Chapter 21: Age of Exploration and Trade
What happened to France and England after the early expeditions?
After these early expeditions, France and England had to focus their attention on religious conflicts and civil wars in their own countries. By the early 1600s, these countries renewed their overseas explorations. This time, the French and English began to establish their own settlements in the Americas. Since most of Spain and Portugal's territories were in South America, Mexico, and the Caribbean, France and England began to establish colonies in North America.
What did these 4 kingdoms have in common?
All of these kingdoms had ports on the Atlantic Ocean—and all were eager to find a sea route to Asia.
Who was the Inca Ruler and how did he die?
Spanish messengers invited the Inca ruler Atahualpa (ah • tuh • WAHL • puh) to meet with Pizarro. Atahualpa agreed and came to the meeting with just 4,000 unarmed bodyguards. At their meeting, Pizarro demanded that Atahualpa give up his gods. The emperor laughed at this, and Pizarro ordered an attack. The Spanish fired into the unarmed Inca crowd. Pizarro dragged Atahualpa from the battlefield. Atahualpa tried to buy his freedom. He offered Pizarro an entire room full of gold and silver. Pizarro immediately accepted Atahualpa's offer. Atahualpa had his people bring Pizarro the precious metals. Pizarro, however, did not set Atahualpa free. Instead, he charged the emperor with plotting a rebellion, worshipping false gods, and other crimes. In 1533, a military court found the emperor guilty and sentenced him to death.
Explain what viceroys were.
Spanish rulers sent royal officials called viceroys to govern local areas. Councils of Spanish settlers also advised the viceroys.
Explain the role of the Spanish settler, landowner, and priest.
Spanish settlers grew crops of sugarcane on large farms known as plantations (plan • TAY • shuns). Landowners also operated gold and silver mines. At the same time, Spanish priests established missions, or religious communities, to teach Christianity to the Native Americans.
1) Define conquistador. 2) How did the Taino react to seeing the conquistadors? 3) What did the conquistadors do?
Spanish soldiers who conquered people in other lands For the first time, the Taino saw the conquistadors (kahn • KEES • tuh • dawrz), the soldier-explorers that Spain sent to the Americas. The Taino became frightened by what they witnessed. Men in armor rode on powerful horses, with snarling dogs running alongside them. In a display of might, the soldiers fired guns that shot out flames and lead balls. The conquistadors claimed Hispaniola for Spain, and then they enslaved the Taino.
What amount of control did Spain have on the Incas?
Still, the Spanish could not gain complete control of the Inca Empire. Even after Pizarro died in 1541, the Spanish were still fighting Inca rebels.
Describe the connection between Pizarro and the Incas.
The Inca ruled the empire that Balboa and Pizarro wanted to conquer. By the 1530s, the powerful Inca Empire had become considerably weaker. Despite their weaknesses, the Inca did not fear Pizarro and his troops. Pizarro had only 168 soldiers, one cannon, and 27 horses compared to the Inca army's 30,000 warriors. Still, Pizarro and his small army moved to attack the Inca homeland. In late 1532, Pizarro decided on a bold plan.
What action did The Netherlands, France, England take? What were their goals?
The Netherlands, France, and England soon joined Spain and Portugal in a race to gain wealth in new lands and to spread Christianity.
What effect did Portugal have on England and France?
The Portuguese successes led England and France to begin their own overseas exploration
How did the Spanish King react to Pizarro?
The Spanish king rewarded Pizarro by making him governor of Peru. Pizarro chose a new emperor for the Inca, who had to follow Pizarro's orders.
What occurred in the beginning of the Aztec downfall and what role did religion play?
The Spanish traveled hundreds of miles inland to reach Tenochtitlán (TAY • NAWCH • teet • LAHN), the Aztec capital. Messengers reported their every move to the Aztec ruler, Montezuma II (MAHN • tuh • ZOO • muh). The Aztec believed in a light-skinned god named Quetzalcoatl (KWEHT • zuhl • kuh • WAH • tuhl). According to Aztec legend, this god, who opposed the practice of human sacrifice, had sailed away long ago but had promised to return someday to reclaim his land. Montezuma was afraid Cortés was this god returning home. He was afraid to attack the Spanish right away.
By the 1400s, a number of technological inventions became available to European explorers. These inventions helped them navigate vast oceans. What were these inventions/discoveries?
The astrolabe was an ancient Greek instrument that was used to find latitude. Sailors used the compass to help determine the direction in which they were sailing. European mapmakers also improved their skills. During the late Middle Ages, most educated Europeans were aware that the earth was round. The only maps that were available, however, were of Europe and the Mediterranean region. That changed during the Renaissance when people began to study ancient maps and books.
Who was the world's first global empire and what opened the door for them become rulers?
The conquest of Peru opened most of South America to Spanish rule. Spain would create the world's first global empire.
Describe the history of Dutch Traders. What was their golden age?
Another European country, the Netherlands, was interested in overseas exploration and settlement. The Netherlands won its independence from Spain in the late 1500s. Its people, known as the Dutch, believed that trade was key to their survival. The 1600s were a golden age for the Netherlands. Dutch ships were efficient. Compared with ships from other European countries, Dutch ships could transport more goods and be operated by smaller crews. Dutch trading ships sailed to the southern tip of Africa to the islands of Southeast Asia and soon set out for North America. An English navigator named Henry Hudson claimed land for the Dutch along the Atlantic coast of North America. In 1621, Dutch traders established settlements in the Americas, including one on Manhattan Island that they called New Amsterdam. Today, this region is part of New York City.
How did Montezuma's thinking change (if at all) and what was the result.
As Cortés marched closer, Montezuma changed his mind and decided to ambush the Spanish troops. Cortés, however, had already learned about the planned ambush.
Describe how to crew felt about the journey.
As the weeks passed without sight of land, the sailors grew frightened. They wanted Columbus to sail back to Europe.
How did Jamestown do in the early years?
At first, the early settlers in Virginia could barely find enough food to survive. During the winters, many of them starved to death. Others were killed in clashes with Native Americans. In the early years, the merchants and nobles who invested in the settlement did not make any money. Jamestown needed to develop an economic activity in order to become profitable. Settlers discovered that tobacco grew well in Virginia.
What did Balboa find and how did he die?
Balboa found a sea, known today as the Pacific Ocean, but he never found the golden empire he was looking for. A jealous Spanish official in Panama falsely charged Balboa with treason and had him beheaded.
By the 1600s, Spain's empire in the Americas had grown to do what?
By the 1600s, Spain's empire in the Americas had grown to include parts of North America and much of South America.
What did Columbus do after reaching land.
Columbus claimed the island of San Salvador for Spain. He then traveled farther west in the Caribbean Sea. Eventually, his ships reached and explored the islands of Cuba and Hispaniola (hihs • puh • NYOH • luh). Today, the countries of Haiti and the Dominican Republic are located on the island of Hispaniola. Columbus began trading with the Taino (TEYE • noh) people. (The Taino were the island's Native American people.)
What did Columbus return with?
Columbus returned to Spain with colorful parrots, some gold and spices, and several Taino as proof of his discovery.
1) What year did Columbus leave? 2) Who did he take with him on the voyage and why? 3) Where did he land?
Columbus set out again in 1493. On this voyage, he took soldiers with him to conquer the people of these new lands. In November, the Spanish landed on Hispaniola.
How did Spain react to Columbus.
Columbus's success pleased the Spanish monarchs. Eager investors urgently, or quickly, organized a second return voyage.
What fact was Columbus oblivious to?
Columbus, however, believed that he had been exploring the coast of Asia. He never realized that he had actually arrived in the Americas.
Cortés also relied on a Maya woman named ___ for what?
Cortés also relied on a Maya woman named Malintzin (mah • LIHNT • suhn) for information about the Aztec.
How could such a small army expect to defeat the mighty Aztec?
Cortés used his army's guns and horses to frighten Native Americans. In a display of power, he forced thousands of them to surrender.
During the 1500s, Spain...
During the 1500s, Spain continued to explore the Americas, but it was still interested in finding a western route to Asia.
During the 1660s, the French king began...
During the 1660s, the French king began sending political and military officials to rule New France. Jesuit and other Catholic missionaries also arrived. They taught Christianity to the Native Americans. The Native Americans called the Jesuits "Black Robes" because of the black clothes they wore.
Describe European trade during the Middle Ages.
During the Middle Ages, Europeans began to buy silks, spices, and other luxury goods from Asia. Spices, such as pepper, cinnamon, and nutmeg were in great demand. Europeans used spices to preserve and flavor food, and for perfumes, cosmetics, and medicine. A network of merchants controlled trade from Asia to Europe. Chinese and Indian traders sent spices by caravan over the Silk Road and other routes to the eastern Mediterranean region. From there, Arab and Byzantine traders shipped the spices to Europe. The Arabs earned huge profits selling luxury goods to Italian merchants. The Italians then sold the products to other Europeans.
During the early 1400s, what 2 wars/fights existed and how did they affect Portugal?
During the early 1400s, England and France were still at war with each other, and Spain was still fighting the Muslims. This let Portugal take the lead in exploring new trade routes to Asia.
As said earlier, Ferdinand and Isabella funded Columbus. What gave them the resources to do so?
Earlier that year, the Spanish monarchs had defeated the Muslims in Spain. They were now able to pay for voyages seeking new trade routes.
During the early 1600s,
England started to establish its own settlements in North America. The English government was interested in the natural resources from overseas territories.
What Arab geographer did European mapmakers learn from and what did they learn?
European mapmakers also learned about the Indian Ocean by studying the works of the Arab geographer al-Idrisi (ehl-ah • DREE • see). Many Europeans concluded that sailing around Africa was the best way to get to Asia.
Europeans rediscovered the work of ___ (Hint: He was a Greek geographer.)
Europeans rediscovered the work of Ptolemy (TAH • luh • mee), a Greek geographer. Ptolemy had drawn maps of the world for his book, Geography. He recorded the latitude and longitude of over 8,000 locations. With the invention of the printing press, accurate maps became readily available to sailors and explorers.
Even with new sailing skills and tools, exploration was still expensive and dangerous. But by the 1400s, ____ had strengthened Europe's governments.
Even with new sailing skills and tools, exploration was still expensive and dangerous. But by the 1400s, the rise of towns and trade had strengthened Europe's governments. By the end of the 1400s, four strong kingdoms had emerged in Europe: Portugal, Spain, France, and England.
True or false: The islands in the Caribbean Sea were generally left alone because they were isolated.
False. The islands in the Caribbean Sea were also a part of this empire
What else helped Cortés bring down the Aztec?
Finally, another factor that helped Cortés defeat the Aztec was an invisible ally—germs that carried diseases such as the measles and smallpox. These diseases would eventually kill more Aztec people than Spanish weapons would.
Where did the ships reach land?
Finally, the expedition sighted land. Columbus and his crew went ashore on San Salvador (sahn SAHL • vuh • dawr), an island in the Caribbean Sea.
Who continued in Balboa's place?
Francisco Pizarro (fruhn • SIHS • koh puh • ZAHR • oh) had served as one of Balboa's soldiers. After Balboa was executed, Pizarro continued the search for gold. Even though Pizarro could not even write his own name, he knew how to fight. He longed to find the empire that Balboa had sought.
From Quebec, French explorers, fur trappers, and missionaries spread out into what? Who are Jacques Marquette, Louis Joliet, and La Salle?
From Quebec, French explorers, fur trappers, and missionaries spread out into the central part of New France. In 1673, the explorers Jacques Marquette (mar • KET) and Louis Joliet (joh • lee • EHT) reached the Mississippi River. Just nine years later, the French explorer La Salle (luh SAL) traveled south along the Mississippi to the Gulf of Mexico. He named the region Louisiana in honor of King Louis XIV. Like the Portuguese settlers, the French used enslaved Africans to work the fields.
In the 1400s and 1500s, Europeans gradually did what?
Gained control of the Americas and parts of Asia. Many events came together to create the right time for overseas exploration.
English settlers sailed to North America for many reasons...
Groups of merchants created settlements for trade. Others fled to North America to find religious freedom. Economic troubles in England also helped speed the growth of English settlements.
Who was Bartolomeu Dias?
In 1488, the Portuguese explorer Bartolomeu Dias (bahr • tuh • luh • MEH • uh DEE • ahsh) sailed to the southern tip of Africa. Nine years later, Vasco da Gama (VAHS • koh dah GAM • uh) rounded the tip of Africa and landed on India's southwest coast. Europeans had at last found a water route to Asia.
What did the Treaty of Tordesillas agree upon, who was it between, and when was it signed?
In 1494, Spain and Portugal signed the Treaty of Tordesillas (tawr • day • SEE • yahs). This agreement divided South America between Spain and Portugal.
Who was John Cabot, where did he travel, and what was his goal? Was he successful?
In 1497, Englishman John Cabot (KA • buht) explored the North American coasts of Newfoundland and Nova Scotia. He was unsuccessful in finding a waterway to Asia.
Who was Pedro Álvares Cabral and what were cash crops?
In 1500, the Portuguese explorer Pedro Álvares Cabral (PAY • droh AHL • vahr • ihs kuh • BRAHL) arrived in the region of South America that is now Brazil. He claimed this territory for Portugal. Settlers in Brazil grew cash crops such as sugarcane, tobacco, coffee, and cotton. A cash crop is a crop that is grown in large quantities to be sold for profit. With the help of enslaved Africans, Brazil became one of Portugal's most profitable overseas territories.
Who was Ferdinand Magellan and what was his goal?
In 1518, Spain hired Ferdinand Magellan (muh • JEH • luhn) for an exploration voyage. Sailing west from Spain, Magellan's primary goal was to sail around the Americas and then on to Asia.
Who did the French send (the first person) and what did he do?
In 1524, France sent Giovanni da Verrazano (joh • VAH • nee dah ver • uh • ZAH • noh) to find a northern route to Asia. Verrazano explored and mapped much of the eastern coast of North America, but he did not find a route to Asia.
Who was Jacques Cartier?
In 1534, the French navigator Jacques Cartier (ZHAHK kahr • TYAY) sailed inland along the St. Lawrence River to present-day Montreal. Cartier claimed much of eastern Canada for France.
What was North America's first permanent English settlement?
In 1606, a group of English merchants and nobles formed the Virginia Company. North America's first permanent English settlement was founded with the Virginia Company's support in 1607. The founders named it Jamestown after King James I. It was the first settlement in the new territory called Virginia.
Why did the French come to America and who was Samuel de Champlain?
The fur trade was one of the main reasons the French settled in North America. By the 1600s, beaver fur was very popular in Europe. The French hoped they would become wealthy if they set up fur trading posts in North America. In 1608, French merchants hired explorer Samuel de Champlain (sham • PLAYN) to help them obtain furs in New France, which today is much of Eastern Canada. Champlain set up a trading post named Quebec (kwih • BEHK). Quebec became the capital of New France.
What did Columbus inspire poor Spanish nobles to do?
The voyages of Christopher Columbus inspired many poor Spanish nobles to become conquistadors. Their goal was to travel to the Americas and seek wealth.
What was historic about his voyage?
They became the first known people to circumnavigate (suhr • kuhm • NAV • uh • GAYT), or sail around, the world.
What land did Henry seize?
They obtained gold from trade with African kingdoms. The explorers also traveled west into the Atlantic Ocean, where they seized the Azores (AY • zawrz), Madeira (muh • DIHR • uh), and Cape Verde (VUHRD) islands.
The Spanish rulers set two goals for the colonists of their American empire...
To bring wealth back to Spain and to convert Native Americans to Christianity.
How did tobacco help Jamestown?
Tobacco was very popular in Europe in the 1600s. Soon, the English settlers were producing and shipping it back to England in large amounts. Tobacco became the first cash crop of the English settlements. Eventually, it was grown on large plantations that needed many workers. Once again, enslaved Africans were brought in to work the land.
What happened when Cortés reached Cuba and what was his motive?
While Cortés was in Cuba, he heard stories of Mexico's riches and the powerful Aztec Empire. In 1519, Cortés traveled to Mexico in search of gold and glory. He arrived near present-day Veracruz (vehr • uh • KROOZ) with about 508 soldiers, 100 sailors, 16 horses, and 14 cannons.
Define plantation
a large estate or farm that used enslaved people or hired workers to grow and harvest crops
mercantilism
an economic theory that depends on a greater amount of exports than imports in order to increase a country's supply of gold and silver. Spain and Portugal took advantage of the gold and silver they gained from their empires. Other European countries wanted to do the same. This led to the theory of mercantilism (MUHR • kuhn • TEE • lih • zuhm). The key idea of mercantilism is that a country's power depends on its wealth. Countries can increase their wealth by owning more gold and silver. What is the best way for a country to get more gold and silver? According to mercantilism, a country must export, or sell to other countries, more goods than it imports, or buys from other countries.
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As Europeans created empires...
profitable trade developed between their homelands and their overseas settlements. As a result, Europe's economy expanded. By the 1600s, European nations were competing for markets and trade goods.
1) What action did Cortés take? 2) How did the Aztecs react and what would the Spanish then do? 3) What ultimately sealed the end of the empire.
In November 1519, Cortés took control of the Aztec capital. To prevent an Aztec uprising, Cortés took Montezuma hostage (HAHS • tihj), or prisoner. He then ordered the Aztec to stop sacrificing people. Cortés's orders angered the Aztec, who planned a rebellion. Fighting broke out, and the Spanish killed thousands of Aztec. However, there were far more Aztec, and Cortés had to fight his way out of the city. The Spanish took refuge in the nearby hills. While Cortés prepared a second attack, smallpox broke out in Tenochtitlán. Many Aztec died of the disease, and the remaining Aztec could not fight off the Spanish and their allies. In June 1521, the Spanish destroyed the Aztec capital.
What design did European ships implement?
In addition, shipbuilders improved ships by using triangular sails developed by Arab traders. With these sails and other improvements, ships could now go in nearly every direction no matter where the wind blew.
In the 1500s, _______. Beginning in the 1600s, _____.
In the 1500s, the Spanish and the Portuguese had built empires in the Americas. Beginning in the 1600s, the French, English, and Dutch also began to establish their own settlements.
Who discovered where Columbus really traveled?
It was not until 1502 that another Italian explorer, Amerigo Vespucci (ahm • uh • REE • goh veh • SPOO • chee), became convinced that Columbus had discovered a "new world." In 1507, early map makers labeled what is now the South American continent with the name America. Later, the name was applied to North America as well.
Like Cortés, who also sailed to the Americas? Where did he go and what did he look for?
Like Cortés, Vasco Núñez de Balboa (VAHS • koh NOON • yays day bal • BOH • uh) also sailed to the Americas. In 1513, he led a band of soldiers across the mountains of present-day Panama to look for a golden empire.
Describe the voyage Magellan took.
Magellan traveled along South America's eastern coast, searching for a route to Asia. Near the southern tip of the continent, he reached a narrow water passage that is now called the Strait of Magellan. After passing through the stormy strait, the expedition entered a vast sea. It was so peaceful that Magellan named the sea the Pacific Ocean. Magellan then sailed west. Water and food ran out, and the crew had to eat leather, sawdust, and rats. Some sailors died. Finally, after four months at sea, the expedition reached the present-day Philippines. There, Magellan was killed in a battle between local groups. The remaining crew members continued west across the Indian Ocean, around Africa, and back to Spain.
What did Malintzin tell Cortés?
Malintzin spoke with Cortés through a Spanish translator who knew Mayan. She told Cortés that many people in her land resented the Aztec rulers. One reason for their anger was the Aztec practice of human sacrifices. Most often to please their gods, the Aztec killed people whom they had captured in war. Malintzin believed that people who were conquered by the Aztec would help Cortés. Malintzin helped Cortés find allies (AL • leyes), or other groups willing to battle the Aztec.
As the number of Native Americans declined...
More laborers were needed. To solve this problem, the Spanish brought over enslaved Africans to work on the plantations and in the mines. In time, this mingling of Europeans, Native Americans, and Africans gave rise to a new culture.
Who was Hernán Cortés?
Nineteen-year-old Hernán Cortés (ehr • NAHN kawr • TEHZ) was one of these nobles. In 1504, he sailed to Hispaniola. Eleven years later, he took part in Spain's invasion of Cuba.
How did other nations react to the Treaty of Tordesillas
Other nations, however, did not accept this treaty. The Netherlands, France, and England soon joined Spain and Portugal in a race to gain wealth in new lands and to spread Christianity.
____ eventually disrupted this trading network.
Political changes eventually disrupted this trading network. However, merchants knew that if they could get goods directly and cheaply, they could make more profits. Also, if Europeans could reach Asia by sea, then they would not have to travel overland through the Middle East.
By the end of the 1400s, four strong kingdoms had emerged in Europe: list them.
Portugal, Spain, France, and England.
Who was Price Henry?
Prince Henry of Portugal became known as "Henry the Navigator," even though he had never made an ocean voyage. Henry was eager for Portugal to explore the world, and he paid for many voyages of exploration. About 1420, Henry's adventurers sailed along Africa's west coast, mapping its features.
Who funded Columbus?
Queen Isabella of Spain decided that Columbus could win glory and wealth for Spain. She and her husband Ferdinand supplied money for his voyage.
In August 1492, Columbus sailed west from Spain with what three ships?
Santa María, the Niña, and the Pinta.
How did the Spanish treat the Native Americans and what caused millions to die?
Spain permitted its settlers to use Native American labor to work the plantations. The Spanish, however, enslaved and mistreated the Native Americans. Also, the Spanish settlers unknowingly brought contagious diseases with them. Millions of Native Americans died from illness during the first 50 years of the arrival of Europeans.
