Chapter 20: We Shall Overcome
Identify a true statement about the Voting Rights Act of 1965.
By the end of 1968, nearly a quarter of a million new black voters had been registered by federal examiners and local officials.
The Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) leaders were influenced by _____,
A. J. Muste
Owing to the skillful organizing work of _____, ably assisted by Bayard Rustin and joined by all the major civil rights groups as well as many religious, labor, and civic groups, the great "March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom" grabbed the world's attention.
A. Philip Randolph
The Montgomery bus boycott symbolized _____.
African Americans' rising frustration and impatience with the denial of their rights as American citizens
In the Montgomery bus case, the special three-judge panel in the U.S. District Court declared _____, which the Supreme Court affirmed.
Alabama's state and local laws requiring segregation on buses unconstitutional
Which of the following songs of the black church and the slave spirituals were sung during the Albany movement?
"Ain't Gonna Let Nobody Turn Me Round" "We Shall Overcome" "This Little Light of Mine"
_____ served as the lead plaintiff in the Montgomery bus boycott case.
Aurelia Browder
_____ became an advisor to Martin Luther King, introducing him to the teachings of Gandhi and also those of A. J. Muste and the Fellowship of Reconciliation.
Bayard Rustin
The civil rights movement women tended to focus their appeals on other women, fully cognizant of the inspirational power of the _____.
black religious tradition
Through Freedom Summer 1964, it was SNCC worker Bob Moses's idea to _____.
bring hundreds of northern white students into the South in order to advance a massive interracial campaign to register Mississippi's black voters
On May 10, 1963, Birmingham's business leaders reached a formal agreement with the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), pledging to _____.
desegregate lunch counters, rest rooms, fitting rooms, and drinking fountains in planned stages within ninety days after signing
The executive branch of government had advanced civil rights with lasting achievements beginning in the late 1940s with the Truman administration's _____.
integration of the armed forces
In the early 1960s, the growing political efficacy among northern black voters gave them the ability to _____.
look to local, state, and national government for redress of racial injustice
Fisk University student Diane Nash is credited for suggesting the _____ as the first target in the students' nonviolent assault on segregated Nashville
lunch counter sit-in
Segregation in Birmingham may have taken months or even years to end, but with the _____, it took only five weeks.
news coverage
Since African Americans had no political power in Montgomery, they increasingly embraced the power of _____.
nonviolent protest
The Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA) adopted the tactic of _____.
nonviolent resistance
During the Korean War (1950-1953), for the first time in the nation's history, black Americans had _____.
officially become an integral part of the nation's military
The Montgomery bus boycott that began in December 1955 had turned considerably more subdued after the Court's ruling in May 1955, calling for _____.
public school desegregation with all deliberate speed
The Montgomery movement was set in motion as a result of the arrest of Rosa Parks on December 1, 1955, for the crime of _____.
refusing to yield her bus seat to a white man who demanded it
According to scholar Charles Payne, many movement women derived strength from their _____.
religious faith
The Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) leaders sought to correct the insulting discrepancy between the legal outcome of the case brought by Irene Morgan and the daily realities of Jim Crow bus travel by _____.
sending an integrated group on a two-week "journey of reconciliation" through Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Kentucky
The Supreme Court's landmark Brown decision in 1954, holding that _____, carried far-reaching implications and served as a compelling precedent in non-school-related desegregation cases.
separate is inherently unequal
A variety of civil rights strategies created the climate in which Eisenhower, the Congress, and then-Senate majority leader Lyndon Johnson of Texas worked together to _____.
support the passage of the first civil rights statute in eighty-two years
The boycott continued, despite the demands of the Montgomery Improvement Association being rejected by Mayor W. A. Gayle and the attorneys, because _____.
the endurance of the association was strengthened by a religious culture that stressed nonviolence
On February 1, 1960, Ezell Blair, Jr., Franklin McCain, Joseph McNeill, and David Richmond, four Greensboro students, staged _____.
the first successful sit-in of the 1960s civil rights movement
The ratification in January 1964 of the Twenty-fourth Amendment to the Constitution outlawed _____.
the poll tax in federal elections
The most important thing about the Albany movement was that it confirmed the influential role of ____
the press
In his Letter from Birmingham Jail, Martin Luther King insisted _____.
the white clergy take a moral stand against unjust laws
When Charles C. Diggs, Jr., of Detroit was elected to the House of Representatives on the Democratic side, it marked the first time in the twentieth century that _____.
three African Americans sat in Congress
The Albany Movement in 1961 failed because _____.
unity among the civil rights groups began to fracture
In the civil rights fervor of 1961, CORE head James Famer had counted on a racist response, believing that _____.
white backlash in various locations would compel the federal government to protect the freedom riders
Identify the features of the student-led movements, the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee and the Congress of Racial Equality, that were especially encouraging of local women.
Decentralized leadership structure Advocacy of grassroots participation
_____ on June 23, 1963, offered a fascinating preview of the Washington, D.C., civil rights march.
Detroit's "Walk to Freedom"
True or false: At the time of her arrest, Rosa Parks was a recent initiate to civil rights activism.
False
True or false: Discrimination in housing was restricted to private practice.
False
True or false: The Albany movement in 1961 was successful in its attempt to secure fair employment for black workers.
False
True or false: The enforcement of the Civil Rights Act of 1957 proved adequate in enfranchising black southerners.
False
_____ achieved national renown by describing the violence against her at the 1964 Democratic National Convention, when she testified before the members of the Credentials Committee as a delegate of the ultimately unseated Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party.
Fannie Lou Hamer
The _____ in 1963, which brought together a quarter-million civil rights advocates, provided visible proof of the many grassroots movements outside the South that helped to forge the national civil rights movement.
March on Washington
As Congress debated the civil rights bill, more than 250,000 civil rights proponents from all parts of the nation took part in August 1963 in the _____, which was the largest demonstration in American history up to that time.
March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom
Who became the head of the Montgomery Improvement Association, an umbrella group, including the local NAACP, the Women's Political Council, civic, business, religious, and fraternal organizations, as well as individuals?
Martin Luther King
An erudite yet electrifying preacher at the Dexter Memorial Baptist Church, _____ was selected by community leaders to lead the boycott effort coordinated by the Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA).
Martin Luther King, Jr.,
The _____, organized in June 1964, aided both volunteers of Freedom Summer 1964 and the black poor through immunization and pediatric services.
Medical Committee for Human Rights
In August 1964 the _____ held its state convention and sent delegates to the National Democratic Convention in Atlantic City.
Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party
The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) played a key role in working with community residents in challenging the state's racially exclusive Democratic Party by means of an alternative party open to all races—the _____.
Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party
More than 20,000 people gathered at the Lincoln Memorial to commemorate the third anniversary of the Brown decision and to pressure the federal enforcement of school desegregation in the _____ on May 17, 1957, in Washington, D.C.
Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom
____ was a key factor in gaining sympathy for the civil rights movement from persons who may have been skeptical of protesters' motivations or presumed them to be troublemakers.
Press coverage of white violence against nonviolent black demonstrators
_____ provided at times some measure of protection for civil rights protesters from beatings by the police.
Reporters on civil rights
Identify a true statement about the "Southern Manifesto" presented in Congress by the powerful southern bloc led by Senator Walter George in March 1956.
The document condemned the desegregation decision as a usurpation of the powers of the states.
Identify the themes emphasized by Martin Luther King at Detroit's "Walk to Freedom."
The dream of racial equality and reconciliation The broken promise of freedom a century after Emancipation
Identify the factors that were responsible for political revolution in the 1960s and 1970s in Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and South Carolina.
The enactment and enforcement of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 The intense voter registration drives of thousands of black and white civil rights workers
Which of the following were reasons for the Kennedy administration staying out of Albany's affairs that contributed to the failure of the Albany movement?
The influence of James A. Gray in Albany The manipulations by Albany police chief Laurie G. Pritchett
Identify a true statement about the electoral power of the blacks in the United States in the 1940s and 1950s.
The northern black urban vote undoubtedly influenced the enactment of fair employment laws.
Identify a true statement about the discrimination faced by blacks in the 1950s.
The northern civil rights movement confronted neighborhoods and jobs that were closed to them and de facto school segregation.
_____ led blacks in New York City in 1963 to launch strikes against slumlords and in Chicago in 1966 to call for Martin Luther King's assistance in their struggle against discrimination.
The refusal of cities to enforce their own antibias housing codes
Which of the following statements is true about the plan of the movement leaders in the Birmingham protest in 1963?
They ensured that blacks' economic withdrawal was in the Easter season.
Identify a strategy used by the civil rights activists in the Birmingham movement in 1963.
They planned a calculated nonviolent assault on Birmingham's white economic power structure.
Identify the true statements about the discrimination faced by blacks in northern cities.
They were not provided housing complying with the minimum housing and health standards established by the city and the state. They had fewer job opportunities and little equality in public services.
True or false: Although women were crucial to the direct-action phase of the civil rights movement, not all women were nonviolent.
True
Which of the following statements are true about the journey of reconciliation organized by the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)?
Twelve of the group, including Rustin, were arrested and pulled off the bus in Chapel Hill. It attested to the lack of knowledge by bus drivers of the historic Supreme Court decision in Morgan.
The first successful integration of a public university was accomplished by _____.
Charlayne Hunter
_____, first begun by Septima Clark and Esau Jenkins at Highlander and then expanded by them to other locations, taught adult literacy for the purpose of passing the literacy tests required for voter registration and made possible the registering of many new voters in the South.
Citizenship schools
President Dwight D. Eisenhower, although not as progressive on civil rights as Truman, presented a four-point proposal for civil rights, which was written and submitted by his Attorney General, Herbert Brownell. The end product was the _____.
Civil Rights Act of 1957
Although the Supreme Court upheld the right of the Department of Justice to bring suits such as the ones instituted in Alabama, Georgia, and Louisiana, the slow case-by-case approach revealed the inadequacies of the law and the need to strengthen it. After much debate and Senate filibusters, the _____ was passed to strengthen it.
Civil Rights Act of 1960
Critical as well to the fight for the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1957 was _____, director of the NAACP's Washington bureau and the organization's chief lobbyist on Capitol Hill.
Clarence Mitchell, Jr.
In 1964, _____ was the first black woman elected to a seat on the New York state senate, and in 1966 she was appointed a federal district judge by President Lyndon Johnson.
Constance Baker Motley
James Meredith benefited from having _____ as his lawyer, who brought her legal skill again and again to the fight for the admission of African Americans to state universities.
Constance Baker Motley
In 1964, the _____ campaign in Mississippi brought women into the civil rights movement in large numbers.
Council of Federated Organizations' voting-rights
The _____, with an appropriation of $1.3 billion, gave an added incentive to compliance with plans for desegregating schools in the South in the 1960s.
Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965
A field secretary for the NAACP in the 1940s, as well as national director of NAACP branches, _____ traveled throughout the United States, building up local memberships and urging the branches to confront forms of racial inequality in their specific locations.
Ella Baker
Identify a true statement about the freedom schools started in 1964.
Freedom school students were taught history lessons that emphasized black struggle and pride—a curriculum uncommon in southern public schools.
In the centennial of the Emancipation Proclamation in 1963, many leaders pointed out the lingering problem of racial inequality in American life. That year, the United States Commission on Civil Rights presented to the president a report on the history of civil rights, _____.
Freedom to the Free
The Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) leaders advocated _____.
Gandhi's philosophy of satyagraha
Identify the tactics used by Albany police chief Laurie G. Pritchett to undermine the Albany movement in 1961
He made arrangements with police departments in neighboring counties to hold prisoners in jails. He labored to keep Albany's blacks from filling jails.
Which of the following was an effect of the political revolution in the South in the 1960s?
In 1966 there were ninety-seven black members of state legislatures and six members of Congress.
Identify a true statement about Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)'s style of activism.
It asserted confidence in nonviolent direct action.
Identify a true statement about the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee.
It branched out into smaller cities and towns and worked to organize local blacks.
Which of the following are true about the Civil Rights Act of 1964?
It established the federal Community Relations Service to help individuals and communities solve civil rights problems. It created the federal Equal Employment Opportunity Commission.
Identify a true statement about the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party.
It failed to unseat the racist state party by claiming to be the legitimate Democratic Party.
Identify a true statement about the Civil Rights Act of 1957.
It primarily safeguarded blacks' voting rights.
What did the interracial direct-action group Congress of Racial Equality do to challenge segregation laws and practices in bus terminals?
It sent freedom riders on a route intended to stretch from Washington, D.C. to New Orleans.
Identify the lessons that civil rights activists learned from the Albany movement.
It taught the importance of freedom songs. It taught organizers that a campaign targeting specific discriminatory practices was most effective.
Identify the true statements about the famous Letter from Birmingham Jail written by Martin Luther King.
It was a response to white clergymen whose open letter in a Birmingham newspaper asked blacks to end their demonstrations for the good of the city. It was a defense of his involvement in the Birmingham movement.
Identify a true statement about the Montgomery bus boycott.
It was highly planned and carefully strategized.
_____ learned of the Montgomery boycott while on a missionary trip to India after spending fourteen months in a federal prison for refusing to be drafted in the Korean War and returned to America to take part in the budding movement against southern segregation.
James M. Lawson, Jr.,
As part of the civil rights movement, the _____ was organized in March 1965.
Selma-to-Montgomery march
The violence on demonstrators in the _____ was so vicious that the date is remembered as "Bloody Sunday."
Selma-to-Montgomery march
_____ supported the NAACP's effort in 1918-1919 to hire black teachers in the public schools of Charleston.
Septima Clark
Identify a true statement about the contribution of Septima Clark to the civil rights movement.
She formed part of the successful class-action suit for the equalization of teachers' pay in South Carolina.
In addition to student support, the _____, founded in Atlanta in February 1957 in the wake of the Montgomery victory and headed by Martin Luther King, Jr., had an active branch in Nashville.
Southern Christian Leadership Conference
The collective demands of students found voice in the new national, student-led civil rights group, the _____, founded by student activists from across the South converged at Shaw University in Raleigh, North Carolina.
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee
_____ served as the linchpin for uniting Montgomery's black community for the boycott.
The arrest of Rosa Parks
Identify the demands drafted by the Montgomery Improvement Association.
The city adopt a first-come, first-served seating system, with blacks filling the rear and whites the front Bus drivers treat black passengers with dignity and respect The city agree to hire black bus drivers in black neighborhoods
_____ was the first successful example of mass nonviolent resistance in the United States.
The Montgomery bus boycott
_____ inspired thousands of southern blacks in the 1950s to attempt to register to vote—some at extreme peril.
The NAACP's success in Brown in the 1950s
_____ proved to be the branch of government that was most resistant to desegregation in the 1960s
The Senate with its powerful southern bloc
Congress passed the _____, which authorized the attorney general to send federal examiners to register black voters when he concluded that local registrars were not doing their job.
Voting Rights Act of 1965
With the passage of new civil rights laws in the 1950s and 1960s, the _____ played a critical role in upholding their constitutionality, deciding a plethora of civil rights cases that undergird liberal equality—including cases involving school desegregation, discriminatory legislative apportionment and voting, the integration of public accommodations, and interracial marriage.
Warren Court
Identify a true statement about school desegregation in the 1950s.
Women were the initiators in the desegregation of state universities at the undergraduate level.
The civil rights report "Freedom to the Free," declared that _____.
a gap between recorded aspirations and actual practices still remained
The goal of the journey of reconciliation organized by the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) was to _____.
educate black communities along the bus route of the U.S. Supreme Court's decision in Morgan
In Philadelphia between 1959 and 1963 four hundred black ministers and other civil rights activists, led by Rev. Leon Sullivan waged a "selective patronage" campaign against _____.
employers with a record of racial discrimination in hiring
President Eisenhower on civil rights is perhaps best remembered for his role in _____.
facilitating the desegregation of Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas
It was in Albany that the civil rights movement first used _____.
freedom songs as an integral part of demonstrations
Sociologist Belinda Robnett called civil rights women who derived their strength from their religious faith as "bridge leaders," since they _____.
functioned as the link between local community members and external organizations
The Montgomery boycott called for _____.
greater militancy in a concerted and sustained effort to advance the freedom struggle
In the postwar years in the North, no issue appeared more intractable than _____.
housing
