Chapter 21

In the 1760s, Monday was popularly known as ___________ because so many workers took the day off. A) holi-day. B) Idle Monday C) Lazy Monday D) Saint Monday E) Rest Day

D) Saint Monday

In return for financial support, what did Charles II of England secretly promise to Louis XIV of France?

English laws against Catholics would be eased and England gradually re-Catholicized

How did Frederick William the Great Elector of Prussia persuade the junker nobility to except taxation without consent in order to fund the army?

He confirmed the junkers privileges, including their authority over the serfs

Voltaire was a deist who viewed God as a kin to a

clockmaker who set the universe and motion and then ceased to intervene in human affairs

The key development that allowed continental banks to shed their earlier conservative nature was the

establishment of limited liability investment

why were cottage workers, accustomed to the putting-out system, reluctant to work in the new factories even when they received good wages

in a factory, workers had to keep up with the machine and follow its relentless tempo

in the condition of the working class in England, friedrich engels stated that

in general, the living conditions of the working class were "slowly improving"

the great exhibition of 1851 commemorated the

industrial dominance of Britain

The trains of the 1830s traveled at about ________ miles per hour. A) sixteen B) twenty-two C) thirty-five D) fifty E) sixty

A) sixteen

Which of the following characterizes the regions to which slaves were carried from Africa to the Americas?

About 90% of slaves were transported to Brazil or the Caribbean, with only 3% brought to North America

What was the result of the war of the Austrian succession?

An inconclusive standoff that set the stage for further warfare

All of the following facilitated the Industrial Revolution in eighteenth-century Britain except A) the existence of extensive colonial markets for manufactured goods. B) extensive investment of foreign capital in Britain. C) the network of canals constructed from the 1770s. D) large deposits of iron and coal in England and Wales. E) a prosperous and efficient agriculture.

B) extensive investment of foreign capital in Britain.

The Mines Act of 1842 A) prohibited underground work for women. B) prohibited underground work for women as well as boys under ten. C) prohibited underground work for boys under ten. D) prohibited underground work for boys under sixteen. E) established new safety rules for underground work.

B) prohibited underground work for women as well as boys under ten.

Which of the following characterizes 18th century colonial trade in Europe?

Britain's mercantilist system achieved remarkable success as trade with its colonies grew substantially

Who were the Luddites?

British handicraft workers who attacked factories and destroyed machinery they believed were putting them out of work

The first modern factories arose in the A) furnituremaking industry. B) steel industry. C) textile industry. D) railroad industry. E) chemical industry.

C) textile industry.

By the 18 century, the lead of Spanish colonial society

Came to believe that their circumstances gave them different interests and characteristics from those in Spain

How did cotton transform the textile industry?

Cotton could be spun mechanically with much greater efficiency than wool or flax, helping to solve the shortage of thread for textile production.

According to the text, the world's first important railroad, completed in 1830, ran between A) Baltimore and Washington, D.C. B) London and Edinburgh. C) Moscow and St. Petersburg. D) Liverpool and Manchester. E) Paris and Bordeaux.

D) Liverpool and Manchester.

Friedrich List was an early proponent of A) economic liberalism. B) working-class unions. C) factory regulation and reform. D) economic nationalism. E) state ownership of the economy.

D) economic nationalism.

Richard Arkwright is best known for his invention of A) the flying shuttle. B) the first modern railroad engine. C) an improved steam engine. D) the water frame. E) the spinning jenny.

D) the water frame.

David Ricardo formulated the A) wage-price index. B) population-poverty index. C) theory of positive checks. D) principle of population. E) iron law of wages.

E) iron law of wages.

Mercantilist theory postulated that

Economic activity should be regulated by and for the state

How did labor in British families change in the eighteenth century?

Family members shifted labor away from unpaid work for household consumption and toward work for wages.

why do many historians now believe that the continued concentration by the French on artisan production of luxury items made sense in an era of industrialization

France had long dominated that sector of production; it allowed France to capitalize on its know-how and international reputation

Cardinal Jules Mazarin's struggle to increase royal revenues to meet the cost of war led to uprisings of 1648 to 1653, known as the

Fronde

How did Cardinal Richelieu increase the power of the centralized French state?

He extended the use of intendants, commissioners for each of France's 32 districts

In his essay concerning human understanding, John Locke claimed that

Human development is determined by education and society

How did the expansion in cotton clothing affect Western dress?

Most people began to wear underwear.

Which one of the following best characterizes the British economy between 1780 and 1851?

Much of the growth of the gross national product was eaten up by population growth.

A striking feature of the salons was that

Philosophers, nobles, and members of the upper-middle-class intermingled

The industrious revolution was a result of

Poor families choosing to reduce leisure time and the production of goods for household consumption in order to earn wages to buy consumer goods

Which powers participated in the partial name of Poland in the late 18th century?

Prussia, Russia, and Austria

The spinning of thread for the loom

Required the work of several spinners for each loom, which lef merchants to employ the wives and daughters of agricultural workers at terribly low wages

The concept of the reading revolution refers to the

Shift from reading religious texts out loud as a family to reading diverse texts individually

In The Condition of the Working Class in England, Friedrich Engels stated that...?

The British middle classes were guilty of "mass murder" and "wholesale robbery."

Which of the following correctly characterizes the transformation of the English and Scottish countryside in the enclosure era?

The elimination of common rights and access to land turned small peasant farmers into landless wage earners

Which of the following describes the enclosure movement of the 18th century?

The land was divided into plots bounded by fences to farm more efficiently

What was the core concept of the enlightenment?

The methods of natural science should be used to examine all aspects of life

At the center of Adam Smith's arguments in the wealth of Nations was the belief that

The pursuit of self interest in competitive markets would improve the living conditions of citizens

Catherine the great's goal of domestic reform never came into fruition, owing to

The rebellion led by Emelian Pugachev in1773

What was a competitive advantage of the rural putting-out system?

The rulal poor worked for low wages

To move from the laboratory into manufacturing, James Watt's steam engine needed all of the following except

a single, distinct industrial use.

what major problem in the textile industry was solved by the inventions of james hargreaves and richard arkwright

a weaver required several spinners to stay steadily employed

what was the key demand of the chartist movement

all men must be given the right to vote

William Cockerill was...?

an English carpenter who built cotton-spinning equipment in Belgium

who was the william cockerill

an English carpenter who built cotton-spinning equipment in belgium

how did class-consciousness form during the industrial revolution

as modern industry created conflict between industrialists and laborers, individuals came to believe that classes existed and developed a sense of class feeling

how did industry grow in continental Europe

belgium led continental Europe in adopting British technology for production

which law outlawed labor unions and strikes in Britain

combination acts of 1799

how did cotton transform the textile industry

cotton could be spun mechanically with much greater efficiency than wool or flax, helping to solve the shortage of thread for textile production

The English navigation acts mandated that all English imports and exports be transported on English ships, and they also

gave British merchants a virtual monopoly on trade with British colonies

in primary source 20.1: debate over child labor laws, how did sir robert peel argue against the employment of child laborers in 1818 debates in parliament

he asserted that children could not work in a factory for fifteen hours without doing harm to their health and constitution

The crystal Palace exhibition of 1851 commemorated the...?

industrial dominance of Britain.

how did the origins of industrialists change as the industrial revolution progressed

it became harder to form new firms, and instead industrialists were increasingly likely to have inherited their wealth

British economist Thomas Malthus argued that...?

population always grew faster than the food supply.

in primary source 20.2: living conditions of the working class, what common problem is cited in the interviews with the two doctors

the dwellings are overcrowded

in nineteenth-century Germany, fritz harkort sought

to match English achievements in machine production as quickly as possible, even at great, unprofitable expense

what did the mines act of 1842 prohibit

underground work for all women and girls as well as boys under ten

The tendency to hire family units in the early factories was

usually a response to the wishes of the families.

Why did European slave traders in Africa adopt the "shore method" of trading in the 18th century?

It permitted Europeans to move Easley along the coast, obtaining slaves at various slave markets and then departing quickly for the Americas

who invented the spinning jenny

James Hargreaves

France's strong economy was created by the mercantilist policies of

Jean-Baptiste Colbert

The glorious Revolution and the concepts of representative government found it's best defense in the Second Treatise of Civil Government by

John Locke

In the 18th century, advocates for agricultural innovation argued that

Land holdings and common clans needed to be consolidated and enclosed in order to farm more efficiently

How did the Peace of Westphalia mark a turning point in European history?

Large scale armed conflicts over religious faith came to an end

How did the Peace of Utrecht resolve the problem of succession to the Spanish throne?

Louis XIV of France's grandson, Philip, was placed on the French throne with the agreement that the French and Spanish would never be united

How did railroads affect the nature of production?

Markets become broader, encouraging manufacturers to create larger factories with more sophisticated machines.

Oliver Cromwell's Protectorate was ultimately a

Military dictatorship

Which book by the Baron de Montesquieu is considered the first major work in the French enlightenment?

The Persian Letter

who were the luddites

British handicraft workers who attacked factories and destroyed machinery they believed were putting them out of work

William Cockerill was A) the inventor of the spinning jenny. B) the chief financial backer of the first commercial railway in England. C) an English carpenter who built cotton-spinning equipment in Belgium. D) the prime minister of Britain who opposed the Factory Act of 1833. E) the British general at Waterloo.

C) an English carpenter who built cotton-spinning equipment in Belgium.

In the eighteenth century, a shortage of __________ held British industry back. A) coal B) water C) wood D) iron E) steel

C) wood

in 1850, in what occupational area did the largest number of British people work

farming and agriculture

why did eighteenth century Britain have a shortage of wood

wood had been over-harvested; it was the primary source of heat in all homes and a basic raw material in industry

How did class-consciousness form during the Industrial Revolution?

it formed because many individuals came to believe that classes existed and developed a sense of class feeling

Which of the following characterizes the English Revolution of 1688?

The revolution did not constitute a democratic revolution since sovereignty was placed in the Parliament, which only represented the upper classes

Joseph II's conversion of peasant labor obligations to cash payment

Was opposed by both nobles and peasants

How did the origins of industrialists change as the Industrial Revolution progressed?

It became harder to form new firms, and instead industrialists were increasingly likely to have inherited their wealth.

Friedrich List believed that industrial development should be pursued

as a part of a project of economic nationalism led by the state

what was the function of the crystal palace

it was the location of the great exhibition in 1851 in London

All of the following correctly characterize industrial growth patterns in Europe except...?

ollowing the Napoleonic wars, France experienced a boom in factory production as the economy shifted from wartime to peacetime production

thomas malthus argued in his essay on the principle of population (1798) that

population tends to increase beyond the means of subsistence

The difficulties faced by the continental economies in their efforst to compete with the British included all of the following except

the scarcity of human capital

Most early industrialists drew on ____________ for labor and capital. A) family and friends B) national banks C) government loans D) the investing public E) government investment

A) family and friends

The law which outlawed labor unions and strikes in Britain was the A) Factory Act of 1833. B) Mines Act of 1842. C) Coercive Acts of 1766. D) Combination Acts of 1799. E) Reform Law of 1848.

D) COmbination Acts of 1799

Why did the Dutch failed to maintain their dominance in Asia?

The Dutch East India Company failed to diversify its trade to meet change in consumption patterns in Europe

Railroad construction on the continent A) was much cheaper than it had been in Britain. B) featured varying degrees of government involvement. C) was generally the work of private entrepreneurs. D) generally followed the British pattern. E) was actually ahead of British railroad construction.

B) featured varying degrees of government involvement.

what was an effect of the factory act of 1833

it limited the work of children and thereby broke the pattern of families working together in factories

The men who built the European railroads were typically A) slaves imported from Africa. B) army soldiers. C) rural laborers and peasants. D) urban factory workers. E) Slavs hired from eastern Europe.

C) rural laborers and peasants.

How did the idea of race transform Europeans idea of their superiority over other peoples?

European superiority was increasingly defined as biologically superior as well as culturally superior

How did William Laud, the archbishop of Canterbury, create conflict in Britain in the 1630s?

He sought to impose a new prayerbook modeled on the Anglican book of common prayer on Presbyterian Scotland

How did the problem of food shortages change in the 18th century?

Increased Road and canal building permitted food to be more easily transported to regions with local crop failure and famine

Workers resisted moving from cottage work into factories for all of the following reasons except...?

They received substantially lower wages than cottage work.

in the nineteenth-century, friedrich list believed that industrial development should be pursued

as a part of a project of economic nationalism led by the state

Scholarly debate about the origins of the sexual division of labor during the Industrial Revolution revolves around A) arguments ascribing the division to ingrained patriarchal traditions versus those ascribing it to economic and biological factors. B) arguments ascribing the division to traditional religious mores versus those ascribing it to owners' desire to hire adult males. C) arguments ascribing the division to the Factory Act of 1833 versus those ascribing it to the Combinations Act of 1799. D) arguments ascribing the division to the return of soldiers to Britain at the end of the Napoleonic wars versus those ascribing it to women's desire to be at home rearing their children. E) arguments ascribing the division to early socialist ideas versus arguments ascribing it to traditional religious mores.

A) arguments ascribing the division to ingrained patriarchal traditions versus those ascribing it to economic and biological factors.

The Crystal Palace exhibition of 1851 commemorated the A) industrial dominance of Britain. B) half-century of labor reforms in Britain. C) creation of the German Zollverein. D) Battle of Waterloo. E) launching of the Great Eastern.

A) industrial dominance of Britain.

The key demand of the Chartist movement was A) that all men have the right to vote. B) an eight hour workday and a minimum wage. C) a ban on women and children working in the factories. D) repeal of the Combination Acts. E) freedom of religion.

A) that all men have the right to vote.

The earliest steam engines were A) used to pump water out of coal mines. B) developed by James Watt. C) those used to propel locomotives. D) used as central power sources for the new factories. E) used to run mechanical spinning jennies.

A) used to pump water out of coal mines.

Because working conditions were poor in early textile factories A) factory owners paid people well to work in them. B) factory owners turned to orphaned children as an important part of their workforce. C) factory owners turned to African slaves as an important part their workforce. D) factory owners turned to Irish immigrants as an important part their workforce. E) factory owners turned to peasant women as an important part their workforce.

B) factory owners turned to orphaned children as an important part of their workforce.

Scholarly statistical studies of the condition of members of the British working class indicate that A) their standard of living improved steadily from the beginning of industrialization. B) improvement did not come until the period after 1820. C) the standard of living for British workers deteriorated throughout the nineteenth century. D) only skilled workers enjoyed improvements in their standard of living. E) the Industrial Revolution made little difference in the living standards of the working class.

B) improvement did not come until the period after 1820

The Factory Act of 1833 A) outlawed employment of children under thirteen. B) limited the workday for children between six and nine to four hours a day. C) limited the workday for children between nine and thirteen to eight hours a day. D) limited the workday for children under sixteen to eight hours a day. E) established lower pay scales for children under sixteen.

C) limited the workday for children between nine and thirteen to eight hours a day.

British economist Thomas Malthus argued that A) population pressure would always force wages down to subsistence levels. B) using young children in factories was immoral. C) population always grew faster than the food supply. D) the standard of living was a reflection of industrial capacity. E) Methodism was a key factor in keeping the working class from revolting.

C) population pressure would always force wages down to subsistence levels.

The major breakthrough in energy and power supplies that catalyzed the Industrial Revolution was A) Thomas Newcomen's 1705 steam engine. B) The development of the internal combustion engine. C) The use of running water to power cotton-spinning machinery. D) James Watt's steam engine, developed and marketed between the 1760s and the 1780s. E) Sir Isaac Newton's discovery of the law of action and reaction.

D) James Watt's steam engine, developed and marketed between the 1760s and the 1780s.

The greatest change workers faced with the shift from cottage industry to factory work was A) lower wages. B) harder work. C) the destruction of family unit labor. D) a new tempo and discipline. E) repetitive work.

D) a new tempo and discipline

All of the following were consequences of revolutionary changes in the textile industry except A) cheaper cotton goods. B) a dramatic increase in weavers' wages. C) the movement of large numbers of agricultural workers into the industry. D) a reduction in child labor. E) easier access to yarn for handloom weavers.

D) a reduction in child labor.

The difficulties faced by the continental economies in their efforts to compete with the British included all of the following except the A) low prices of British mass-produced goods. B) complexity and expense of the new technology. C) resistance of landowning elites. D) scarcity of human capital. E) devastation left by the Napoleonic wars.

D) scarcity of human capital.

Well the Spanish Landowners kept indigenous workers on their estates through a system of

Debt peonage in which landowners advanced food, shelter, and some money, in this way keeping the workers in perpetual debt

in primary source 20.5, what does sarah stickney ellis advise the middle class woman to do

think about how best to help those who need assistance

Which of the following events occurred first? A) Watt invented modern steam engine. B) Combination Acts passed. C) Mines Act passed. D) Great exposition held at Crystal Palace. E) Malthus published Essay on the Principle of Population.

A) Watt invented modern steam engine.

Early textile factories in Britain worked with A) cotton. B) flax. C) silk. D) hemp. E) wool.

A) cotton

By reducing the cost of overland freight, the railroad A) created national markets. B) reduced the volume of world trade. C) strengthened regional economies. D) strengthened rural cottage industry. E) drove the British merchant marine out of business.

A) created national markets.

In The Condition of the Working Class in England, Friedrich Engels stated that A) the social problems in Britain were not a product of the Industrial Revolution. B) the British middle classes were guilty of "mass murder" and "wholesale robbery." C) in general, the living conditions of the working class were slowly improving. D) the class consciousness of the working class would lead to social revolution. E) the working class was itself responsible for most of the problems its members faced.

B) the British middle classes were guilty of "mass murder" and "wholesale robbery."

What helped to justify the growth of slavery in the 18th century?

The emergence of scientific racism

From 1701 to 1763, what was at stake in the wars between Great Britain and France?

The position as Europe's leading maritime power, with the ability to claim profits from Europe's overseas expansion

Which of the following best explains David Ricardo's Iron Law of Wages?

The pressure of population growth would always sink wages to subsistence levels.

In Germany, Fritz Harkort...?

sought to match English achievements in machine production as quickly as possible, even at great, unprofitable expense.

the tendency to hire family units in the early factories was

usually a response to the wishes of the families

in the "separate spheres" pattern of gender relationships

women generally stopped working outside of the home after the first child was born

The Amalgamated Society of Engineers represented A) all factory workers. B) railway operators. C) skilled machinists. D) construction specialists. E) factory owners.

C) skilled machinists.

the reformer robert owens sought to

create a single large national union for British workers

what was the major breakthrough in energy and power supplies that catalyzed the industrial revolution

james watt's development of the steam engine between 1760s and 1780s

why were the young, generally unmarried women who worked for wages outside the home confined to certain "women's jobs"

the sexual division of labor replicated a long standing pattern of gender segregation and inequality

The primary cause of the English glorious Revolution was

A fear of the establishment of Catholic absolutism by James II

As major railroad construction came to a close in Britain, what happened to the workers who built those lines?

They drifted to towns and cities in search of employment and became urban laborers.

How did governments respond to the new science?

They established academics of science to support and sometimes direct scientific research

how did railroads affect the nature of production

markets become broader, encouraging manufacturers to create larger factories with more sophisticated machines

what was the result of the development of the British economy between 1780-1851

much of the growth in the gross national product was eaten up by population growth

in primary source 20.3: the testimony of young mine workers, what do ann eggley, eighteen years old, and patience kershaw, aged seventeen, have in common

neither girl has learned to read or write

david ricardo's iron law of wages states that

the pressure of population growth will always sink wages subsistence DIFF:Level

what did henry cort develop

the puddling furnace, which allowed pig iron to be refined with coke

James Watt solved the inefficiency problems of early steam engines by A) increasing the size of the engines. B) adding a separate condenser. C) using a better grade of coal for fuel. D) using accurate, precision parts. E) uniting the combustion chamber with the piston cylinder.

B) adding a separate condenser.

The key development that allowed continental banks to shed their earlier conservative nature was the A) industrialization of the continent. B) establishment of limited liability investment. C) replacement of the old managers with young, aggressive investment bankers. D) recruitment of bank deposits from the landed aristocracy. E) influx of British investment.

B) establishment of limited liability investment.

The tendency to hire family units in the early factories was A) originally a government-sponsored response to urbanization. B) usually a response to the wishes of the families. C) replaced by the system of pauper apprenticeship. D) outlawed by the Combination Acts. E) highly inefficient.

B) usually a response to the wishes of the families.

______________ managed to raise per capita industrial levels in the nineteenth century. A) Only Britain B) Only Britain, France, and Germany C) Only Britain, Germany, and Belgium D) Only Britain and Germany E) All European states

E) All European states

According to the table "Per Capita Levels of Industrialization," which countries were closest behind Britain in industrialization in the first half of the nineteenth century? A) Germany and the United States. B) France and the United States. C) Germany and Russia. D) France and Germany. E) Belgium and the United States.

E) Belgium and the United States.

the factory act of 1833 constituted a major victory in the prevention of the exploitation of children in that it

banned children under nine years of age from employment

what did james watt gain from his partnership with matthew boulton

capital and skills in salesmanship

How did enlightenment thinkers differ from those of the middle ages and renaissance?

Enlightenment thinkers believed that their era had surpassed antiquity, which demonstrated the possibility of human progress

The major breakthrough in energy and power supplies that catalyzed the Industrial Revolution was

James Watt's steam engine, developed and marketed between the 1760's and the 1780's.

In music, the Baroque style reached its culmination in the work of

Johann Sebastian Bach

What was the primary goal of Galileo Galilei's experimental method?

To discover what actually occurred in nature rather than to speculate on what should occur

Christianity and colonial societies in the Americas

Took on distinctive characteristics through a complex process of cultural exchange that made it Christianity more comprehensible to indigenous peoples

Why did the eighteenth-century Britain have a shortage of wood?

Wood had been over-harvested: it was the primary source of hear in all homes and a basic raw material in industry.

How was the life of nonagricultural workers transformed between 1760 and 1830?

Workers worked many more days per year

what was the key development in the eighteenth century that allowed continental banks to shed their earlier conservative nature

establishment of limited liability investment

how did labor in British families change in the eighteenth century

family members shifted labor away from unpaid work for household consumption and toward work for wages

in the eighteenth century, railroad construction on the European continent

featured varying degrees of government involvement

owing to the industrial revolution, living and working conditions for the poor

improved only after 1820

how did iron become the basic building block of the British economy in the nineteenth century

the spread of coke smelting and the development of steam powered rolling mills increased production enormously and reduced the price of iron products

as the business world grew inincreasingly complex, what did the wives and daughters of successful businessmen discover in eighteenth century Europe

there were few job opportunities for women, as most businessmen assumed that middle class wives and daughters should avoid work in offices and factories

how did older members of the population seek to control the sexuality of working-class youths

they supported the establishment of sex-segregated employment

in his 1835 study of the cotton industry, what did andrew ure conclude about conditions in most factories

they were not harsh and even quite good