Chapter 20- HD

most familiar

-colds -flu -measles -pertussis -tonsillitis

Four categories of infectious diseases

1) Viral 2) bacterial 3) fungal 4) parasitic

Fluid imbalances

Children have a higher metabolic rate than adults and thus have a higher exchange of fluids. This fact puts them at risk for serious complications if they experience bouts of vomiting or diarrhea. Children can become dehydrated and develop severe electrolyte imbalances inbalances in a very short period of time. Dehydration is life-threatening in very young children and infants. Diagnosis is made by reported history of continued vomiting, diarrhea, or both; physical examination; and laboratory data. Treatment focuses on replacement of the fluids and electrolytes. If the child cannot retain fluids b/c of vomiting, IV therapy is necessary

Drug abuse

illicit drugs, alcohol, and tobacco use among children, specially adolescents, is occurring in epidemic proportions. The most common drugs used by children and adolescents include marijuana, cocaine, meth, alcohol, cigs, LSD, inhalants, and anabolic steroids.

Child Abuse

Seriosu problem in the US. More common than most other pediatric illness and is frequently fatal. It has been difficult to define b/c limits of punishment such as spanking are hard to set. However, it is generally defined as purposeful, significant, or demonstrable harm to a child, whether in the form of physical, sexual, or emotional harm. It also can be in the form of neglect, which accounts for a major portion of the child abuse diagnosed. Neglect is defined as failing to provide basic needs such as food, clothes, and schooling for the child.

malaise

a feeling of general discomfort

Leukemia

a malignancy of the blood-forming cells located in the bone marrow. -- is the most common form of cancer in children. Approx 3,800 children are diagnosed each year with --. is diagnosed most frequently in boys than in girls -e- unknown. exposure to radiation and presence of genetic or immunology disorder. The most common type of -- in children is acute lymphoblastic -- (ALL) characterized by a proliferation of immature white blood cells. As the marrow becomes filled with the diseased white cells, platelets, red cells, and healthy white-cell production decrease, causing symptoms to appear -s- pallor; easy bleeding or brushing; fatigue; joint bone, or abdominal pain; and fever -d- medical history, CBC, bone marrow biopsy -t-most curable diseases of all types of childhood cancers. Chemo. Intrathecal medications. Radiation -p- none

poisoning

accidental -- can occur when a child ingests medications, cleaning products, alcohol, cosmetics, or other toxins. Parents and other adults frequently fail to recognize how toxic certain substances can be or do not realize to consequence of leaving them in places accessible to children . accidental poisoning is among he top five causes of death in children under 10 y.o. About 75% of all poisonings occur in children under 6 years of age. Children are inquisitive and tend to put things in their mouths, with a devastating consequence when the substance is toxic

Reye's Syndrome

acute encephalopathy (disease of the brain) seen in children under age 15 who have had a viral infection -e- unknown, but a relationship has been found b/w the disease and the sue of aspirin for febrile illnesses in children. thus, it is recommended that aspirin not be given to children and acetaminophen used instead -s- nausea, vomiting, liver enlargement, lethargy, seizures, coma, and in many cases death -d-shoudl be suspected in a child who has had a recent viral illness and begins vomiting and having episodes of unconsciousness. Blood testing of liver enzymes that are abnormally high, along with lumbar puncture to rule out encephalitis and meningitis, might be necessary -t- life-threatening illness that requires prompt diagnosis and treatment. Most cases are managed in an intensive care unit -p- no aspirin

Poliomyelitis

also called polio, occurred in pandemics and crippled thousands of children and adults prior to the discovery of a vaccine by Jonas Salk in 1952. Since the development of the vaccine, the number of cases have dropped dramatically. Beginning in 1988, a global effort to eradicate -- has been led by the world health organization (WHO). If worldwide eradication of -- is accomplished, it will represent only the second time in history that man was able to eliminate a disease completely; the first was small pox in 1979. -E- cased by the poliovirus (PV) and is spread through an oral route or fecal-oral route from an infected individual. Absorptive -- is a mild form of the disease that does not affect central nervous system. the incubation period is 3-6 days of abortive -- and 7-21 fro the more severe form of -- -S-more severe form of -- early symptoms include fever, headache, sore throat, and abdominal pain. This can progress to stiffness of the neck, trunk, and extremities. Although the disease might subside at this point, it can also progress to paralysis. If the respiratory center of the brain is affected the disease is life-threatening -D- The disease can be suspected in an individual with symptoms of weakness or paralysis in an arm or leg that has no other reason for such symptom. Diagnosis is confirmed by a stool sample or throat swab showing -- -T- based on the symptoms and severity but is usually only supportive. PT is important to prevent wasting of mm. Ventilator support is necessary if the respiratory center is affected -P- 40 years of aggressive immunization program in the US has reduced the threat of --. However it could still recur as a major health problem, so all children should be vaccinated against --

Measles

also called rubeola, one of the most serious childhood diseases due to major complications such as encephalitis and meningitis. Less extreme complications include croup, ear infection, and conjunctivitis. Since the development of immunization in 63' -- has become rare in the US. Outbreaks that do occur are usually result of infected children and teens who are immigrants to this country -E- an acute viral disease commonly spread by contaminated airborne droplets. Highly contagious with an incubation period of 7-14 days -S- fever, inflammation of the respiratory mucous membranes, runny nose, and a generalized, dusky red maculopapular rash over the body trunk and extremities. Unique spots called *Koplik's Spots* appear in the month early in the disease -D- Koplik's spots are rather unique to -- and are often the definitive symptoms that confirms the diagnosis -T- usually directed at relief of symptoms and prevention of such complications as dehydration, pneumonia, or high fever. Having had one episode of the disease should provide lifetime immunity, but all children should be immunized to prevent -- -P- This illness is effectively prevented with -- immunization. This immunization is often given in combination vaccine called --, mumps, and rubella (MMR)

Ewing's Sarcoma

also known as Ewing's tumor, is a malignant neoplasm that occurs b/f age 20. It is more common in males than in females and is usually located in a long bone such as the femur -e- unknown -s- swelling and pain -d- x-ray, CT, MRI, and bone scan. A biopsy is necessary to differentiate the exact type of tumor form other kinds of bone tumors -t- chemo, radiation. Surgery might be performed but is not usually the first choice of treatment. Especially if the tumor is in the leg or arm, b/c that would necessitate amputation of the extremity -p- none

Candidiasis

also known as a yeast infection, is a common disease in all ages as previously discussed in chapter 18. -- in infants is commonly found in the mouth (thrush) and on the buttocks (diaper rash) -e- caused by an excessive growth of Candida albicans. if the organism passes through the intestine it can cause diaper rash b/c the continually wet diaper area is a good medium for growth. The infant can acquire infection during delivery, or it can develop later from antibiotic therapy or unclean nipples on bottles -s- white plaques are present on the mucous membranes of the tongue and on the buttocks area -d- made by visual exam of the affected area and microscopic exam of white patch scraping or culture of the same -t- The treatment of choice is nystatin oral suspension or ointment. -p- thrush in infants can be prevented by breastfeeding rather than bottle feeding. If the babies are bottle fed, do not put them to bed while still feeding and avoid using pacifiers for long period of time. Prevention methods for young children include having them rise their mouths after eating candy, regularly replacing their toothbrushes, and serving them yogurt on regular basis. to prevent diaper rash, keep the baby's diaper area clean and dry. Check the diaper soon after the infant goes to sleep b/c this is often a time they might be wet. Allow time for the skin to dry thoroughly b/w changes b/f applying another diaper

Croup

also known as laryngotracheobronchitis, is an upper respiratory infection -e- caused by parainfluenza virus 1 and 2 affects children from 3 months to 3 years of age -s-harsh barking, cough, fever, inspiratory stridor (pitched sound during inspiration through blocked airways), laryngeal spasms, and increased difficulty in breathing at night -d- made by physical exam -t- usually includes high humidity, fluids, rest, racemic epinephrine, and antipyretics if needed. complications can be serious if a patent (open) airway is not maintained -p-good and frequent hand washing; avoiding sick children; teaching children to sneeze or cough into a tissue or into their elbow; keeping immunizations current especially (Hib)

Tularemia

an infectious disease of rodents transmitted to humans usually though an insect bite. It may also be called rabbit fever or deer fly fever. -e- is caused by the bacterium Francisella tolerances and transmitted by the bite of an infected tick, deer fly, or other bloodsucking insect or by direct contact with infected animal -s- headache, fever, generalized or localized pain, swelling of lymph nodes, chills, and vomiting. -d- made by blood testing to identify antibodies to the bacteria. A chest X-ray can rule out pneumonia -t- antibiotics given by mm injection or intravenously is usually effective -P- Wearing long-sleeved shirt and long pants to protect the extremities from insects; using insecticide containing DEET; Handling animals carefully. If hunting wild rabbit or deer, wearing gloves and using care in skinning or dressing the animal; protecting pets by applying systemic preventives; keeping away from wild or dead animals

Pinworms

also known as seat worms or threadworms, are parasitic nematodes (specific type of helminths or worms) that infect the intestines and rectum. They do not cause physical harm, other than itching, and never infect the blood. -- can infect anyone b/c they live on objects and are easily transmitted -e- causative organism is Enterobius vermicularis. -- are transmitted by ingestion or inhalation of the eggs, usually by hand-to-mouth contact. These eggs can survive on most surfaces for 2-3 wks. Individuals become infected by toughing any infected surface, surface, such as towels, door knobs, toilet seats, toys, or drinking glasses, to name a few. Pets do not give humans -- but these eggs can be picked up of the fur if an infected individual recently touched the animal. When the eggs are on the hands, touching the mouth or food that is placed in the mouth moves these eggs to the digestive system. The ingested eggs pass through the digestive system and attach to the inside wall of the large intestine. a few weeks later the -- leaves the intestine to move to the rectum. They often come out of the rectum at night and lay 10,000 to 20,000 eggs around the anus, causing intense itching. -s- anal itching, -- can be seen as tiny white threads about the size of a staple, noticeable in the commode after a bowel movement or in the cild's underwear in the morning -d- microscopic exam of stool revealing --. -- eggs can be obtained for microscopic exam by pressing a piece of clear scotch tape to the child anus early in the morning -t- over the counter or prescription drug therapy and instructions in good hand washing. Treatment might have to be repeated in approx. 2 wks and the entire family might need treated. Cleaning bed linens, clothing, and surfaces help reduce surface infection. -p- good hand washing, good toileting habits, to placing fingers in or around the mouth, not biting fingernails are all preventive measures

Pertussis

also known as whooping cough -e- acute respiratory infection caused by Bordetella pertussis. The incubation period is 6-10 days but can be as long as 21 days. -- is transmitted by direct contact with repsiratory droplets. -s- characterized by (1) a catarrhal (inflammation of mucous membranes of the head and mouth with increased mucous flow) stage including cough, runny nose, and low-grade fever; (2) a paroxysmal (spasm or convulsion) stage including violent whooping coughing, cyanosis, distended neck veins, and some vomiting; and (3) a convalescent stage including some periods of the whooping coughing but with gradually less frequent episodes -d- made on the basis of symptoms. Testing is available, but b/c of the length of time it takes to get results, it is not considered a good diagnostic tool -t- treated with antibiotic and supportive therapy. Pneumonia is the most common complication of -- and can be life-threatening -p-immunization

Otitis Media

an acute bacterial infection of the middle ear and one of the most common diseases of children -s- include pain;fever; drainage; and on otoscopic examination, a bulging, reddish tympanic membrane. Treatment includes antibiotic therapy and acetaminophen for fever and pain. If the condition persists, a myringotomy with tympanoplasty tubes might be the treatment of choice

Influenza

an acute infectious respiratory disease that occurs every year in the late fall through early spring -E- caused by viruses in the Orthomyxovirus family -S- first symptom symptom is commonly a sudden high fever of 100*-104 and a dry hacking cough. These symptoms are immediately followed by chills, headache, joint or mm aches, and runny nose. The -- often develops very quickly and in epidemic proportions in some communities. Very young children or children with other debilitating illnesses are at risk for severe illness -D- Physical exam with evidence of symptoms during late fall and winter can lead to diagnosis, confirmed by rapid assay blood testing. -T- Generally treatment in children is symptomatic with rest, hydration and antipyretics if needed. Antiviral drugs can be given for some types of --. newly developed nasal spray flue vaccine is available for children 5 years of age or older -P- Vaccination is the primary measure for preventing --

Mumps

an infection affecting the *parotid glands*, one of three pairs of salivary glands. These glands are located below and in front of the ears. This illness was quite common until 1906 when the vaccine was developed. -e- contagious viral infection that is spread by *saliva*. The infection can be spread by breathing infected airborne droplets from coughs and sneezes or by sharing eating or drinking utensils. The incubation period is usually 16-18 days but can be as long as 25 days -S- chills, fever, ear pain, and swelling of the parotid glands (one or both) -D- blood test showing the presence of -- antibodies confirms diagnosis -T- varies with the severity of the symptoms but usually palliative (soothing or relieving symptoms). Complications of -- include orchitis (inflammation of a testis) in males and nerve conduction deafness. Although neither is common, they are a concern when -- is diagnosed. Orchitis can result in sterility. -P- All children should be immunized to prevent --

Pneumonia

an infection marked by acute inflammation of the lungs parenchyma. -e- can be of viral or bacterial origin. characterized by the alveolar air spaces in the lungs becoming filled with exudate, inflammatory cells, and fibrin -s- cough fever, wheezing, and malaise. -d- chest X-ray and auscultation of the chest -t- supportive in viral -- but antibiotics can be used in bacterial--. Viral -- usually runs its course in children in about 5-7 days, but bacterial -- can be more severe. -p- avoiding causative agents, promptly treating other respiratory illnesses, and good hand washing are preventive activities

Acute Tonsillitis

an infection of the palatine tonsils, tissue located on the posterior wall of the nasopharynx. The purpose of the tonsils is to help protect the respiratory tract from pathogens; thus they tend to be a common site for inflammation and infection -e- most -- infections are caused by group A B-hemolytic streptococci. -s- sore throat, enlarged tonsils, cough, fever, and pain with swallowing. -d- made by visual exam and throat culture -t- antibiotics are given as supportive treatment. A tonsillectomy is not recommended for children under 3 years of age but can be performed on older children who incur repeated infections -p- avoiding contact with infected individuals, never sharing drinking glasses, and washing hands frequently with antibacterial soap. After a bout of tonsillitis, throw away the old toothbrush and begin using a new one to prevent reinfection

roundworms

are commonly found is soil. A handful of dirt can easily contain thousands of -- -e- parasites are easily ingested by infected hand-to-mouth activity. In the digestive system, these parasites lodge in the in the intestine, absorbing nutrients from the host. -- like pinworms are transmitted by transfer of the eggs to the mouth or nose -s- can be more severe than pinworm infestations, depending on how long they reside int eh intestine b/f treatment. The child might complain of abdominal pain, excessive gas, loss of appetite, or weight loss. Vomiting also can occur. IF the helminths are inhaled, symptoms of pneumonia might be present -d- usually made by indemnification of the parasites in a stool specimen -t- same as for pinworms -p- good hand washing and keeping the infers away from the mouth are preventive

nonaspirin antipyretics

are given to children with fever b/c aspirin has been linked to Reye's syndrome

Impetigo

contagious superficial pyoderma(inflammatory, purulent dermatitis) commonly found on the face and hands of children. it is caused by Staphylococcus aureus or a group A streptococci. Good hand washing is the best preventive strategy.

Legg-Calvé-Perthes

disease is an avascular necrosis of the upper end of the femur. The blood supply to the femoral head is reduced, causing changes in bone growth. The disease is known as a disorder of growth that is most common in boys aged 4-8 years -e- unknown -s- only symptom is pain that increases with walking or running -d- made by examination and X-ray -t- objective is to maintain the correct position of the femoral head in the acetabulum of the hip until healing occurs. this accomplished by bed rest for a week to 10 days along with ROM ex. Traction, casts, or braces, also can be used to maintain the correct position of the femoral head. If this does not correct the condition. surgical intervention might be necessary. an osteotomy may be performed to place the femoral head in the correct position. If left uncorrected, permanent deformity can result

Adenoid Hyperplasia

enlargement of the pharyngeal tonsils, lymphoid tissues located on the posterior wall of the nasopharynx above the palatine tonsils. Hyperplasia of the adenoids is a very common occurrence in children -e-caused by infection or congenital defect -s-enlaged adenoids can block the Eustachian tubes, causing ear problems such as otitis media. B/c of the location of the adenoids, engagement also can cause some obstruction of the airway, resulting in breathing difficulty -d- physical exam revealing enlarged, infected tonsils that might have deep pockets or crypts is indicative of the condition. Children with recurring middle ear infections may well have -- --. A throat culture also can be performed -t- focuses on correcting the cause of the hyperplasia. If repeated infectious are the cause, antibiotic therapy is instituted. If the enlargement cannot be corrected an adenoidectomy might be necessary -p-prompt and effective diagnosis and treatment of source throats usually prevent the conditions. Avoiding children with respiratory infections will help reduce the spread of these illnesses

General S&S of infectious diseases

fever malaise coughing anorexia nausea or vomiting rashes or any combo

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

has now affected thousands of children in the US -e- caused by human immunodeficiency virus. during the 80' most children diagnosed with an -- infection probably acquired it through a blood transfusion. Most children infected with -- were hemophiliacs who had received transfusion or other blood products. Today all -- infections in children are as a result of maternal-fetal transfer through blood, also called perinatal transmission. Children not only suffer the effects of infection with the disease but also are often orphaned as a result of both parents dying with the disease. As of 09' more than 17 million children under 18 had lost one or both parents to --. 2.3 million children under age 15 were living with --.The period of time b/w the HIV infection and development of -- is much shorter in infants and toddlers than infected older children or adults -s- many children do not experience symptoms of the disease and live a normal life for years. However, in those with severely compromised immune systems, opportunistic infections can be overwhelming, necessitation repeated hospitalizations to sustain life -d- when t-cells count drops below 200 cells per microliter, the child has met the criteria set by the CDC and prevention for a diagnosis of --. -t-therapy focuses on prevention and treatment of opportunistic diseases, good nutrient, antiviral drugs, and other support therapies as needed -p- first step in the call to action is to increase efforts in the 24 countries that account for 80% of deaths in children under 5y.o.

Deafness

hearing loss in children range from mild to complete. -e-unknown or genetic or from trauma, infections, or exposure to ototoxic drugs -s- loss of hearing -d- Audiometric testing -t-depends on the cause and severity of the loss. If hearing loss is nonconductive type, some medications or surgical interventions can be helpful in restoring all part of the lost hearing. Several types of hearing aids are designed

Diphtheria

in 1920 there were an estimated 200,000 cases of -- in the US. With a fatality rate as high as 20% in young children, it was one of the leading causes of death among children. Since the development of a vaccine, -- has been eradicated . There were no cases world wide in 2012 -e- infectious disease caused by Corynebacterium diphtheria and characterized by severe inflammation of the respiratory system. It is transmitted by direct contact with droplets from an infected person. The incubation period is 2-5 days -s- produces a membranous coating of the pharynx, nose, and sometimes the tracheobronchial tree. This membrane becomes a thick fibrinous exudate, causing extreme difficulty in breathing. The toxin also can produce degeneration in peripheral nerves, heart mm, and other tissues. -d- physical exam revealing a thick gray membrane covering the throat and tonsils, along with a positive culture of the membrane revealing --, confirms diagnosis -t- antibiotic therapy and -- antitoxin -p- immunization of children with the (DTP) combination vaccine prevents the disease

Giardiasis

infection with a parasite called Giardia. Young children are affected three times more often than adults, leading some to believe that as we age, we develop some immunity to the parasite. An entire family can be affected with symptoms varying from mild to severe. As many as 2/3 of infected individuals are asymptomatic -e- caused by the Giardia lamblia protozoan, which affects the digestive system. These protozoa lodge in the lining of the small intestines and absorb nutrients from the host -s- watery diarrhea, nausea, cramping, flatulence, fever, and anorexia. This condition affects the body's ability to absorb fat, so the stool will float and be shiny and quite foul-smelling. Chronic giardiasis often leads to weight loss and signs of poor nutrition in children -d- by laboratory stool examination. It might take as many as three samples to detect the presence of the protozoan -t- includes furazolidone or similar drugs and symptoms relief as needed. Clear liquids are given to prevent dehydration, a dangerous complication of the disease -P- drinking only clean water approved by the local health authorities; drinking bottled water if the quality of the local water is questionable; washing hands b/f preparing meals; encouraging children to wash their hands after they use the bathroom and especially b/f eating; washing raw fruits and vegetable thoroughly b/f eating them

Tinea

infections encompass a group of diseases commonly known as ringworm. They usually affect the scalp and area b/w the toes in children. Teens, primarily young males, commonly have the infection in their toes (athlete's foot) and groin area (jock itch)

Tuberculosis (TB)

infectious disease primarily affecting the respiratory system. For many years the incidence of -- was decreasing, but unfortunately the incidence of -- in children has been increasing in recent years. -e- an infectious disease caused by the tubercle bacillus, myobacterium tuberculosis. Although the disease typically affects the respiratory system, it can also be found i the gastrointestinal system and the bones, brain, and lymph nodes. -- is transmitted by contaminated droplets. when the child is infected with the tubercle bacillus the incubation period of 4 to 12 weeks is past the skin test will test positive -s- persistent cough, bloody sputum, lymph node enlargement, fever, and malaise. Most children infected by the bacillus will not develop the symptomatic disease. the greatest percentage of cases of -- infection in children stays dormant and does not develop in the clinical disease -d- made by a positive skin test and sputum culture and clinical manifestation as well as chest x-ray -t- drug therapy, rest, good nutrition, and prevention of spread of the disease to other family members. children at higher risk for developing -- are those who have other chronic diseases, are HIV positive or have AIDS are malnourished, live in poor hygiene, live with adults with --, or are otherwise immunosuppresed -p- bacille Calmette Guerin (BCG) can be sued to prevent and is recommended in communities where the rate of infection is greater than 1% per year

Pediculosis

infestation with lice. Lice infestations reach epidemic levels in many school system through out the US. Lice are transmitted from human to human by direct contact and reproduced rapidly with the adult females parasite producing about six ages every 24 hours. Lice on the head and lice ages (nits) attached to hair are easy to see. The most effective treatment is permethrin 1% crème rinse. In addition, vinegar and water can loosen the nits prior to combing with delousing comb. This treatment should be performed be performed every day until all nits are removed.

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)

is the abrupt unexplainable death of an infant under age 1. It is also known as crib death b/c the infant is found dead after being put in bed to sleep. -e- several theories about the cause, but none have been proven at this time. It is now recommended that infants be placed in bed in the supine position rather than prone b/c more cases have occurred in children lying in the prone position. Children at higher risk for -- include premature infants and siblings of -- infants and those with sleep apnea and respiratory problems -s- only sign is a death of unknown cause in an infant -d- suspected when the child is taken to the emergency department, but -- can be confirmed only by autospy and investigation. A diagnosis of -- is very taumatic to parents and families, who experience not only loss and grief but also guilt -t- often elicits a 911 emergency call -p- counseling, along with further education, should be available for these families so -- might be prevented in future children

Strabismus

lazy eye or crossed eyes, is a condition of lack of parallelism of the eyes. this can be normal in the very young infant but should not be present after about 4 months of age

Eating disorders

major problems among children, especially adolescent females. The two most common types are anorexia nervosa and bulimia. Anorexia inability to eat over long periods of time, which results in extreme weight loss, fluid and electrolyte imbalances, and life threatening state. Bulimia binge eating followed by purging the food

Varicella

more commonly known as chicken pox, is one of the most common childhood infectious diseases and a highly contagious one. After an infection, the individual usually develops lifelong protective immunity from further bouts. -E- result of an infection with the herpes varicella-zoster virus. this virus cases both chicken ox and shingles. -- has an incubation period of 10-21 days, making git highly contagious. A person with chicken pox can be contagious up to 5 days before a rash appears. Can be transmitted by airborne particles or direct contact. A common complication chicken pox is shingles, a reactivation of the virus in an adult -S-classic dew drop on a rose petal macular rash. The rose petal is the development of an irregular red macular rash with the shape of a rose petal. the dew drops are thin-walled blisters or vesicles that form on the rash, appearing like a drop of dew on a rose petal. This rash develops over the face, trunk, and extremities. The rash usually develops over a period of several days with new lesions appearing every day for several days. This rash can be quite limited or very widespread and usually causes intense itching. the vesicles break, dry, and become crusty, often leaving a crater-like scar -D- physical exam of symptoms including the classic rash -T-usually symptomatic with care taken to prevent a secondary skin infection at the sites of the lesions -p-a vaccine has been available since 95'. Vaccine protection is recommended for children under age 13 and for adolescents and adults who have not been vaccinated and have not had chicken pox

Common cold

most frequently occurring disease -e- numerous strains of viruses can cause the -- --, but the rhinovirus are usually the causative agent. It is transmitted by direct contact and droplet contact -s- rhinitis, runny nose, coughing, sneezing, fever, and watery eyes -d- no tests for -- --. Diagnosis is made by physical exam of the individuals symptoms. Blood tests are throat cultures can be completed to rule out any other disease. -t- directed at symptom relief and getting adequate rest, hydration, and good nutrition. -p- good hand washing is the best preventive strategy

Suicide

overall -- rate among youth has declined in the past decade, but it is still the third leading cause of death among young people (15-24). Firearms were used in 57% of male suicides. The incidence is much less for females than for males of the same ages but is still significant. Depression can be due to a variety of factors such as low self-esteem, chemical abuse, sociological makeup, family problems, abuse, or any combination. Alcohol abuse has also been found to be a contributing factor

Food allergies

overreaction of the immune system to a particular food or ingredient in the food. The reaction can occur rapidly within seconds or take several hours after ingestion of food. Symptoms of food allergies include nausea, diarrhea, abdominal pain, coughing, wheezing, itching, rash, headache, and swelling of hands, afce, and lips

Asthma

serious, chronic respiratory system disease. More than 5 million children under the age of 18 have been diagnosed with --. It is the most common chronic childhood disease and the number one cause of school absence of illness in children today. approx one of every four children is affected by --. The cost of -- in the US is estimated to be $56 Billion a yea- -e-unknown -s-acute episodes of coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath. Stimuli of an asthmatic episode vary and include cigarette smoke, dust mites, chemical, pollen, animal hair and feathers, molds, cold air, and excessive exercise. Regardless of the trigger, the result is airway swelling and blockage -d-chest x-ray, pulmonary functions studies, and allergy tests.

Mononucleosis

sometimes called kissing disease (colloquially) or mono, is often joked about but the disease can be quite serious. This infection primarily affects children and young adults. It is somewhat contagious and often will cause illness for several weeks -e- caused by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), which is very common. Many people have been exposed and are lifetime carriers of the virus but might never develop the illness. The most common way to become infected with -- is by kissing someone who has been infected. Any activity involving direct contact with the saliva, such as sharing eating utensils or drinking straws, can spread the virus -s- begin 4-7 days after infection and include fatigue, sore throat, fever, swollen lymph glands, and splenomegaly -d- confirmed by history and physical exam and a WBC count showing a marked elevation in lymphocytes -t- symptomatic and includes rest, analgesics, and throat gargles. If there are no complications, symptoms of -- are usually resolved in 3-4 wks. To prevent potential injury to spleen, sport activities should be avoided for 1 month following illness -p- slowing the spread of the virus can be accomplished by frequent hand washing, covering month and nose when sneezing or coughing, and not sharing drinks or eating utensils

incubation period

the time b/w exposure to the disease and the presence of symptoms, which lasts several days

Rubella

type of measles also known as german measles or 3-day measles. It is usually a very mild disease in children but can be quite serious in pregnant women. If it occurs during the first 3 months of pregnancy, there is an 80% chance of fetal problems or congenital anomalies (birth defects occurring. Birth defects of the eyes,heart, and brain are common. -E- is spread by contaminated airborne droplets. It is less contagious than rubeola, with an incubation period of 14-21 days -S- inlcude a classic rash similar to measles but lighter in color, lymph node enlargement, nasal discharge, joint pain, chills, and fever -D- a blood test showing a significant rise in -- antibodies is helpful in diagnosis. These antibodies can show whether there has been a recent or past infection with -- -T- usually symptomatic with rest, good nutrition, and prevention of spread of the infection -P- all children and women of childbearing age should be immunized to prevent --