that all new drugs be tested before they are put on the market

What role does resource consumption and developed nations play in global environmental problems?

Resource consumption of developed nations result in significant environmental impacts around the globe

What was the overriding subject established by the European union Amsterdam treaty?

Sustainable development

Which of the following was not a major environmental law and acted by Congress in the 1960s and 70s?

Taylor Grazing Act

Who or what benefits from the practice of green consumerism?

The environment and future generations

Which of the following is not a reason that Implementation of global environmental agreement is so difficult?

Treaties are an unwieldy tool for global environmental governance and can barely be agreed upon.

Environmental laws were acted as early as 1306 in response to degraded air quality, when the city of London, England, adopted and ordinance that limited the burning of coal.

True

Most of the significant source of pollution from municipal sewage systems and industrial sources have been controlled in the United States since the 1970s

True-The majority of points versus of air and water pollution have been controlled since the 1970s

There are 21 separate agencies within the ________ that deal with environmental issues.

United Nations

Future environmental problems and issues may have broader scope than the problems at the environmental protection agency (EPA) dealt with in the past. In order to deal with evolving nature of the issues and challenges that the EPA will face, the agency agency ______.

Will need to evolve in the way it fullfills its mission

_________ Is the practice that seeks to alter legislation or administrative action on political issues issues.

lobbying