Chapter 20 test

How did industry grow in continental Europe?

Belgium led continental Europe in adopting British technology for production.

Based on Map 20.2: Continental Industrialization, ca. 1850, where is the largest emerging industrial area located?

Berlin

Which law outlawed labor unions and strikes in Britain?

Combination Acts of 1799

How did railroads affect the nature of production?

Markets become broader, encouraging manufacturers to create larger factories with more sophisticated machines.

The following is an excerpt from Peter Gaskell's The Manufacturing Population of England (Thinking Like a Historian). In it, he describes a textile worker prior to the advent of the textile factory:". . . the small farmer, spinner, or hand-loom weaver, presents as orderly and respectable an appearance as could be wished. It is true that the amount of labour gone through, was but small; that the quantity of cloth or yarn produced was but limited—for he worked by the rule of his strength and con

The preindustrial textile worker lived a sustainable, moral, and satisfying life.

Thomas Malthus argued in his Essay on the Principle of Population (1798) that

population tends to increase beyond the means of subsistence.

The tendency to hire family units in the early factories was

usually a response to the wishes of the families.

What major problem in the textile industry was solved by the inventions of James Hargreaves and Richard Arkwright?

A weaver required several spinners to stay steadily employed.

What was the key demand of the Chartist movement?

All men must be given the right to vote.

The following is an excerpt from Peter Gaskell's The Manufacturing Population of England (Thinking Like a Historian). In it, he describes a textile worker prior to the advent of the textile factory:"Prior to the year 1760, manufactures were in a great measure confined to the demands of the home market. At this period, and down to 1800. . . the majority of the artisans engaged in them had laboured in their own houses, and in the bosoms of their families. . . .These were, undoubtedly, the golden t

As measured by the morality of workers

How did class-consciousness form during the Industrial Revolution?

As modern industry created conflict between industrialists and laborers, individuals came to believe that classes existed and developed a sense of class feeling.

Who were the Luddites?

British handicraft workers who attacked factories and destroyed machinery they believed were putting them out of work

What did James Watt gain from his partnership with Matthew Boulton?

Capital and skills in salesmanship

What was the key development in the eighteenth century that allowed continental banks to shed their earlier conservative nature?

Establishment of limited liability investment

The following is an excerpt from the testimony of Ann Eggley, an eighteen-year-old mine worker (Evaluating the Evidence 20.2):"I'm sure I don't know how to spell my name. We go at four in the morning, and sometimes at half-past four. . . . We get out after four, sometimes at five, in the evening. We work the whole time except an hour for dinner, and sometimes we haven't time to eat. I hurry [move coal wagons underground] by myself, and have done so for long. I know the corves [small coal wagons]

Everyone in her family was required to work in order to get by.

How did labor in British families change in the eighteenth century?

Family members shifted labor away from unpaid work for household consumption and toward work for wages.

Why do many historians now believe that the continued concentration by the French on artisan production of luxury items made sense in an era of industrialization?

France had long dominated that sector of production; it allowed France to capitalize on its know-how and international reputation.

The following is an excerpt from the testimony of Sir Robert Peel during an 1818 debate in the House of Commons about child labor laws (Evaluating the Evidence 20.1):"It was notorious that children of a very tender age were dragged from their beds some hours before day light, and confined in the factories not less than fifteen hours; and it was also notoriously the opinion of the faculty, that no children of eight or nine years of age could bear that degree of hardship with impunity to their hea

He asserted that children could not work in a factory for fifteen hours without doing harm to their health and constitution.

Why were cottage workers, accustomed to the putting-out system, reluctant to work in the new factories even when they received good wages?

In a factory, workers had to keep up with the machine and follow its relentless tempo.

How did the origins of industrialists change as the Industrial Revolution progressed?

It became harder to form new firms, and instead, industrialists were increasingly likely to have inherited their wealth.

What was the function of the Crystal Palace?

It was the location of the Great Exhibition in 1851 in London.

Who invented the spinning jenny?

James Hargreaves

What was the major breakthrough in energy and power supplies that catalyzed the Industrial Revolution?

James Watt's development of the steam engine between the 1760s and the 1780s

What was the result of the development of the British economy between 1780 and 1851?

Much of the growth in the gross national product was eaten up by population growth.

What did Henry Cort develop?

The puddling furnace, which allowed pig iron to be refined with coke

Why were the young, generally unmarried women who worked for wages outside the home confined to certain "women's jobs"?

The sexual division of labor replicated a long-standing pattern of gender segregation and inequality.

How did iron become the basic building block of the British economy in the nineteenth century?

The spread of coke smelting and the development of steam-powered rolling mills increased production enormously and reduced the price of iron products.

The tendency to hire family units in the early factories was

The tendency to hire family units in the early factories was

As the business world grew increasingly complex, what did the wives and daughters of successful businessmen discover in eighteenth-century Europe?

There were few job opportunities for women, as most businessmen assumed that middle-class wives and daughters should avoid work in offices and factories.

In his 1835 study of the cotton industry, what did Andrew Ure conclude about conditions in most factories?

They were not harsh and even quite good.

What did the Mines Act of 1842 prohibit?

Underground work for all women and girls as well as boys under ten

The Factory Act of 1833 constituted a major victory in the prevention of the exploitation of children in that it

banned children under nine years of age from employment.

The reformer Robert Owens sought to

create a single large national union for British workers.

In the eighteenth century, railroad construction on the European continent

featured varying degrees of government involvement.

Owing to the Industrial Revolution, living and working conditions for the poor

improved only after 1840.

The Great Exhibition of 1851 commemorated the

industrial dominance of Britain.

In The Condition of the Working Class in England, Friedrich Engels stated that

the British middle classes were guilty of "mass murder" and "wholesale robbery."

David Ricardo's iron law of wages states that

the pressure of population growth will always sink wages to subsistence level.

In nineteenth-century Germany, Fritz Harkort sought

to match English achievements in machine production as quickly as possible, even at great, unprofitable expense.