Chapter 20 Reproduction
98. Spotting between menstrual cycles is termed A. amenorrhea. B. dysmenorrhea. C. menorrhagia. D. metrorrhagia.
D. metrorrhagia.
108. The LH surge is caused by A. estradiol increasing frequency of GnRH pulses. B. more FSH receptors placed in granulosa cells. C. a quick drop in FSH. D. rapid increase in progesterone.
A. estradiol increasing frequency of GnRH pulses.
114. The secretion of gonadotropins (FSH and LH) will ___________ during menopause. A. increase B. decrease C. remain the same
A. increase
142. What hormone is secreted by the trophoblast cells of the chorion that is used in a pregnancy test to determine if a woman is pregnant? A. LH B. hCG C. estrogen D. oxytocin
B. hCG
31. Gonadotropic hormones from the anterior pituitary will affect the gonads in all of the following ways EXCEPT A. stimulation of spermatogenesis or oogenesis. B. stimulation of gonadal hormone secretion. C. development of internal genital ducts. D. maintenance of gonad structures.
C. development of internal genital ducts.
70. Sperm are stored and matured in the A. vas deferens. B. seminal vesicles. C. epididymis. D. prostate gland.
C. epididymis.
38. The first sign of puberty in females is A. breast development. B. menarche. C. growth spurt. D. axillary hair.
C. growth spurt.
16. How many chromosomes are found in a normal human cell? A. 23 B. 23 pair C. 46 D. Both 23 pair and 46 are correct.
D. Both 23 pair and 46 are correct.
64. Apoptosis of T lymphocytes requires that Sertoli cells produce A. FAS ligand. B. androgen-binding protein. C. testosterone. D. All of these choices are correct.
A. FAS ligand.
51. Sertoli cells are stimulated by __________, while Leydig cells are stimulated by ________. A. FSH, LH B. LH, FSH C. testosterone, LH D. FSH, testosterone
A. FSH, LH
163. Infants that are breastfed receive which of the following from the mother? A. IgA B. IgG C. IgF D. IgE
A. IgA
94. What hormone triggers ovulation? A. LH B. FSHC C. progesterone D. hCG
A. LH
139. Gonadotropic hormones include all of the following EXCEPT A. adrenocorticotropin. B. follicle-stimulating hormone. C. luteinizing hormone. D. human chorionic gonadotropin.
A. adrenocorticotropin.
41. Pubic and axillary hair growth at puberty is from increased secretion of A. anterior pituitary gonadotropins. B. estrogen and testosterone from the onads. C. androgens from the adrenal cortex. D. melatonin from the pineal gland.
A. anterior pituitary gonadotropins.
146. Blood within the umbilical ___________ contain(s) high concentrations of fetal waste products. A. arteries B. veins C. capillaries
A. arteries
117. The process of sperm gaining the ability to fertilize an ovum as they pass through the female reproductive tract is called A. capacitation. B. receptiveness. C. spermatogenesis. D. spermiogenesis.
A. capacitation.
150. The placental hormone which stimulates glucose sparing by maternal tissues is A. chorionic somatomammotropin. B. chorionic gonadotropin. C. progesterone. D. estrogen.
A. chorionic somatomammotropin.
126. What process occurs as the zygote travels towards the uterus in the fallopian tubes? A. cleavage B. fertilization C. capacitation D. polyspermy
A. cleavage
136. The chorion frondosum develops from the ___________ layer of the chorion. A. cytotrophoblast B. yolk sac C. syncytiotrophoblast D. amnion
A. cytotrophoblast
145. The maternal contribution to the placenta is the A. decidua basalis. B. chorion frondosum. C. chorionic villi. D. yolk sac.
A. decidua basalis.
81. Which of the following is NOT a part of the female reproductive system? A. ductus deferens B. uterus C. labia majora D. uterine tube
A. ductus deferens
73. The movement of semen into the urethra is called A. emission. B. erection. C. ejaculation. D. ovulation.
A. emission.
47. The correct order of the four phases of sexual response in both sexes would be A. excitation, plateau, orgasm, resolution. B. plateau, excitation, orgasm, resolution. C. orgasm, excitation, resolution, plateau. D. resolution, plateau, excitation, orgasm.
A. excitation, plateau, orgasm, resolution.
93. Luteal regression may be inhibited by A. inhibiting the synthesis of prostaglandins. B. stimulating the synthesis of progesterone. C. stimulating the synthesis of LH. D. inhibiting the synthesis of FSH.
A. inhibiting the synthesis of prostaglandins.
25. The embryonic urethral fold becomes the female A. labia minora. B. labia majora. C. glans clitoris. D. All of these choices are correct.
A. labia minora.
102. How many ova are produced by oogenesis of one oogonia? A. one B. two C. four D. eight
A. one
7. Regions of DNA that read the same forward as backward are called ______ and include the testis-specific genes on the Y chromosome. A. palindromes B. autosomes C. haploid D. genomic
A. palindromes
107. The LH surge is caused by a ______ feedback effect of increased estradiol. A. positive B. negative
A. positive
106. What is the major hormone produced during the luteal phase? A. progesterone B. estrogen C. androgen D. hCG
A. progesterone
96. Estradiol amounts rise during the ___________ phase of the endometrial menstrual cycle. A. proliferative B. menstrual C. secretory D. follicular
A. proliferative
69. Removal of the ___________ would result in a lack of energy in the semen to support the sperm cells. A. seminal vesicles B. prostate C. testis D. epididymis
A. seminal vesicles
71. About 60% of the volume of semen is produced by the A. seminal vesicles. B. prostate gland. C. bulbourethral glands. D. testes.
A. seminal vesicles.
58. Estrogen may play a role in spermatogenesis as evidenced by estrogen receptors found on developing A. sperm cells. B. brains. C. uterine. D. oocytes.
A. sperm cells.
84. Which part of the uterine wall responds to hormone stimulation as part of female cycles? A. stratum functionale of endometrium B. perimetrium C. stratum basale of endometrium D. myometrium
A. stratum functionale of endometrium
133. The ability of a cell to give rise to an entire organism if implanted in a uterus is termed as A. totipotent. B. multipotent. C. pluripotent. D. reproductive cloning.
A. totipotent.
46. Which of the following is a precursor to melatonin synthesis? A. tryptophan B. serotonin C. tyrosine D. Both tryptophan and serotonin are correct.
A. tryptophan
137. What is a noninvasive method of determining structural abnormalities in the fetus called? A. ultrasound B. chorionic villi biopsy C. X-ray D. amniocentesis
A. ultrasound
76. The most successful method of contraception is A. vasectomy. B. oral contraceptives. C. the rhythm method. D. condom usage.
A. vasectomy.
88. What structure of a mature follicle is a barrier to sperm and fertilization? A. zona pellucida B. corona radiata C. antrum D. cumulus oophorus
A. zona pellucida
125. A fertilized egg is called a(n) A. zygote. B. blastocyst. C. morula. D. embryo.
A. zygote.
113. For the rhythm method to be successful, coitus (sexual intercourse) must not happen A. during the first 10 days of the menstrual cycle. B. 6 days prior to ovulation through 2 days after ovulation. C. during the last 10 days of the menstrual cycle. D. Both during the first 10 days of the menstrual cycle and during the last 10 days of the menstrual cycle.
B. 6 days prior to ovulation through 2 days after ovulation.
68. Tight junctions between ___________ are responsible for the formation of the blood-testis barrier. A. Leydig cells B. Sertoli cells C. spermatogonial cells D. trophoblast cells
B. Sertoli cells
123. The progressive fusion of the acrosomal membrane with the plasma membrane of the sperm is called the A. spermatogenesis. B. acrosomal reaction. C. spermiogenesis. D. capacitation.
B. acrosomal reaction.
135. What is the procedure in which some amnionic fluid is aspired in order to obtain sloughed off fetal cells for examination? A. placentocentesis B. amniocentesis C. chorioncentesis D. uterocentesis
B. amniocentesis
53. What enzyme is needed for the conversion of testosterone into estradiol in the male brain? A. 5-alpha reductase B. aromatase C. ATPase D. cGMP phosphodiesterase
B. aromatase
120. Besides chromosomes, what else does the sperm provide to the zygote that is necessary for cell division to occur? A. mitochondria B. centrosome C. enzymes D. All of the choices are correct.
B. centrosome
149. Increased maternal lipolysis is stimulated by the secretion of ___________ by the placenta. A. human chorionic gonadotropin B. chorionic somatomammotropin C. progesterone D. estrogen
B. chorionic somatomammotropin
141. Genetic disorders can be detected earliest by A. amniocentesis. B. chorionic villus biopsy. C. newborn screening. D. ultrasound.
B. chorionic villus biopsy.
91. What is formed following ovulation from the empty follicle due to LH influence? A. macula lutea B. corpus luteum C. fibroids D. Graafian follicle
B. corpus luteum
3. What type of genetic change occurs when an allele is silenced by methylation of cytosine bases? A. genomic B. epigenetic C. mutation D. None of the choices is correct.
B. epigenetic
124. Ova are fertilized in the A. cervix. B. fallopian tubes. C. uterus. D. vagina.
B. fallopian tubes.
24. Males lacking testosterone receptors would A. develop as genotypic females. B. have testes and female external genitalia. C. lack gonads. D. have male internal genitalia.
B. have testes and female external genitalia.
162. Development of the mammary gland during gestation A. is inhibited by estrogens. B. is stimulated by estrogens. C. is elevated when dopamine is given to pregnant women. D. requires the permissive effects of insulin, testosterone, and cortisol.
B. is stimulated by estrogens.
99. The secretory phase of the endometrium occurs when the ovary is in the A. follicular phase. B. luteal phase. C. menstrual phase. D. ovulatory phase.
B. luteal phase.
128. A ball of about eight cells formed about 50 to 60 hours after fertilization is called a A. zygote. B. morula. C. blastocyst. D. embryo.
B. morula.
109. The LH surge causes A. menses. B. ovulation. C. endometrium build-up. D. All of the choices are correct.
B. ovulation.
154. Which of the following is NOT a role of estriol in parturition? A. produces more receptors for oxytocin B. produces the hormone relaxin C. produces more receptors for prostaglandins D. produces more gap junctions between myometrial cells
B. produces the hormone relaxin
63. After meiosis I in males, ________ are formed. A. primary spermatocytes B. secondary spermatocytes C. spermatids D. spermatozoa
B. secondary spermatocytes
95. The ___________ phase of the endometrium is supported when the ovary is in the luteal phase. A. proliferative B. secretory C. menstrual D. ovulatory
B. secretory
65. Spermatogenesis is regulated by A. FSH. B. testosterone and its derivatives. C. growth hormone. D. progesterone.
B. testosterone and its derivatives.
105. Day 1 of the menstrual cycle is A. the day ovulation occurs. B. the first day of the menses. C. the last day of the menses. D. the first day of the proliferative phase.
B. the first day of the menses.
121. The calcium wave that prevents polyspermy also causes A. the sperm to lose its tail. B. the secondary oocyte to finish meiosis II. C. mitosis to occur. D. All of these choices are correct.
B. the secondary oocyte to finish meiosis II.
9. A fertilized egg is called a/an A. autosome. B. zygote. C. ovum. D. Barr body.
B. zygote.
77. What allows the compaction of chromatin in the process of spermiogenesis? A. histones B. acrosome C. protamines D. testosterone
C. protamines
2. How many autosomal chromosomes are present in human cells? A. 23 pair B. 46 C. 22 pair D. 2 pair
C. 22 pair
127. In vitro fertilization involves a technique called A. implantation. B. cleavage. C. ICSI. D. acrosomal reaction.
C. ICSI.
10. Which of the following would be found in normal somatic cells of women but not men? A. an X chromosome B. a Y chromosome C. a Barr body D. 22 pairs of autosomal chromosomes
C. a Barr body
118. The __________ provides enzymes that allows the sperm to digest a pathway through the zona pellucida to the oocyte. A. chorion B. zygote C. acrosome D. blastocyst
C. acrosome
131. The blastocyst consists of the A. blastocyst and amnion. B. morula and placenta. C. chorion and inner cell mass. D. embryo and chorion.
C. chorion and inner cell mass.
21. A lack of testosterone in males will cause the genital tubercle to form a(n) A. penis. B. testis. C. clitoris. D. ovary.
C. clitoris.
129. Nidation is the process of the blastocyst implanting itself into the thick A. myometrium. B. fallopian tubes. C. endometrium. D. epimetrium.
C. endometrium.
115. The weak form of estrogen found in the blood of postmenopausal women is termed as A. estrogen. B. progesterone. C. estrone. D. menopausal estrogen.
C. estrone.
78. How many sperm are produced from one spermatogonium? A. one B. two C. four D. eight
C. four
122. The trophoblast cells of the chorion secrete _____ which maintains the corpus luteum thereby preventing menstruation. A. GnRH B. ACTH C. hCG D. FSH
C. hCG
54. Secretion of LH is inhibited by A. high concentrations of inhibin. B. rapidly rising concentrations of estradiol. C. high concentrations of testosterone. D. decreasing concentrations of progesterone.
C. high concentrations of testosterone.
157. In humans parturition can be blocked by A. inhibiting the actions of progesterone. B. stimulating the actions of estrogen. C. inhibiting the actions of oxytocin. D. stimulating the actions of chorionic gonadotropin.
C. inhibiting the actions of oxytocin.
45. In males androgens are required for A. initiation of spermatogenesis at puberty. B. regression of the wolffian ducts during embryonic development. C. maintenance of accessory sex organs. D. development of the Müllerian ducts.
C. maintenance of accessory sex organs.
82. Which of the following is the essential organ of the female reproductive system? A. uterus B. vagina C. ovaries. D. uterine tubes
C. ovaries.
90. What is it called when a mature follicle ruptures and ejects the oocyte into the uterine tube? A. gestation B. menstruation C. ovulation D. fertilization
C. ovulation
155. What hormone may play a role in reducing the size of the uterus following delivery? A. progesterone B. prostaglandin C. oxytocin D. prolactin
C. oxytocin
148. The __________ is an "incomplete endocrine gland" because it cannot produce estrogen and progesterone without the aid of precursors supplied to it by both the mother and the fetus. A. ovary B. uterus C. placenta D. uterine tube
C. placenta
97. In the female menstrual cycle A. ovulation is stimulated by decreasing concentrations of progesterone. B. menstruation occurs during the last four days of the cycle. C. progesterone secretion is stimulated by LH. D. the luteal phase is characterized by high circulating concentrations of estrogens.
C. progesterone secretion is stimulated by LH.
85. Ovarian granulosa cells synthesize estradiol which is produced by the theca interna cells from A. FSH. B. progesterone. C. testosterone. D. LH.
C. testosterone.
132. The possibility that nuclear transplantation from one cell to another could produce stem cells is referred to as A. totipotent cloning. B. reproductive cloning. C. therapeutic cloning. D. multipotent cloning.
C. therapeutic cloning.
110. High progesterone levels during the luteal phase A. causes cervical mucus to thicken. B. suppresses FSH and LH. C. causes thickening of the endometrium. D. All of the choices are correct.
D. All of the choices are correct.
158. Genetic screening of newborns using only a drop of blood can determine which of the following genetic disorders? A. hypothyroidism B. cystic fibrosis C. sickle cell anemia D. All of the choices are correct.
D. All of the choices are correct.
23. Testosterone, not DHT, stimulates embryonic development of A. seminal vesicles. B. ductus deferens. C. ejaculatory duct. D. All of the choices are correct.
D. All of the choices are correct.
39. What event(s) occur to start puberty? A. GABA release in hypothalamus is reduced. B. Glutamate stimulation of the hypothalamus is increased. C. Increased secretion of GnRH to the anterior pituitary. D. All of the choices are correct.
D. All of the choices are correct.
4. What type of genes are found on the Y chromosome? A. X-transposed genes B. degenerate genes C. testis-specific genes D. All of the choices are correct.
D. All of the choices are correct.
57. Male androgens A. stimulate protein synthesis and muscle growth. B. stimulate bone growth. C. stimulate erythropoiesis. D. All of the choices are correct.
D. All of the choices are correct.
62. What occurs during spermiogenesis? A. chromosomes are compacted by protamines B. flagellum and acrosome form C. cytoplasm removed by Sertoli cells D. All of the choices are correct.
D. All of the choices are correct.
119. What ion is released by the fertilized egg that prevents polyspermy? A. Na+ B. K+ C. Cl-- D. Ca2+
D. Ca2+
74. Viagra works by blocking ________________ in order to raise cGMP concentration and promote vasodilation of vascular smooth muscle of the penis to produce an erection. A. 5-alpha reductase B. aromatase C. ATPase D. cGMP phosphodiesterase
D. cGMP phosphodiesterase
22. The first event to occur during development of the reproductive system would be the A. descent of the testes into the scrotum. B. formation of the vagina. C. onset of testosterone production. D. development of the Müllerian ducts.
D. development of the Müllerian ducts.
112. The Contraceptive Pill contains A. FSH. B. estrogen. C. progesterone. D. estrogen and progesterone.
D. estrogen and progesterone.
156. The sensitivity of the uterus to oxytocin is increased by A. prostaglandin. B. progesterone. C. testosterone. D. estrogen.
D. estrogen.
100. Women who are thin, athletic, and under prolonged stress which leads to inadequate GnRH release may experience cessation of menstruation or A. dysmenorrhea. B. menorrhea. C. metrorrhea. D. functional amenorrhea.
D. functional amenorrhea.
151. Initiation of labor involves all of the following EXCEPT A. corticotropin-releasing hormone from the placenta. B. DHEAS from the fetal adrenal gland. C. cortisol from the mother and fetus. D. human chorionic gonadotropin from the placenta.
D. human chorionic gonadotropin from the placenta.
161. Milk let-down A. is stimulated by epinephrine. B. relies only on autonomic nerves. C. is inhibited by oxytocin. D. may occur in response to auditory cues.
D. may occur in response to auditory cues.
140. The last embryonic tissue layer to form is the A. trophoblast. B. endoderm. C. ectoderm. D. mesoderm.
D. mesoderm.
27. Those with testicular feminization syndrome have A. an extra X chromosome. B. a missing X chromosome. C. an extra chromosome 23. D. no chromosomal number abnormalities.
D. no chromosomal number abnormalities.
75. Nitric oxide released by endothelial cells in vascular smooth muscle is responsible for smooth muscle relaxation and therefore responsible for which of the following? A. reduced blood flow to bronchioles B. increased blood flow in placenta C. increased blood flow to the fetus D. penile erection
D. penile erection
130. A stem cell that can give rise to all tissues except the trophoblast cells of the placenta is called A. totipotent. B. retropotent. C. multipotent. D. pluripotent.
D. pluripotent.
103. What are the small cells produced by the uneven cytoplasmic divisions or oogenesis? A. thecal cells B. follicles C. antrum D. polar bodies
D. polar bodies
66. Which of the following is NOT a function of Sertoli cells? A. production of androgen-binding protein B. FSH stimulation of spermiogenesis C. protection of developing sperm from the male's immune system D. production of testosterone
D. production of testosterone
160. What hormone is secreted by the anterior pituitary that stimulates production of milk proteins? A. oxytocin B. growth hormone C. MSH D. prolactin
D. prolactin
50. The majority of the testis is comprised of A. Leydig cells. B. interstitial cells. C. Sertoli cells. D. seminiferous tubules.
D. seminiferous tubules.
86. Which is NOT characteristic of a graafian follicle? A. has a fluid-filled antrum B. granulosa cells secrete estradiol C. contains a secondary oocyte D. the oocyte has completed meiosis II
D. the oocyte has completed meiosis II
138. Induced pluripotent stem cells are useful for all of the following EXCEPT A. to test drugs for treatments of diseases. B. to generate cells with genetic diseases for study. C. to produce stem cells to treat diseases. D. to cause cancer.
D. to cause cancer.
87. A follicle that does not complete development as a graafian follicle will A. rest until the next month. B. continue meiosis. C. become a primordial follicle. D. undergo follicle atresia.
D. undergo follicle atresia.