chapter 20 review; cardiovascular

The stroke volume of the heart is approximately __________. 50 mL 80 mL 100 mL 120 mL

80 mL *at rest, this is roughly 60% of the EDV

Without external interactions, the cells of the SA node depolarize __________ times per minute. 20-30 30-40 60-70 80-100

80-100 *the SA node is the PACEMAKER

If undisturbed, the cells of the AV node will depolarize about __________ times per second. 20-30 40-60 80-100 100-120

40-60

Starling's law of the heart refers to the relationship between __________. EDV and SV heart rate and cardiac output ESV and SV heart rate and blood pressure

EDV and SV

Which wave, interval, or complex represents the depolarization of the ventricles? QRS complex T wave Q-T interval P wave

QRS complex *this complex corresponds to the contraction of the lower chambers

What is the correct sequential path of a normal action potential in the heart? SA node, AV node, bundle branches, AV bundle, Purkinje fibers AV node, SA node, AV bundle, bundle of His SA node, AV bundle, AV node, Purkinje fibers SA node, AV node, bundle of His, bundle branches, Purkinje fibers

SA node, AV node, bundle of His, bundle branches, purkinje fibers *superior to inferior direction to this

The cardiac output (CO) is equal to __________. the percentage of the EDV represented by the stroke volume (SV) the volume of blood ejected from each ventricle in a single beat EDV − ESV SV × HR

SV x HR *CO is the amount of blood pumped by the left ventricle in 1 min.

Parasympathetic stimulation from the vagus nerve results in __________. an increased heart rate and cardiac output more forceful ventricular contractions no effect on the heart rate a decrease in heart rate

a decrease in heart rate

The right atrium receives blood from the __________. coronary sinus inferior vena cava superior vena cava All of the listed responses are correct.

all of the listed responses are correct

Which of the following correctly describes conducting cells of the SA node? They generate action potentials at a rate of 80-100 per minute. They are smaller than contractile cells. They cannot maintain a stable resting potential. All of the listed responses are correct.

all of the listed responses are correct

The bundle branches __________. extend to the apex of the heart conduct impulses to the Purkinje fibers transmit impulses to the left and right ventricle All of the listed responses are correct.

all of the listed responses are correct *there are multiple characteristics

The expandable outer portion of each atrium is called __________. a semilunar valve an auricle a postcava a base of the heart

an auricle

On the outside of the heart, the boundaries between the right and left ventricles are marked by the __________. coronary sulcus anterior interventricular sulcus and the posterior interventricular sulcus posterior interventricular sulcus anterior interventricular sulcus

anterior interventricular sulcus and the posterior interventricular sulcus *these are grooves where vessels are located

The coronary arteries emerge at the base of the __________. circumflex branch pulmonary trunk inferior vena cava aorta

aorta

The dicrotic notch marks the point when the __________. aortic valve opens aortic valve closes mitral valve opens mitral valve closes

aortic valves closes

When blood is ejected from the heart, it is pushed from the __________ to the __________. base; apex ventricle; atria apex; base atria; ventricle

apex; base *apex is inferior to the base

Vessels that carry blood away from the heart are called __________. capillaries arteries veins sinusoids

arteries

Which of the following statements concerning ventricular diastole is FALSE? At the beginning of ventricular diastole, both the AV valves and semilunar valves are closed. As the ventricles begin to fill with blood, the pressure in the chamber rises. When the AV valves initially open, both the atria and the ventricles are in diastole. The elasticity of the connective tissues of the heart and fibrous skeleton causes ventricles to expand during ventricular diastole.

as the ventricles begin to fill with blood, the pressure in the chambers rises

The left ventricle pumps blood into the __________. superior vena cava pulmonary veins pulmonary trunk ascending aorta

ascending aorta

The right and left coronary arteries originate at the base of the __________. ascending aorta pulmonary trunk superior vena cava pulmonary veins

ascending aorta

Which of the following statements concerning atrial systole is FALSE? During atrial systole, blood moves from the atrium to the ventricle through the AV valve. During atrial systole, the pressure in the atrium is higher than the pressure in the ventricle. The volume of blood in the ventricle at the end of atrial systole is end-diastolic volume, or EDV. At the start of atrial systole, there is very little blood in the ventricles.

at the start of atrial systole, there is very little blood in the ventricles

When the heart beats, the __________ contract first. mitral valve auricles atria ventricles

atria

The AV valves prevent the backflow of blood into the __________, and the semilunar valves prevent backflow of blood into the __________. capillaries; coronary blood vessels lungs; systemic arteries atria; ventricles ventricles; atria

atria; ventricles

The P wave represents __________. atrial repolarization ventricular depolarization ventricular repolarization atrial depolarization

atrial depolarization

Under normal circumstances, the factors responsible for making delicate adjustments to the heart rate as circulatory demands change are __________. nerve activity and muscular activity cardiac output and stroke volume autonomic activity and circulatory hormones all of the listed factors

autonomic activity and circulatory hormones *these factors involve both the nervous and endocrine systems

The valve known as the mitral valve is located __________. in the opening to the pulmonary trunk between the right atrium and right ventricle in the opening to the aorta between the left atrium and left ventricle

between the left atrium and left ventricle

Cardiac output is defined as __________. both HR × SV and HR × (EDV − ESV) HR × (EDV − ESV) HR × SV HR × EDV

both HR x SV and HR x (EDV - ESV) *stroke volume

What is the term for an abnormally slow heart rate? heart failure bradycardia myocardial infarction tachycardia

bradycardia

The plateau in the action potential is caused by the entry of __________ ions. calcium potassium phosphate sodium

calcium *these ions enter the sarcoplasm to activate cardiac muscle contraction

Which blood vessels are known as exchange vessels? veins capillaries arteries All of the listed responses are correct.

capillaries

Which vessels have very thin walls and are often called exchange vessels because they allow for the exchange of nutrients, gases, and wastes with surrounding tissues? capillaries ventricles veins arteries

capillaries

Which of the following is NOT a factor that controls stroke volume? cardiac output end-diastolic volume contractility of the heart end-systolic volume

cardiac output

The contractile cells of the myocardium reach threshold because of an influx of __________. chloride potassium cations anions

cations *positively charged ions

The free edges of the AV valves are attached to fibers called __________. papillary muscles pectinate muscles liberated fibers chordae tendineae

chordae tendineae

What produces the "lubb" of the first heart sound? contraction of the atrial myocardium closing of the semilunar valves swishing of the blood closing of the atrioventricular valves

closing of the atrioventricular valves *remember: this marks the start of ventricular contraction

The Purkinje fibers __________. conduct impulses rapidly do not conduct impulses spontaneously depolarize 100 times per second conduct impulses very slowly

conduct impulses rapidly

Valvular heart disease can be a result of __________. carditis rheumatic fever congenital malformation congenital malformation, carditis, or rheumatic fever

congenital malformation, carditis, or rheumatic fever *there is more than one way to damage heart valves

A large vein that opens into the right atrium and brings in venous blood from the heart tissue is the __________. marginal artery posterior cardiac vein coronary sinus arterial anastomoses

coronary sinus

Blood from the coronary circuit is collected on the posterior aspect of the heart in a blood vessel known as the __________. circumflex branch coronary sinus interventricular vein great cardiac vein

coronary sinus

The blood vessels in the cardiovascular system are subdivided into three circuits known as the __________. pulmonary, systemic, and arterial circuits coronary, pulmonary, and systemic circuits pulmonary, venous, and systemic circuits lymphatic, pulmonary, and systemic circuits

coronary; pulmonary; systemic *circuits involve heart, lungs, and the whole body

When a chamber of the heart fills with blood and prepares for the start of the next cardiac cycle, the chamber is in __________. diastole isovolumetric contraction ventricular ejection systole

diastole *relaxation of the chamber

Which of the following would be considered a positive inotropic agent? digitalis beta-blocking medications calcium-blocking medications acetylcholine

digitalis *these agents increase contractility in heart muscle

The innermost layer of the heart is called the __________. myocardium visceral epicardium endocardium epicardium

endocardium

Which layer of the heart wall is the visceral pericardium? myocardium endocardium epicardium trabeculae carneae

epicardium

There is (are) __________ heart sound(s). one two three four

four *half of these are associated with valves closing

The heart has __________ chambers and __________ valves. four; four two; four three; four one; four

four; four

The passageways between cardiac muscle cells that allow ions to pass freely are called __________. anastomoses gap junctions trabeculae carneae desmosomes

gap junctions *these passageways link intercalated discs

The cardiac centers in the medulla oblongata monitor baroreceptors and chemoreceptors innervated by the __________. accessory N XI and hypoglossal N XII facial N VII and vesitbulocochlear N VIII trochlear N IV and trigeminal N V glossopharyngeal N IX and vagus N X

glossopharyngeal N IX and vagus N X *one of these nerves in the only cranial nerve that also innervates abdominal viscera

Compared to the right ventricle, the left ventricle __________. develops less pressure during contraction increases in diameter during contraction holds less blood has a thicker wall

has a thicker wall

Cardiac muscle tissue __________. will not contract unless stimulated by somatic motor neurons will not contract unless stimulated by autonomic nerves has its own intrinsic conduction system that can set the pace of the beating heart is innervated mostly by neurons associated with the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system

has its own intrinsic conduction system that can set the pace of the beating heart

Which statement(s) is/are true with regard to preload? If EDV is greater and ESV is lower, then the stroke volume increases; and during exercise, increased venous return increases EDV. During exercise, increased venous return increases EDV. If EDV is greater and ESV is lower, then the stroke volume increases. Preload is increased with a rapid heartbeat.

if EDV is greater and ESV is lower, then the stroke volume increases; and during exercise, increased venous return increases EDV *this is related to the degree of stretching in ventricular muscle during ventricular diastole

Which statement is true? The AV node can generate electrical impulses just as quickly as the SA node. If the pacemaker of the heart fails, then the heart will stop beating. If the pacemaker of the heart stops, the AV node will take over. The autonomic nervous system has no effect on the heart.

if the pacemaker of the heart stops, the AV node will take over *backup in case the main system fails

Which of the following could increase the strength of the contraction of a ventricle? lower venous return negative inotropic drugs, such as beta blockers parasympathetic stimulation increased stretch on the ventricle

increased stretch on the ventricle *this triggers a reflexive response

What effect does epinephrine have on the SA node? It decreases heart rate. It increases heart rate. It increases the plateau. It increases hyperpolarization.

it increases heart rate

During the isovolumetric contraction phase, the pressure in the __________ has to rise above aortic pressure for ventricular ejection to occur. left atrium left ventricle right atrium right ventricle

left ventricle

The left atrium receives blood from the pulmonary circuit and empties it into the __________. conus arteriosus left ventricle right ventricle right atrium

left ventricle *main pumping chamber for the systemic circuit

The refractory period of cardiac muscles is __________ than that of skeletal muscles. longer equal to shorter None of the listed responses is correct.

longer *this is a period of nonresponsiveness after an action potential begins

Blood flows from the left atrium through the __________ to the left ventricle. mitral valve pulmonary valve tricuspid valve aortic valve

mitral valve

During ventricular filling, the AV valves are __________, and the semilunar valves are __________. closed; open open; closed closed; closed open; open

open; closed *the outer gates need to contain the blood in the ventricles

In a normal resting adult, the effects of the __________ division of the autonomic nervous system dominate. sympathetic parasympathetic adrenergic sympathetic and parasympathetic

parasympathetic

During the action potential in a contractile cardiac muscle cell, the opening of slow calcium channels results in the __________ phase. plateau depolarization repolarization hyperpolarization

plateau

In contrast to skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle cells have a __________ phase as part of their action potential. depolarization refractory period plateau repolarization

plateau

When deoxygenated blood leaves the right ventricle through a semilunar valve, it is forced into the __________. lung capillaries pulmonary veins pulmonary arteries aortic arch

pulmonary arteries *the name of the vessels that carry blood AWAY from heart

Which network of blood vessels carries blood to and from the gas exchange surfaces in the lungs? pulmonary circuit renal circuit systemic circuit coronary circuit

pulmonary circuit

The left atrium collects blood from the __________ and empties into the left ventricle. portal circuit systemic circuit pulmonary circuit None of the listed responses is correct.

pulmonary circuit *this past replenishes oxygen in the blood

Deoxygenated blood leaves the right ventricle through a semilunar valve and enters the __________. pulmonary trunk pulmonary capillaries pulmonary arteries pulmonary veins

pulmonary trunk

The left atrium receives blood from the __________. pulmonary artery vena cava pulmonary veins aorta

pulmonary veins *these vessels contain oxygen-rich blood from the lungs

The "double pump" function of the heart includes the right side, which serves as the __________ circuit pump, and the left side, which serves as the __________ pump. systemic; pulmonary pulmonary; systemic hepatic portal; cardiac pulmonary; hepatic portal

pulmonary; systemic *one side of the heart pumps blood to lungs, while the other pumps blood through the rest of the body

What structures in the conduction system conduct impulses very rapidly to the ventricular myocardium? AV bundle branches SA node AV bundle Purkinje fibers

purkinje fibers *these fibers receive signals from the AV bundle and bundle branches

When atrial contraction begins, the ventricles are __________. relaxed and empty starting to contract and filled completely relaxed and filling contracting and empty

relaxed and filling

Which chamber of the heart receives blood from the superior and inferior venae cavae? right atrium right ventricle left atrium left ventricle

right atrium

Marginal branches are extensions of the __________. coronary sinus left coronary artery great cardiac vein right coronary artery

right coronary artery *the trunk of this vessel branches off the aorta

Which of the following contains the trabeculae carneae? pericardial sac pulmonary trunk right atrium right ventricle

right ventricle

Which of the following is called the cardiac pacemaker? sinoatrial node atrioventricular bundle atrioventricular node Purkinje fibers

sinoatrial node (SA node)

The difference between the end-diastolic volume (EDV) and the end-systolic volume (ESV) is the __________. cardiac reserve preload and afterload stroke volume cardiac output

stoke volume

Which of the following are characteristics of cardiac muscle cells? striated, single central nucleus, and involuntary striated, single central nucleus, and voluntary nonstriated, multinucleated, and involuntary striated, multinucleated, and voluntary muscle

striated, single central nucleus, and involuntary

Which of the following is measured in milliliters per beat? heart rate stroke volume end-systolic volume intermodal pathway

stroke volume

The amount of blood pumped out of each ventricle during a single beat is the __________. cardiac output end-diastolic volume stroke volume end-systolic volume

stroke volume *major factor of cardiac output

Which of the following statements about autonomic tone is FALSE? Parasympathetic rates dominate in a resting healthy adult. ACh and NE are released at the nodes. Sympathetic effects dominate in a resting healthy adult. Resting heart rate will be 70-80 beats per minute.

sympathetic effects dominate in a resting healthy adult *remember: fight/flight response is not the normal resting state

What is the term for contraction of a heart chamber? cardiac cycle systole cardiac output diastole

systole

Contraction of the chambers of the heart is called __________, and relaxation of the chambers of the heart is called __________. depolarization; repolarization depolarization; hyperpolarization diastole; systole systole; diastole

systole; diastole *the first is the higher number on a blood pressure reading

Which of the following occurs during the first phase of ventricular systole? The semilunar valves open, and blood is pushed into the aorta and pulmonary trunk. The AV valves open, and blood flows into the ventricles. The AV valves close, and ventricular pressure rises. The atria contract, and ventricular pressure rises.

the AV valves close, and ventricular pressure rises

Stroke volume is defined as __________. the amount of blood that fills the ventricles at the conclusion of systole the amount of blood ejected from each ventricle during ventricular systole the amount of blood pumped out of both ventricles in one minute the amount of blood remaining in the ventricles following systole

the amount of blood ejected from each ventricle during ventricular stroke *major factor for determining cardiac output

How would you define cardiac output? the amount of blood pumped out of the left ventricle in one minute the end-diastolic volume plus the end-systolic volume the amount of blood pumped out of both ventricles in one minute the amount of blood pumped out of the atria and ventricles in one minute

the amount of blood pumped out of the left ventricle in 1 min.

The left coronary artery supplies blood to __________. the anterior interventricular artery the anterior interventricular artery and the circumflex branch the posterior descending artery the circumflex branch

the anterior interventricular artery and the circumflex branch

After the AV node is depolarized and the impulse spreads through the atria, there is a slight delay before the impulse spreads to the ventricles. The reason for this delay is to allow __________. the atria to fill with blood the atria to contract the ventricles to contract a greater venous return

the atria to contract *the superior chambers of the heart need to do this first

The conduction delay that occurs at the AV node allows __________. the ventricles to contract before the atria begin to contract the atria to fill with blood the ventricles to pump blood to the great vessels before receiving more blood from the atria the atria to contract before the ventricles begin to contract

the atria to contract before the ventricles begin to contract

The SA node acts as the pacemaker of the heart because these cells are __________. located in the right atria the only conducting cells in the heart the only cells innervated by the ANS the cells that depolarize and reach threshold first

the cells that DEPOLARIZE and reach THRESHOLD first *these cells are located in the RIGHT atrium

The P wave on the ECG indicates __________. the spread of the electrical events down the interventricular septum the electrical events spreading out over both atria the contraction of the atria the spread of electrical events over both ventricles

the electrical events spreading out over both atria *happens in the superior chamber of the heart

Which of the following statements concerning the heart is FALSE? The heart lies slightly to the left of midline. The heart sits at an angle to the longitudinal axis of the body. The heart is surrounded by the pericardial cavity. The heart apex is superior to the base.

the heart is superior to the base

An elderly man is brought into the hospital on a hot, sunny day complaining of light-headedness. You administer an ECG and notice that the P-R interval is 350 msec. His heart sounds are normal. His blood tests indicate that the LDH, SGOT, CK, and CK-MB levels are all normal. What is wrong with this patient? The man has an aneurysm. The man has a problem with the conduction system of the atria or possibly with the AV node. The man has mitral valve prolapse. The man has suffered a heart attack.

the man has a problem with the conduction system of the atria or possible with the AV node

The right coronary artery generally gives rise to __________. the marginal branches and the posterior interventricular artery the circumflex branch the posterior interventricular artery the marginal branches

the marginal branches and the posterior interventricular artery *part of this artery branches toward the back of the heart

Which of the following statements concerning contractile cells and the heartbeat is INCORRECT? The plateau phase of the contractile cell's action potential is the result of calcium ions moving out of the cell. Contractile cells form the bulk of the atrial and ventricular walls. The opening of fast channels in the membranes of contractile cells results in a rapid depolarization. During the absolute refractory period, the membrane is incapable of responding to a new stimulus.

the plateau phase of the contractile cell's action potential is the result of calcium ions moving out of the cell

What does the Frank-Starling principle state? Increasing the plasma level of calcium ions will increase the cardiac output. The SV is independent of autonomic stimulation. There is a direct relationship between the EDV and the SV. Contractility of the myocardium will increase with temperature.

there is a direct relationship between the EDV and the SV

Which valve is found between the right atrium and the right ventricle? bicuspid or mitral pulmonary aortic tricuspid

tricuspid

The right and left AV valves are also called the __________ and __________, respectively. mitral valve; tricuspid valve pulmonary valve; aortic valve tricuspid valve; bicuspid valve bicuspid valve; mitral valve

tricuspide valve; bicuspid valve

The QRS complex on the ECG represents __________. atrial depolarization ventricular repolarization atrial repolarization ventricular depolarization

ventricular depolarization

The QRS complex of the ECG appears as the __________. ventricles depolarize atria depolarize atria repolarize ventricles repolarize

ventricular depolarize

The T wave represents __________. atrial repolarization ventricular depolarization atrial depolarization ventricular repolarization

ventricular repolarization

The epicardium of the heart is the same as the __________. visceral myocardium visceral pericardium parietal pericardium pericardial cavity

visceral pericardium