Chapter 20: Seizing an American Empire, 1865-1913

Match each treaty or doctrine to its appropriate description.

- Treaty of Portsmouth: settled between Russia and Japan with both countries agreeing to leave Manchuria - Drago Doctrine: implemented in Latin America to prohibit other countries from intervening militarily for the purposes of debt collection - Roosevelt Corollary: implemented by Roosevelt to ensure U.S. control over Latin America to prevent European intervention - Hay-Pauncefote Treaty: reflected the consent of Britain to build the Panama Canal

What does this cartoon convey about U.S. foreign policy after the Spanish-American War?

-It is probable that the United States will act on its imperialist impulse and seize one or more of the islands pictured. -The U.S. government assumes Cuba and the Philippines are available to be taken.

Identify all of the statements that represent American interests in entering into a war with Spain—intended and unintended—that were discussed in the video.

-U.S. leaders were interested in acquiring access to Chinese markets. -U.S. leaders hoped by gaining colonies they could capture resources and ready-made markets for American goods.

Out of concern that European powers might gain too much influence in Latin America, Roosevelt announced the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine in 1904. This policy announced that the United States would begin to do what?

-intervene in Latin American nations in order to prevent others from doing so -intervene in Latin American nations to ensure that they paid their debts to U.S. and European banks

In what ways did American economic interests drive U.S. policy makers to embrace imperialism?

Correct -U.S. policy makers began to view colonization as a way to acquire raw materials crucial to the success of American industries. -The rise of the global economy forced the United -States to construct a navy that could ensure the safety of American merchant vessels carrying goods to foreign markets. Incorrect -If the United States colonized regions outside of North America, U.S. corporations would more easily be able to recruit skilled laborers from a larger potential workforce. -U.S. policy makers wanted the United States to serve as a market for manufactured goods from its colonies.

Identify the behaviors or assumptions that characterized all Western colonial powers.

Correct Answer(s) - All Western colonial powers believed in their racial superiority over those they colonized. - All Western colonial powers sent Christian missionaries to proselytize the indigenous colonized peoples. Incorrect Answer(s) - All Western colonial powers embraced the concept of manifest destiny. - All Western colonial powers focused their efforts on building empires in Africa and Latin America.

After the Spanish-American War, the United States adopted the Open Door policy toward China. This pronouncement included which of the following goals?

Correct Answer(s) - China would remain territorially intact and independent. - All nations should have access to Chinese markets. Incorrect Answer(s) - China would be reserved for European colonization, but the Japanese would be denied any territory. - The United States would gain a colony in China.

What were the terms of the 1875 reciprocal trade agreement between Hawaii and the United States?

Correct Answer(s) - Hawaii would not permit other imperial powers leases or land grants on the Hawaiian islands. - Hawaiian sugar would be allowed to enter the United States duty-free. Incorrect Answer(s) - Hawaiians had to allow for American tobacco imports duty-free. - Hawaiians had to allow for American cotton textile imports duty-free.

What were some of the benefits the United States received in its purchase of Alaska?

Correct Answer(s) - It provided the United States with more ports along the coast of North America. - Alaska contained a tremendous wealth of gold and oil. - The purchase removed an imperial power, Russia, from North America. Incorrect Answer(s) - The purchase caused British Colombia to join the Union.

Describe the Roosevelt Corollary, and identify the event that prompted Roosevelt to amend the crucial Monroe Doctrine.

Correct Answer(s) - It stated that in specific situations the United States could legitimately intervene in Latin America to inhibit other countries from doing so. - A crisis in the Dominican Republic over the country's debts propelled Roosevelt to issue this corollary. Incorrect Answer(s) - It stated that the United States had a legal right to intervene militarily in Europe at any sign of European interference in Latin America. - A military blockade of Venezuela by European powers prompted Roosevelt to declare an emergency cabinet meeting to draft the Roosevelt Corollary.

Identify some of the ways that the de Lôme letter pushed the United States and Spain closer to war.

Correct Answer(s) - The contents of the letter, which was printed in the New York Journal, further inflamed American public opinion against Spain. - It resulted in a political scandal involving the Spanish ambassador to the United States that led to his resignation. Incorrect Answer(s) - It pushed the Spanish to declare war on the United States in an effort to maintain the veneer of strength in Cuba. - The leak of the letter immediately resulted in Spain severing diplomatic ties with the United States.

Unlike President Roosevelt, Presidents Taft and Wilson were against military intervention in Latin America. While Taft sent troops to support a revolution in Nicaragua, he did not militarily intervene anywhere else. Wilson made good on his promise never to militarily intervene in Latin America throughout his presidency.

False

Identify the reason Secretary of State William H. Seward was concerned with the United States' controlling Hawaii.

Seward wanted to increase American trade with Asia, and Hawaii served as an ideal launching point

How did the concept of manifest destiny change during the post-Civil War era?

An increasing number of American policy makers and scholars began advocating for the United States to assert control over the Asia-Pacific region, while continuing to avoid conflicts in Europe.

President Taft's dollar diplomacy was a complete rejection of the Roosevelt Corollary. His goal was to assist Latin Americans in becoming economically stable in order to resist European meddling in their affairs, but he renounced all use of military force in the region.

False

John Hay's statement that the Spanish-American War was "a splendid little war, begun with the highest motives, carried on with magnificent intelligence and spirit, favored by that fortune which loves the brave" reflected which of the following attitudes that guided American foreign policy in the late nineteenth century?

Correct -The statement reflects prevailing notions of Social Darwinism and the need for the superior races to rule over inferior peoples. -The statement reflects the belief among many Americans that the United States needed to play a larger role in global affairs. Incorrect -The statement reflects Hay's belief that the United States was destined to liberate all the colonized people of European powers. -The statement reflects Hay's admiration of the Cuban efforts to liberate their island from Spanish rule.

Analyze the following quotation from Roosevelt's attorney general, and evaluate its significance for Roosevelt's presidency: "No, Mr. President, if I were you I would not have any taint of legality about it."

Correct -This advice was a response to Roosevelt's request for legal justification for the "use, occupation and control" of the Canal Zone. -This piece of legal advice was offered in regard to Panama's sudden extension of the Canal Zone after Panama declared independence. incorrect -This advice was crucial for Roosevelt to protect the Panamanian revolt and ensure that a U.S.-friendly ambassador assumed office. -This piece of legal advice was offered in regard to Roosevelt's decision to place U.S. warships in Panama to prevent Colombian troops from reaching the Canal Zone.

What does President Roosevelt's statement below reveal about his approach to foreign policy? "I took the Canal Zone and let Congress debate; and while the debate goes on the [construction of the] Canal does also."

Correct Answer(s) - Roosevelt was very willing to use American naval power to secure his goals. - Roosevelt was not always concerned with the legality of his actions. Incorrect Answer(s) - Roosevelt hoped to annex the province of Panama from Columbia and make it an American colony. - Roosevelt personally provided the funds to build the Panama Canal.

What were some of the characteristics that defined the relationship between the United States and Cuba following Cuban independence?

Correct Answer(s) - The United States could intervene in Cuba at its own discretion. - The Cuban government was barred from accumulating more debt than it could pay based on its financial resources. - Cuba had to lease coastal lands to the United States, which served as both coaling and naval outposts. Incorrect Answer(s) - The United States could intervene in Cuba following an official written request by the Cuban government.

What were some of the arguments advanced in Alfred Thayer Mahan's The Influence of Sea Power upon History, 1660-1783?

Correct Answer(s) - The United States needed to establish colonies outside of North America to provide raw materials and new markets for American industry. - Foreign colonies could also be used as naval bases to resupply American naval vessels with coal, water, and other essentials. - Mahan argued that a modern navy was necessary to support American economic development. Incorrect Answer(s) - Large-scale land armies were crucial in holding territory initially brought under control by naval power.

After the American victory over the Spanish in the Spanish-American War, what were the terms of surrender laid out in the Treaty of Paris?

Correct Answer(s) - The United States would continue occupying Manila until a transfer of power occurred in the Philippines. - Cuba was to become independent. - The United States would annex Puerto Rico. Incorrect Answer(s) - Spain would acknowledge the legitimacy of the U.S. annexation of Hawaii.

The relationship between the United States and Japan was one of long-lasting mutual trust, which served as the foundation for the strong alliance between the two powers.

False

What effects did the 1875 reciprocal trade agreement between the United States and Hawaii have on the Hawaiian social hierarchy?

Correct Answer(s) - The treaty dramatically increased sugar production. - The introduction of smallpox significantly reduced the size of the native population. - It led to the development of a white American economic elite. Incorrect Answer(s) - The previously monarchical island kingdom fully embraced democracy.

How did the U.S. armed forces prepare for the ensuing war with Spain around the time President McKinley asked Congress for authority to use the armed forces to end the fighting in Cuba?

Correct Answer(s) - Theodore Roosevelt ordered Commodore George Dewey to attack Spanish troops in the Philippines if war broke out over Cuba. - The U.S. standing army more than quadrupled in size because of the number of men who immediately enlisted. Incorrect Answer(s) - The U.S. Navy positioned warships near Hawaii to protect the newly annexed U.S. territory from the Spanish navy. The U.S. Navy prepared to engage Spanish warships just off the coast of Spain.

What were the legacies of Presidents Roosevelt, Taft, and Wilson's policies toward Latin America?

Correct Answer(s) - They created long-term hostility among Latin Americans against the United States and its use of military intervention in the region. - The United States became more invested in the region both militarily and economically. Incorrect Answer(s) - The United States became less involved in the region. - The United States became rivals with Mexico for influence in the region.

What were some of the factions that argued against the American annexation of the Philippines?

Correct Answer(s) - U.S. labor groups, fearing that American workers would be unable to compete with the inexpensive cost of Filipino labor - former American presidents opposing the move to annex and colonize the Philippines - the American Anti-Imperialist League Incorrect Answer(s) - Senator Albert J. Beveridge and a large contingent of senators who supported him

Every presidential administration from Andrew Johnson to William McKinley strongly supported the annexation of Hawaii.

False

In the aftermath of the Spanish-American War, as the United States was in the process of annexing the Philippines and establishing it as a colony, the United States was simultaneously liberating Cuba from Spanish colonization without stipulations.

False

Influential American writers rarely used Social Darwinist principles to argue that the United States should acquire overseas colonies. Social Darwinism, as promoted by scholars such as the Harvard historian John Fiske, was primarily used to justify racial segregation and discrimination at home.

False

American territorial expansion in the Pacific gave its navy greater influence and merchants greater access to markets in Asia. Which of the following territories in the Pacific did the United States annex or colonize in the last few years of the nineteenth century?

Hawaiian Islands Philippines Samoa Islands Guam Wake Island

How did Alfred Thayer Mahan's The Influence of Sea Power upon History, 1660-1783 impact American foreign policy?

The United States began constructing modern naval warships inspired by Mahan's book.

Match each individual or entity with its immediate response to the sinking of the U.S. battleship Maine.

Theodore Roosevelt-personally engaged in zealous warmongering Spain-accommodated nearly every request in the interest of avoiding confrontation President McKinley-believed it was an accident and continued to resist the public demands for war Congress-authorized $50 million to prepare for war with Spain

What was the central premise of the American Open Door policy?

Trade with China should remain open to the United States and all European powers. Individual nations should not attempt to colonize parts of China

Before the war began, President McKinley attempted to keep the United States neutral and resisted political pressure to start a war with Spain. Once he relented and sought congressional approval for the use of military force, he quickly determined that the United States should keep the territory it gained during the war.

True

During the post-Civil War period, many researchers at universities began to defend the notion of Anglo-Saxon racial superiority through the use of "science."

True