Chapter 20 terms

Karl Marx

1818-1883. 19th century philosopher, political economist, sociologist, humanist, political theorist, and revolutionary. Often recognized as the father of communism. Analysis of history led to his belief that communism would replace capitalism as it replaced feudalism. Believed in a classless society. -The murder of Kotzebue by Karl Sand, however, shocked him out of his extreme revolutionary views, and from this time he tended, under the influence of the writings of Hamann and Herder, more and more in the direction of conservatism and romanticism, until at last he ended, in a mood almost of pessimism, by attaching himself to the extreme right wing of the forces of reaction.

Fritz Harkort

A Prussian entrepreneur that idolized the British industriousness. He turned an old castle into a factory and bought off many mechanics and materials from Britain. While he proved an exceptional success for some time, his debt eventually caught up to him and he lost his company. -In 1832 his financial backers forced him out of his company and cut back operations to reduce losses.

Steam Engine

A machine that turns the energy released by burning fuel into motion. Thomas Newcomen built the first crude but workable one in 1712. James Watt vastly improved his device in the 1760s and 1770s. It was then applied to machinery. -The steam engine that he created was used to remove water from mines. This design was improved upon by English engineer Thomas Newcomen in 1712.

William Wordsworth

(1770-1850), literary romanticist, used language of ordinary speech, wrote poems about simple subjects, simplicity and love of nature -Wordsworth had for years been making plans to write a long philosophical poem in three parts, which he intended to call The Recluse.

Water Frame

1780's; Richard Arkwright; powered by horse or water; turned out yarn much faster than cottage spinning wheels, led to development of mechanized looms - This machine was invented in 1769 by Englishman Richard Arkwright and used flowing water as its source of power.

Combinations Acts

1799, made union activity illegal but was repealing in 1825 -It was created in a fear that workers would strike during a conflict to force the government to accede to their demands. Collectively these acts were known as the Combination Laws.

Friedrich Engels

Another German communist who aided Marx in writing The Communist Manifesto; German social scientist, author, political theorist, philosopher, and father of communist theory, alongside Karl Marx. - It argues that class struggles, or the exploitation of one class by another, are the motivating force behind all historical developments.

Luddites

Any of a group of British workers who between 1811 and 1816 rioted and destroyed laborsaving textile machinery in the belief that such machinery would diminish employment. -The attitude of the Luddites had become more openly threatening.

Chartist Movement

Attempt by artisans and workers in Britain to gain the right to vote during the 1840s; demands for reform beyond the Reform Act of 1832 were incorporated into a series of petitions; movement failed -Chartism got its name from the formal petition, or People's Charter, that listed the six main aims of the movement

Thomas Malthus

Author of "Essay on the Principal of Population" (1798) who claimed that population grows at an exponential rate while food production increases arithmetically, and thereby that, eventually, population growth would outpace food production. -Like Malthus, Ricardo owes his reputation very largely to the theory associated with his name, though it has long ceased to be stated precisely in the terms he employed.

Class-consciousness

Awareness of belonging to a distinct social and economic class whose interests might conflict with those of other classes. -Class-consciousnesses was basically saying that people knew the place they held in their government economically speaking.

Crystal Palace

Building erected in London, for the Great Exhibition of 1851. Made of iron and glass, like a gigantic greenhouse, it was a symbol of the industrial age. -The structure was taken down and rebuilt 1852-54 at Sydenham Hill, at which site it survived until 1936.

Zollverein

Economic customs union of German states established in 1818 by Prussia and including almost all German-speaking states except Austria by 1844 -In 1866 Hamburg joined the North German Confederation, and in 1871, while remaining outside the Zollverein, became a constituent state of the German empire.

David Ricardo

English economist known for his work, Principles of Political Economy and Taxation, who formulated the "iron law of wages," according to which wages would always remain at the subsistence level for the workers because of population growth (1772-1823) -Davids Ricardos theory was contradicted by Adams Smiths theory.

Richard Arkwright

English inventor and entrepreneur who became the wealthiest and most successful textile manufacturer of the first Industrial Revolution. He invented the water frame, a machine that, with minimal human supervision, could spin several threads at once. -Arkwright supplied this deficiency by the invention of the spinning-frame, which spins a vast number of threads of any degree of fineness and hardness.

Mines Act of 1842

English law prohibiting underground work for all women and girls as well as for boys under ten. -No female was to be employed underground -No boy under 10 years old was to be employed underground. -Parish apprentices between the ages of 10 and 18 could continue to work in the mines

William Blake

Engraver with visions, prophetic works and engravings, rebel. (Major works: Songs of Innocence, Songs of Experience, Marriage of Heaven and Hell, The Tiger) -During his absence the Liberal government was driven from power by the elections of 1878; and Blake himself, having failed to secure re-election, was for a short time without a seat in parliament.

Thomas Savery

He and Thomas Newcomen are the fathers of the steam engine. Used to pump water out of coal mines. -He was born in 1650 at Shilston and belonged to a well known family of Devonshire.

Great exhibition

Held by Britain to host their industrial growth, stood as a symbol of the industrial revolution's advancements. - The Great Exhibition in 1851 was the first international exhibition of manufactured products.

James Hargreaves

Invented the spinning Jenny. -In the 18th century the ability of certain natives of the town greatly fostered its cotton industry; thus James Hargreaves here probably invented his spinning jenny about 1764, though the operatives, fearing a reduction of labour, would have none of it, and forced him to quit the town for Nottingham.

The Industrial Revolution

It began in England from the late 1700's to the middle 1800's when new power driven machines replaced hand tools. New methods and machines changed factory work and travel. Coal was used instead of wood. Steam engines powered boats and railroads. -The industrial revolution was composed of new advances like technology that allowed many to produce things like coal and wool.

Factory Acts

Passed by Parliament in 1819. Forbade employment of children under nine. Limited work day of children over nine to 12 hours. Banned employment of women/children in mining. -The Factory acts is something that helped and yet hurt many of the families with kids working in factories.

Iron Laws of Wages

Proposed law of economics that asserts that real wages always tend, in the long run, toward the minimum wage necessary to sustain the life of the worker. -The theory basically states that wages will never raise to high because population will always increase.

Law of 1563

The 1563 Act for the Relief of the Poor is a law passed in England under Queen Elizabeth I. It is a part of the Tudor Poor Laws. It extended the Poor Act of 1555 - The law established by Elizabeth gave more economic rights to the low income.

Grand National Consolidation trades Union

The combination of all the different trade unions which soon fell apart because of differing ideas and objectives - However, this had soon failed, and by the early 1830s the most influential labor organisation was the Operative Builders' Union.

Seperate Spheres

The ideology that men and women had specific roles in society, seperate "spheres of influence". Women belonged in the home, where they had strong influence over their children and men belonged in the workplace, where they made the income for the family. -Only privileged girls of the upper and middle classes enjoyed much education, sometimes in female academies but more often under the supervision of their scholarly fathers. Men's sphere was outside the home in the world of industry, commerce, and politics.

Working Class

The people who lived in tenements in industrial cities were part of the -During the French revolution usually the third estate was the working class because they were the ones who paid taxes and did the arduous work.

Spinning Jenny

This machine played an important role in the mechanization of textile production. Like the spinning wheel, it may be operated by a treadle or by hand. But, unlike the spinning wheel, it can spin more than one yarn at a time. The idea for multiple-yarn spinning was conceived about 1764 by James Hargreaves, an English weaver. In 1770, he patented a machine that could spin 16 yarns at a time. (643, 727) -The machine used eight spindles onto which the thread was spun, so by turning a single wheel, the operator could now spin eight threads at once.

Friedrich list

Wrote National System of Political Economy, which advocated fast and large-scale industrialization to develop nation's strength and the use of protective tariffs to make people buy domestic goods. -List also supported the free exchange of domestic goods, and he gained prominence as founder and secretary of an association of middle and southern German industrialists who sought to abolish tariff barriers within the German states.

tariff protection

a government's way of supporting and aiding its own economy by laying high taxes on imported goods from other countries, as when the French responded to cheaper British goods flooding their country by imposing high tariffs on some imported products -The revenue tariff law passed by the Democrats in 1846 was not changed until the still lower tariff of 1857 was enacted.

Thomas Newcomen

he developed the first steam engine power by coal to pump water out of the mines, which inspired James Watt -As an ironmonger at Dartmouth, Newcomen became aware of the high cost of using the power of horses to pump water out of the Cornish tin mines.

Samuel Crompton

in 1779, he combined features of the spinning jenny and the water frame to produce the spinning mule; made thread that was stronger, finer, and more consistent than earlier spinning machines - His machine combined the best features of both the Spinning Jenny and Arkwright's Water Frame.

James Watt

invented the condenser and other improvements that made the steam engine a practical source of power for industry and transportation. The watt, an electrical measurement, is named after him. -He produced a stream of new ideas and inventions, which eventually resulted in an engine that needed 80% less fuel than earlier engines.

Edmund Cartwright

invented the power loom; machine to weave yarn into fabric. His power loom allowed the weaving of cloth to catch up with yarn production. -In 1787, Edmund Cartwright, clergyman and poet, invented the self-acting loom to which power might be applied, the series was complete.

Pig Iron

once the impure iron is processed, it forms a substance known as this. this substance is used in a variety of products such as cast iron cookware, cinder blocks and asphalt -Pig iron is the intermediate product of smelting iron ore.

Colonial Slave Trade

the business or process of procuring, transporting, and selling slaves, especially black Africans to the New World prior to the mid-19th century. Origin of slave trade Expand. ... In shock, he decided that only new colonies (preferably British) would stop the slave trade. -Because of the industrial revolution factories needed of more workers so they began capturing people and putting them to work.