Chapter 20: Reproduction

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At the end of a cycle in which fertilization has occurred: ______ & _______ secretion is suppressed

FSH and LH secretion is suppressed

chromosome pairs 1-22 are _____

autosomal chromosomes

GnRH is secreted from the ____

hypothalamus

where are follicles and what do they contain

in ovaries, contain eggs

where are sertoli cells?

in the seminiferous tubules

where are seminiferous tubules?

in the testes

after mitosis ends for oogonia in females, the 1st meiotic division creates ____

primary oocytes (2N)

spermatozoa is the plural of

sperm

semen is composed of ____

sperm and fluids from the testes

when duplicated chromatids are separated into daughter cells they become _______

spermatids (N)

what are sertoli cells incharge of?

spermatogenesis and secretion of inhibin

movement of semen into urethra is stimulated by ________ nerves

sympathetic

what are the gonadal steroids?

testosterone, estradiol, and progesterone

what does homologous chromosomes mean?

they look like each other and contain similar genes except for the sex chromosomes

what is the pathway of sperm after spermatogenesis in the seminiferous tubules ?

- moves from tubules into rete testis - then into the efferent ductules - then to epididymis - then into vas deferens

what are the erectile tissues?

1) corpus spongiosum 2) corpa cavernosae

what is the 3-hormone sequence ?

1) hypothalamus secretes GnRH 2) anterior pituitary gland secretes FSH and LH 3) gonads stimulated to secrete sex hormones and undergo gametogenesis

what are the stages of spermatogenesis?

1) mitosis 2) first meiotic division 4) second meiotic division 5) spermiogenesis

at the time of fertilization, the _____ at the head of an individual sperm releases enzymes that allow it to enter the ova

acrosome

______ is the growth of muscles and other structures

anabolism

where do gonadotropic hormones come from

anterior pituitary gland

the fluid filled cavity of a graafian follicle is called an

antrum

when does mitosis of oogonia end for females?

at 7 months of gestation

where are leydig cells located?

between seminiferous tubules

the uterus narrows to form the

cervix

sex hormones are ______ based

cholesterol based

spermatogonia are _____ until meiosis

diploid (2N)

the ____ is the innermost layer of the uterus, contains epithelial layers that are sloughed off during menstruation

endometrium

what do the ovaries synthesize and secrete?

estrogen, progesterone, and inhibin

where is the usual site of fertilization?

fallopian tubes

true or false: Meiosis II of spermatogenesis results in the formation of secondary spermatocytes.

false

x or y comes from the

father

XX

female

how does the ovum move from the ovaries into the oviduct?

fimbrial contractions

after _______ homologous chromosomes separate into two daughter cells called secondary spermatocytes

first meiotic division

During ovulation, the _____ ruptures and the oocyte enters the uterine tube; later, the empty follicle undergoes structural and biochemical changes and a _____ is formed.

follicle; corpus luteum

_____ are the sperm and egg

gametes

_____ is spermatogenesis and oogenesis

gametogenesis

what are the functions of the male gonads (testes)?

gametogenesis (spermatogenesis)

during puberty gonads secrete more sex steroid hormones due to stimulation by ____

gonadotropic hormones (FSH and LH)

______ are the testis and ovary

gonads

sex hormones secreted from

gonads

continued growth of secondary follicle results in a

graafian follicle

primary oocytes are surrounded by ____

granulosa cells

each gamete receives 23 chromosomes making them _____

haploid

Puberty in humans is the result of changes in the ___________, which result in an increased secretion of _________, which then stimulates an increased secretion of luteinizing hormone.

hypothalamus; GnRH

erection occurs when parasympathetic axons

increase blood flow into corpora cavernosae and corpus spongiosium

what does FSH do in the male reproductive system?

initiates spermatogenesis and secretion of inhibin by sertoli cells in seminiferous tubules

the _____ define the vestibule into which opens to the vagina and urethra

labia minora

XY

male

what process produces mature germ cells or gametes in the gonads ?

meiosis

the zygote goes through the process of ______ as it grows into an adult

mitosis

OOgonia undergo ____ division during fetal life

mitotic

how often does an ovary release an ovum

monthly

X comes from the

mother

the _____ is the middle layer of the uterus that is thick and made of smooth muscle

myometrium

follicle growth in a female is called

oogenesis

production of haploid gametes in females is called _____

oogenesis

what is gametogenesis called in females

oogenesis

where do germ cells become spermatogonia

outermost region of seminiferous tubules

what are the layers of the uterus from outermost to innermost?

outter : perimetrium middle: myometrium inner: endometrium

what are the female gonads ?

ovaries

the ____ is the outermost layer of the uterus, includes connective tissue and line the pelvic cavity

perimetirum

what do spermatogonia become after mitotic division ?

priary spermatocytes (2N)

_______ are primary oocytes surrounded by granulosa cells

primordial follicles

after ______ chromatids are separated into spermatids (N)

second meiotic division

some primary follicles grow and develop more to become a ______

secondary follicle (which becomes a graafian follicle)

During spermatogenesis, the first cells to become haploid are the _____.

secondary spermatocytes

what do leydig cells do?

secrete testosterone

Spermatogenesis occurs in the _____.

seminiferous tubules

where does spermatogonia occur?

seminiferous tubules

The testes consist of two compartments: the _____, where spermatogenesis occurs, and the _____, which contains the testosterone-secreting Leydig cells

seminiferous tubules; interstitial tissue

_______ cells in the tubular wall support spermatogenesis and protect developing sperm in the seminiferous tubules

sertoli cells

what is the site of spermatogenesis within the seminiferous tubules?

sertoli cells

where is inhibin secreted from?

sertoli cells

pair 23 is the _____

sex chromosomes

germ cells during early embryonic development become ____

spermatogonia

what occurs during mitosis regarding spermatogenesis

spermatogonia duplicate themselves via mitotic division (turning into primary spermatocytes 2N)

The correct sequence of cells in spermatogenesis is _____.

spermatogonium -> primary spermatocyte -> secondary spermatocyte

________ is the process of spermatids transforming into spermatozoa (N)

spermiogenesis

what does LH do in the male reproductive system?

stimulates Leydig cells to secrete testosterone

chromatids are

strands of DNA

how do erectile disfunction drugs like Viagra and Cialis help?

they increase cGMP to promote vasodilation

what do the fallopian tubes do?

transport released ovum plus some follicular cells via ciliary action and smooth muscle contractions

true or false: During spermatogenesis, spermatids differentiate into spermatozoa.

true

what are the different names of sperm as it goes through spermatogenesis?

1) spermatogonia 2) primary spermatocyte 3) secondary spermatocytes 4) spermatids 5) spermatozoa (sperm)

each chromosome pair contains ____ homologous chromosomes

2

how many primary oocytes are there at birth?

2 million

how many pairs of chromosomes does an individual have in each cell?

23 pairs

how many sperm are produced each day

300 million

how many oocytes are actually ovulated in a lifetime?

400

how many oocytes survive by puperty

400,000

a cell that is diploid contains _____ chromosomes

46

a fertilized egg (zygote) has how many chromosomes?

46

how many chromosomes are there total in each cell?

46

what does diploid (2N) mean

46 chromosomes

oogenesis is stimulated by ____

FSH

what are the gonadotropic hormones?

FSH & LH

Ovulation is most directly stimulated by a surge in the secretion of:

LH

secondary spermatocytes contain ______ chromosomes

23

what are the stages of oogenesis?

- primary follicle -secondary follicle -graafian follicle -first meiotic division -second oocyte

the second meiotic division is not completed until _____

fertilization


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