Chapter 21 & 22

The Social Security Act of 1935 did what?

1935 law that created the Social Security system with provisions for a retirement pension, unemployment insurance, disability insurance, and public assistance (welfare).

The "zoot suit" riots of 1943 were?

1943 riots in which sailors on leave attacked Mexican-American youths.

What did the Social Security Act do?

A two-tiered system of social insurance programs and means-tested assistance.Employers pay an unemployment insurance tax. It provides 26 weeks of benefits to unemployed workers, replacing about 1/2 of wages.

Which two New Deal programs did the Supreme Court rule unconstitutional?

Agricultural Adjustment Act and National Recovery Administration.

Under the bracero program what happened to Mexicans?

Allowed Mexican laborers to work in the United States under short-term contracts in exchange for stricter border security and the return of illegal Mexican immigrants to Mexico. The program to recruit Mexican agricultural workers during World War II

Men like Henry Ford, Charles Lindbergh, and Father Coughlin were members of what group?

America First committee, an isolationist group

Describe the Asian-American experience during World War II.

Asians could not immigrate to the United States or become naturalized citizens. Asian-Americans' war experience was paradoxical.

What was the traditional belief about balanced budgets prior to the economic theories of John Maynard Keynes?

Balance budgets were sacred

The first thing that Roosevelt attended to as president was the ________ crisis.

Banking

Why did a stigma emerge around public assistance during the New Deal years?

Black workers were relegated to the least generous assistance programs with discriminatory eligibility standards administered by states.

What caused the Dust Bowl?

Dry weather, drought, mechanized agriculture in this semiarid region had pulverized the topsoil and killed native grasses that prevented erosion.

Women in the workforce during World War II made up what fraction of it?

During the war, women were 35 percent of the workforce.

During the war, Americans experienced the rationing of?

Experienced the rationing of scarce consumer goods such as gasoline

What would be an accurate characterization of FDR's New Deal philosophy?

FDR preferred to create jobs that improved the nation's future.

Mexican-Americans were urged by local authorities to leave the country. What other groups of immigrants were also encouraged to leave the U.S.?

Filipinos

What led England and France to declare war on Germany, marking the start of World War II?

Germany invaded Poland, a country Britain and France had promised to protect.

Describe the fate of feminism during the New Deal?

Given broad consensus that the job claims of male providers superseded women's, organized feminism disappeared

How did Justice Robert Jackson compare a military order to a court decision in the case of Korematsu v. United States?

He argued that a judicial decision last longer than a military order and decides the extent of the constitution

Why did Franklin D. Roosevelt announce his candidacy for a third term in 1940?

He argued that the recovery was too fragile and the international situation too dangerous for him to leave his post.

The Share Our Wealth movement wanted to do what?

He called for the confiscation of most of the wealth of the richest Americans in order to finance an immediate grant of $5,000 and a guaranteed job and annual income for all citizens

Why did FDR try to change the balance of power on the Supreme Court?

He feared the Supreme Court might invalidate the Wagner and Social Security acts. He was worried about being able to run for a third term as president.

What was the "final solution"?

Hitler embarked on the "final solution"—the mass extermination of "undesirable" peoples—Slavs, gypsies, gay men and women, and, above all, Jews.

How did the Supreme Court judges react to New Deal laws?

In 1935 and 1936, the Supreme Court declared several New Deal measures, including the NRA, to be unconstitutional.

In 1938, Congress established the House Un-American Activities Committee, which included what two groups in its definition of "un-American?"

Included liberals and labor radicals in its definition of "un-American

The Wagner Act was considered the "Labor's Magna Carta" because?

It brought democracy into the American workplace by empowering the National Labor Relations Board to supervise elections in which employees voted on union representation.

Why was the Glass-Steagall Act a key piece of legislation?

It took on the debt of commercial banks to ensure their solvency and financial health

Describe Japan's overseas actions in the 1930s.

Japan invaded China in 1931 and 1937 to expand its military and economic power.

"D-Day" refers to what?

June 6, 1944. On that date, known as D-Day, nearly 200,000 American, British, and Canadian soldiers under the command of General Dwight D. Eisenhower landed in Normandy in northwestern France.

Who painted the Four Freedoms paintings that appeared in the Saturday Evening Post?

Norman Rockwell

Describe the Works Progress Administration.

Now, he approved the establishment of the Works Progress Administration (WPA), which hired some 3 million Americans, in virtually every walk of life, each year until it ended in 1943. The constructed thousands of public buildings and bridges, more than 500,000 miles of roads, and 600 airports. It built stadiums, swimming pools, and sewage treatment plants. Was also very influential in the arts (writing, theater, etc.)

"Rosie the Riveter" was who?

OWI publications encouraged women to go to work, Hollywood films glorified the independent woman, and private advertising celebrated the achievements of Rosie the Riveter, the female industrial laborer depicted as muscular and self-reliant in Norman Rockwell's famous magazine cover.

Anti-Semitism in the United States during World War II resulted in what?

Only 21,000 Jewish refugees being allowed in the United States

Pearl Harbor was what?

Pearl Harbor is a U.S. naval base near Honolulu, Hawaii, that was the scene of a devastating surprise attack by Japanese forces on December 7, 1941. United States military base on Hawaii that was bombed by Japan, bringing the United States into World War II.

What political group most influenced FDR's New Deal?

Progressives

Which phrase best describes Eleanor Roosevelt's tenure as First Lady?

Redefined the role of First Lady, championing women's rights, civil rights, and human rights.

What did the Twenty-first Amendment do?

Repeal of prohibition of alcohol

In Korematsu v. United States, the Supreme Court upheld what?

Ruled 6-3 against Korematsu and upheld that the order was constitutional and legal.

Which former enemy of Hitler signed a nonaggression pact with Germany?

Russia/Soviet Unions (Stalin)

Why did Executive Order 9066 not apply to persons of Japanese descent living in Hawaii?

Since nearly 40 percent of the population was of Japanese descent, the evacuation order would have been impractical.

The Dust Bowl carried dust as far away as what city?

Some of these carried Great Plains topsoil as far east as Washington, D.C. and New York City, and coated ships in the Atlantic Ocean with dust.

How did World War II change the role of corporations in American life?

Technological innovation and high productivity in the war effort restored the reputation of corporations from its Depression lows.

The double-V campaign was?

The "Double V" campaign was organized by the Pittsburgh Courier encouraging African Americans to support the war; it meant victory over Hitler's racism and victory over racism at home.

The "Grand Alliance" joined together what countries?

The "Grand Alliance" of World War Ⅱ in Europe brought together the United States, Great Britain, and the Soviet Union, each led by an iron-willed, page871 larger-than-life figure: Roosevelt, Winston Churchill, and Joseph Stalin.

What turned the tide of the Pacific naval war in favor of the Allies?

The Battle of Midway was one of the most important naval battles of the Pacific Campaign of World War II. It was fought between the U.S. and Japanese navies June 4-7, 1942. This battle turned the tide of the war in the Pacific in favor of the Americans.

Where did the turning point of World War II in Europe occur?

The Battle of Stalingrad halted the German advance in World War II and marked the turning point of the war in Eastern Europe.

What was the single largest battle ever fought by the U.S. Army?

The Battle of the Bulge, also the largest battle in US history.

During the 1930s, what was one way Franklin Roosevelt's administration approached civil liberties?

The Department of Justice added a Civil Liberties Unit

How did the federal government institutionalize racism during the New Deal?

The Federal Housing Administration refused to ensure mortgages in integrated neighborhoods.

Describe the New Deal.

The New Deal consisted of legislation that would enact programs to deal with the Three R's of the economy--Relief, Recovery, and Reform.

How did the government try to prevent the rise of women in the workforce during the Depression?

The Resettlement Administration: established temporary relief camps for displaced migrant workers.

The Tennessee Valley Authority competed with who over what?

The TVA put the federal government, for the first time, in the business of selling electricity in competition with private companies.

Why did the United States drop an atomic bomb on Hiroshima?

The US dropped the bomb because Truman knew it would destroy an entire city and it would save American lives because they would not have to go fight to take over the city.

According to John Steinbeck's "Harvest Gypsies," how were the migrant farm workers of the Great Depression different from those in earlier time periods?

The earlier foreign migrants have invariably been drawn from a peon class. This is not the case with the new migrants. They are small farmers who have lost their farms, or farm hands who have lived with the family in the old American way. . . . They have come from the little farm districts where democracy was not only possible but inevitable, where popular government, whether practiced in the Grange, in church organization or in local government, was the responsibility of every man. And they have come into the country where, because of the movement necessary to make a living, they are not allowed any vote whatever, but are rather considered a properly unprivileged class.

How did the role of the national government change during the war?

The federal government began regulating food production and other factories. In addition, they understood the important role of women and therefore introduced the 19th amendment.

What was the goal of the policy of appeasement?

The goal was to make peace and avoid war.

Explain why the phrase "labor's great upheaval" accurately describes some of the events of 1934?

The most striking development of the mid-1930s was the mobilization of millions of workers in mass-production industries that had successfully resisted unionization. "Labor's great upheaval," as this era of unprecedented militancy was called, came as a great surprise. Unlike in the past, however, the federal government now seemed to be on the side of labor, a commitment embodied in the National Industrial Recovery Act and in the Wagner Act (discussed later) of 1935, which granted workers the legal right to form unions.

The original Social Security bill envisioned which of the following benefits that was dropped in Congress?

The original Social Security bill included a national system of health insurance, but this provision was dropped after fierce opposition from the American Medical Association. The breakup of large corporations is essential to economic recovery; this was a core principle of the New Deal.

What did the members of the new United Nations Security Council all have in common?

They all have suffered the least casualties and financial losses during the war.

How did the American public react to the dropping of the atomic bomb?

They celebrated the war ending without the need for an invasion of Japan.

What was ironic about the actions of some fundamentalist preachers?

They contradicted their anti-modernist message by using radio broadcasting

The "Brains Trust" believed what about large corporations?

They saw bigness as inevitable in a modern economy. The competitive marketplace, they argued, was a thing of the past, and large firms needed to be managed and directed by the government, not dismantled

Why did workers during the 1930s make demands that went beyond better wages?

They were hoping to establish a set of basic civil liberties for workers.

What was the focus of Hollywood films such as Mr. Deeds Goes to Town and Mr. Smith Goes to Washington?

They were patriotic and idealistic portrayals of the triumph of "the people" over entrenched interests.

In the United States during World War II, what happened to unemployment and income taxes?

Unemployment declined, production soared, and income taxes increased.

The status of blacks during World War II in northern cities was what?

Washington remained a rigidly segregated city, and the Red Cross refused to mix blood from blacks and whites in its blood banks. The army restricted the number of black enlistees only five black officers, three of them chaplains. The navy accepted blacks only as waiters and cook

The Manhattan Project was what?

a top-secret program in which American scientist developed an atomic bomb during world war 2.

Organized labor assisted in the war effort by?

agreeing to a no-strike pledge.

In 1940, the "cash and carry" plan allowed for ?

allowed Great Britain to purchase U.S. arms on a restricted basis.

The Lend-Lease Act did what?

authorized military aid so long as countries promised somehow to return it all after the war.

What taste of freedom did women enjoy in World War II?

doing men's jobs

In fireside chats and public addresses, President Roosevelt connected freedom with?

economic security.

The Indian New Deal ended the policy of what?

ended the policy of forced assimilation and allowed Indians unprecedented cultural autonomy.

When he entered office, Roosevelt, relied on the advice of who?

he relied heavily for advice on a group of intellectuals and social workers who took up key positions in his administration.

In which way was "liberalism" redefined by the New Deal?

it now referred to active efforts by the national government to modernize and regulate the market economy and to uplift less fortunate members of society.

Japanese-American internment was used by Japan to prove what?

its aggressions in asia were intended to defend the rights of non white peoples against colonial rule and a racist United States

Women working in defense industries during the war made up what fraction of the West Coast workers in aircraft manufacturing and shipbuilding?

made up one-third of the West Coast workers in aircraft manufacturing and ship building.

The Good Neighbor Policy showed what intentions by FDR to Latin America?

meant that the United States would keep its eye on Latin America in a more peaceful tone. offered a belated recognition of the sovereignty of America's neighbors.

Fascism was?

military dictatorship that took away civil rights, while keeping their economic liberties.

Federal Housing Administration did what?

powerfully reinforced residential segregation

What underlying problems did the New Deal fail to address?

protection of domestic workers

The Scottsboro case reflected what?

reflected the racism that was prevalent in the South during the 1930s.

During World War II, Native Americans helped how?

served in the military and worked in war production

The Civilian Conservation Corps did what?

set unemployed young men to work on projects like forest preservation, flood control, and the improvement of national parks and wild life preserves.

In the mid-1930s, what did the umbrella term "the left" describe?

socialists, communists, labor radicals, and New Deal liberals

What were the results of the Good Neighbor Policy?

sought improved diplomatic relations between the United States and its Latin American neighbors. United States withdrew its troops from Haiti and Nicaragua. FDR accepted Cuba's repeal of the Platt Amendment

The Resettlement Administration did what?

the Resettlement Administration, established in 1934, sought to relocate rural and urban families suffering from the Depression to communities planned by the federal government.

How did World War II affect the West Coast of the United States?

the West Coast by turning it into an industrial center because of defense spending.

The Agricultural Adjustment Act was intended to do what?

the agricultural adjustment act authorized the federal government to set t=production quotas for major crops and pay farmers to plant less in an attempt to raise farm prices.

The Four Freedoms traveling exhibition resulted in what?

the purchase of millions of dollars of war bonds

The Pearl Harbor bombing was the first attack on U.S. territory by a foreign power since which conflict?

war of 1812

The Fair Employment Practices Commission was the first federal agency since Reconstruction to advocate equal opportunity for what group?

was the first federal agency since Reconstruction to advocate equal opportunity for blacks.

What happened to most female war workers after the war?

were laid off as men returned from warfare abroad.

What ended the Great Depression?

world war 2