Chapter 21: The Respiratory System

75) The technical term for "breathing" is A) gas exchange. B) pulmonary ventilation. C) internal respiration. D) external respiration. E) alveolar ventilation.

B) pulmonary ventilation.

65) The respiratory membrane of the gas exchange surfaces consists of A) pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium. B) moist cuboidal epithelium. C) simple squamous epithelium. D) ciliated squamous epithelium. E) surfactant cells.

C) simple squamous epithelium.

49) The airway that connects the larynx to the bronchi is the A) trachea. B) bronchiole. C) laryngopharynx. D) alveolar duct. E) bronchus.

A) trachea.

2) Air entering the body is filtered, warmed, and humidified by the A) upper respiratory tract. B) lower respiratory tract. C) lungs. D) alveoli. E) bronchioles.

A) upper respiratory tract.

54) During a choking episode, most foreign objects are more likely to become lodged in the ________ bronchus due to its larger diameter and steeper angle. A) right primary B) left primary C) right secondary D) left secondary E) None of the answers are more likely.

A) right primary

60) The most superior portion of the lung is termed the A) base. B) apex. C) cardiac notch. D) hilum. E) oblique fissure.

B) apex.

71) Absorption of O2 from blood and release of CO2 from tissue cells is known as A) external respiration. B) internal respiration. C) pulmonary ventilation. D) gas diffusion. E) alveolar ventilation.

B) internal respiration.

63) The lungs are divided into lobes by structures called A) grooves. B) sutures. C) notches. D) fissures. E) segments.

D) fissures.

47) The opening or closing of the glottis involves rotational movement of the A) vocal folds. B) vestibular folds C) rima glottidis. D) arytenoid cartilages. E) cricoid cartilages.

D) arytenoid cartilages.

7) A mucosa consists of A) an epithelium. B) an underlying layer of areolar tissue. C) stratified squamous cells. D) both an epithelium and an underlying layer of areolar tissue. E) both an underlying layer of areolar tissue and stratified squamous cells.

D) both an epithelium and an underlying layer of areolar tissue.

104) The partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) in pulmonary veins during internal respiration is approximately A) 40 mm Hg. B) 45 mm Hg. C) 50 mm Hg. D) 70 mm Hg. E) 95 mm Hg.

E) 95 mm Hg.

130) The respiratory center is housed in the ________ of the brain. A) brain stem B) cerebral cortex C) cerebrum D) diencephalon E) cerebellum

A) brain stem

69) If you looked closely at a pulmonary lobule, you would see all of the following structures except A) cartilage plates. B) alveoli. C) a lymphatic vessel. D) a branch of a pulmonary vein. E) some elastic fibers.

A) cartilage plates.

14) The openings to the nostrils are the A) external nares. B) internal nares. C) vestibules. D) conchae. E) nasal apertures.

A) external nares.

19) The nasal cavity is separated from the oral cavity by the A) hard palate. B) soft palate. C) cribriform plate. D) internal nares. E) pharyngeal septum.

A) hard palate.

15) The portion of the nasal cavity contained within the flexible tissues of the external nose is the A) nasopharynx. B) vestibule. C) internal chamber. D) conchae. E) nasal septum.

B) vestibule

100) The normal respiratory rate of a resting adult ranges from ________ breaths each minute, or roughly one for every four heartbeats. A) 4 to 6 B) 10 to 12 C) 12 to 18 D) 16 to 20 E) 22 to 24

C) 12 to 18

52) The adult human trachea is about ________ in diameter and contains ________ tracheal cartilages. A) 1.0 cm; 15-20 B) 1.0 cm; 10-15 C) 2.5 cm; 15-20 D) 2.5 cm; 40-50 E) None of the answers is correct.

C) 2.5 cm; 15-20

8) ________ is the most common lethal inherited disease affecting people of Northern European descent. A) MRSA B) Congestive heart failure C) Cystic fibrosis D) Myasthenia gravis E) Parkinson's disease

C) Cystic fibrosis

92) ________ is the amount of air that you can inhale above the resting tidal volume. A) Residual inhaled volume B) Expiratory reserve volume C) Inspiratory reserve volume D) Enhanced tidal volume E) Inspiratory capacity

C) Inspiratory reserve volume

128) The measure of how easily the lungs expand and contract is termed A) resistance. B) elasticity. C) compliance. D) rebound response. E) inflation index.

C) compliance.

4) Which of the following systems is responsible for gas exchange? A) urinary B) respiratory C) digestive D) All of the answers are correct. E) None of the answers is correct

A) lips.

116) Which of the following factors would increase the amount of oxygen discharged by hemoglobin into peripheral tissues? A) decreased temperature B) decreased pH C) increased tissue PO2 D) decreased amounts of BPG E) None of the answers is correct.

B) decreased pH

107) External respiration involves the A) movement of air into and out of the lungs. B) diffusion of gases between the alveoli and the circulating blood. C) exchange of dissolved gases between the blood and the interstitial fluid. D) binding of oxygen by hemoglobin. E) utilization of oxygen by tissues to support metabolism.

B) diffusion of gases between the alveoli and the circulating blood.

140) A 10 percent increase in the level of carbon dioxide in the blood will A) decrease the rate of breathing. B) double the rate of breathing. C) decrease pulmonary ventilation. D) decrease the alveolar ventilation rate. E) reduce the vital capacity by 10%.

B) double the rate of breathing.

141) The term "hypercapnia" refers to A) the cessation of breathing. B) elevated PCO2. C) elevated PO2. D) an increase in pH. E) labored breathing.

B) elevated PCO2.

95) The amount of air that a person can voluntarily expel after completing a normal, quiet respiratory cycle is termed A) total lung capacity. B) expiratory reserve volume. C) residual volume. D) tidal volume. E) inspiratory reserve volume.

B) expiratory reserve volume.

79) Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is A) less than the pressure in the atmosphere. B) greater than the pressure in the atmosphere. C) equal to the pressure in the atmosphere. D) greater than intra-alveolar pressure. E) less than intrapulmonary pressure

B) greater than the pressure in the atmosphere.

114) Which of the following would be greater? A) hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen when the BPG level is high B) hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen when the BPG level is low

B) hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen when the BPG level is low

115) Low pH alters hemoglobin structure so that oxygen binds less strongly to hemoglobin at low PO2. This increases the effectiveness of A) external respiration. B) internal respiration. C) carbon dioxide transport. D) hemoglobin synthesis. E) acid-base balance.

B) internal respiration.

83) What pressure will be present in the space labeled "5"? A) alveolar pressure B) intrapulmonary pressure C) subalveolar pressure D) subatmospheric pressure E) atmospheric pressure

B) intrapulmonary pressure

61) Which respiratory organ features a cardiac notch? A) right lung B) left lung C) right primary bronchus D) left primary bronchus E) both left lung and left primary bronchus

B) left lung

50) Secondary bronchi supply air to the A) lungs. B) lobes of the lungs. C) lobules of the lungs. D) alveoli. E) alveolar ducts.

B) lobes of the lungs.

5) The trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli all make up the A) upper respiratory tract. B) lower respiratory tract. C) internal respiratory tract. D) alveoli of the respiratory tract. E) respiratory mucosa.

B) lower respiratory tract.

138) All of the below are sensory stimuli that can stimulate respiratory reflexes except A) stretch receptors. B) nociceptors. C) chemoreceptors. D) baroreceptors. E) irritant chemical or physical particles.

B) nociceptors

134) Higher brain centers that alter the activity of the respiratory centers include all of the following except the A) cerebral cortex. B) pons. C) limbic system. D) hypothalamus. E) None of the answers is correct.

B) pons.

58) In the lower respiratory tract, cartilage plates first appear at the A) primary bronchi. B) secondary bronchi. C) tertiary bronchi. D) bronchioles. E) terminal bronchioles.

B) secondary bronchi.

20) The nasopharynx is divided from the rest of the pharynx by the A) hard palate. B) soft palate. C) cribriform plate. D) internal nares. E) pharyngeal septum.

B) soft palate.

122) The movement of chloride ions into the RBCs in exchange for bicarbonate ions is known as A) the BPG pathway. B) the chloride shift. C) a bicarbonate exchange. D) the Bohr effect. E) gas diffusion.

B) the chloride shift.

77) The unit of measurement for pressure specifically preferred by many respiratory therapists is A) mm Hg. B) torr. C) cm H2O. D) All of the answers are correct. E) None of the answers is correct.

B) torr.

68) Which of the following statements is true regarding activity in the alveoli? A) Type II pneumocytes are the site of gas exchange. B) Alveolar capillaries constrict when oxygen levels are high. C) Type I pneumocytes produce surfactant. D) Alveolar macrophages collect stray dust particles. E) They are composed of simple cuboidal epithelium.

D) Alveolar macrophages collect stray dust particles.

98) ________ equals the respiratory rate × (tidal volume - anatomic dead space). A) Vital capacity B) Respiratory minute volume C) Pulmonary ventilation rate D) Alveolar ventilation rate E) External respiration rate

D) Alveolar ventilation rate

146) Which of the following statements regarding tobacco smoking and lung damage is true? A) Cancer rates are the same for smokers and non-smokers. B) Anaplasia is reversible if a person stops smoking. C) Twenty-five percent of lung cancers are the direct result of cigarette smoking. D) Neoplasia is not reversible, even if the person stops smoking, but can be treated by surgery. E) The incidence of lung cancer is greater among women than men.

D) Neoplasia is not reversible, even if the person stops smoking, but can be treated by surgery.

91) ________ is the amount of air that moves into the respiratory system during a single respiratory cycle under resting conditions. A) Residual volume B) Expiratory reserve volume C) Inspiratory reserve volume D) Tidal volume E) Inspiratory capacity

D) Tidal volume

70) At the level of the alveoli, where does gas exchange occur? A) within the red blood cells B) at the interconnections between adjacent alveoli C) in the alveolar ducts D) across the respiratory membrane E) between type II pneumocytes and red blood cells

D) across the respiratory membrane

101) Air remaining in the conducting portion of the respiratory system that does not reach the alveoli is known as A) functional residual capacity. B) respiratory minute volume. C) alveolar ventilation volume. D) anatomic dead space. E) minimal volume.

D) anatomic dead space.

10) Harry suffers from cystic fibrosis and has severe breathing difficulties. His problems result from A) inability of the respiratory defense mechanism to transport mucus. B) uncontrollable laryngospasms. C) production of thick secretions that are difficult to transport. D) both the inability of the respiratory defense mechanism to transport mucus and the production of thick secretions that are difficult to transport. E) All of the answers are correct.

D) both the inability of the respiratory defense mechanism to transport mucus and the production of thick secretions that are difficult to transport.

23) Identify the structure labeled "2." A) olfactory organ B) oropharynx C) nasopharynx D) choanae E) nasal sinu

D) choanae

12) The conchae A) divide the nasal cavity into a right and a left side. B) provide an opening into the pharynx. C) form part of the soft palate. D) create turbulence in the air to trap particulate matter in mucus. E) provide an opening to paranasal sinuses.

D) create turbulence in the air to trap particulate matter in mucus.

13) Functions of the nasal cavity include all of the following except A) filtering the air. B) cooling the air. C) humidifying the air. D) trapping airborne particles. E) All of the answers are correct.

D) create turbulence in the air to trap particulate matter in mucus.

38) The ring-shaped cartilage just inferior to the thyroid cartilage is the ________ cartilage. A) epiglottal B) cuneiform C) corniculate D) cricoid E) arytenoid

D) cricoid

106) Each of the following factors affects the rate of external respiration except the A) PO2 of the alveoli. B) PCO2 of the blood. C) thickness of the respiratory membrane. D) diameter of an alveolus. E) solubility of oxygen in plasma.

D) diameter of an alveolus.

135) The apneustic centers promote quiet inhalation by stimulating the A) ventral respiratory group (VRG). B) pre-Bötzinger complex. C) pneumotaxic centers. D) dorsal respiratory group (DRG). E) None of the answers is correct. The apneustic centers cannot promote inhalation.

D) dorsal respiratory group (DRG).

43) The laryngeal cartilage composed of elastic cartilage that prevents entry of solids or liquids into the larynx when swallowing is the A) arytenoid cartilage. B) corniculate cartilage. C) cricoid cartilage. D) epiglottis. E) thyroid cartilage.

D) epiglottis.

25) Identify the structure labeled "10." A) hard palate B) trachea C) larynx D) glottis E) laryngopharynx

D) glottis

27) What is the function of the structures labeled "12"? A) cause air to swirl within the respiratory passageway B) improve warming of incoming air C) create narrow passages D) help olfaction E) All of the answers are correct.

E) All of the answers are correct.

32) The larynx contains all of the following except A) three unpaired cartilages. B) three paired cartilages. C) a total of nine cartilages. D) vestibular ligaments. E) C-rings composed of hyaline cartilage.

E) C-rings composed of hyaline cartilage.

67) Each terminal bronchiole supplies air directly to A) a single pulmonary lobule. B) over 150 million alveoli. C) a single alveolar duct. D) several alveolar sacs. E) about 6500 bronchioles.

A) a single pulmonary lobule.

26) Which structure leads to the middle ear? A) 9 B) 4 C) 1 D) 12 E) 2

B) 4

64) The sites of gas exchange within the lungs are the A) bronchioles. B) terminal bronchioles. C) pleural spaces. D) alveoli. E) falciform ligaments.

D) alveoli.

42) Tension on the vocal cords is regulated by the A) movement of the arytenoid cartilages. B) extrinsic ligaments. C) contraction of laryngeal muscles. D) movement of the arytenoid cartilages and contraction of voluntary muscles. E) None of the answers is correct.

D) movement of the arytenoid cartilages and contraction of voluntary muscles.

24) Identify the structure labeled "7." A) internal nares B) esophagus C) glottis D) oropharynx E) laryngopharynx

D) oropharynx

17) The auditory tubes open into the A) nasopharynx. B) oropharynx. C) laryngopharynx. D) larynx. E) nasal cavity.

A) nasopharynx.

31) Which of the following is false about the pharynx? A) It is shared by the integumentary and respiratory systems. B) The nasopharynx is superior. C) The oropharynx connects to oral cavity. D) The laryngopharynx ends at esophagus opening. E) Solids, liquids, and gases pass through.

A) It is shared by the integumentary and respiratory systems.

53) Which of the following is the best explanation for the C shape of the tracheal cartilages? A) Large masses of food can pass through the esophagus during swallowing. B) Large masses of air can pass through the trachea. C) It facilitates turning of the head. D) Cartilage can change shape during sympathetic activation. E) Cartilage can constrict during an asthma attack.

A) Large masses of food can pass through the esophagus during swallowing.

55) Which of the following statements about bronchioles is true? A) Sympathetic action causes bronchodilation. B) Walls contain hyaline cartilage. C) Extreme bronchodilation occurs in asthma. D) The muscular walls are composed of a mixture of skeletal and smooth muscle. E) Segmental bronchi are braches of terminal bronchioles.

A) Sympathetic action causes bronchodilation.

136) If the dorsal respiratory group of neurons in the medulla oblongata were destroyed bilaterally, A) a person would stop breathing. B) pulmonary ventilation would increase markedly. C) the respiratory minute volume would increase. D) tidal volumes would increase. E) alveolar ventilation would increase.

A) a person would stop breathing.

45) Regarding the vestibular folds, the term vestibular refers to A) an entryway. B) balance. C) vocal. D) cartilage. E) sound.

A) an entryway.

132) Prolonged deep inspirations can result from stimulating the ________ center. A) apneustic B) pneumotaxic C) expiratory D) baroreceptor E) chemoreceptor

A) apneustic

3) Components of the upper respiratory system include all of the following except the A) lips. B) nose. C) nasal cavity. D) pharynx. E) paranasal sinuses.

A) lips.

73) Pulmonary ventilation refers to the A) movement of air into and out of the lungs. B) movement of dissolved gases from the alveoli to the blood. C) movement of dissolved gases from the blood to the interstitial space. D) movement of dissolved gases from the interstitial space to the cells. E) utilization of oxygen.

A) movement of air into and out of the lungs.

143) All of the following provide chemoreceptor input to the respiratory centers of the medulla oblongata except the A) olfactory epithelium. B) medullary chemoreceptors. C) aortic sinuses. D) carotid sinuses. E) All of the answers are correct.

A) olfactory epithelium.

1) Which of the following organs is not part of the lower respiratory system? A) oropharynx B) bronchioles C) larynx D) bronchi E) alveoli

A) oropharynx

6) The respiratory mucosa of the conducting airways consists of A) pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium. B) moist cuboidal epithelium. C) simple squamous epithelium. D) ciliated squamous epithelium. E) surfactant cells.

A) pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium.

124) The condition resulting from inadequate production of surfactant and the resultant collapse of alveoli is A) respiratory distress syndrome. B) COPD. C) anoxia. D) pulmonary embolism. E) pneumothorax.

A) respiratory distress syndrome.

99) Which of the following can be calculated if the tidal volume and respiratory rate are known? A) respiratory minute volume B) inspiratory reserve volume C) expiratory reserve volume D) anatomic dead space E) minimal volume

A) respiratory minute volume

78) Which of the following is greater? A) the partial pressure of oxygen in atmospheric air B) the partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli

A) the partial pressure of oxygen in atmospheric air

112) Which of the following would be greater? A) the percent of oxygen saturation of hemoglobin when the pH is 7.6 B) the percent of oxygen saturation of hemoglobin when the pH is 7.2

A) the percent of oxygen saturation of hemoglobin when the pH is 7.6

113) Which of the following would be greater? A) the percent of oxygen saturation of hemoglobin when the temperature is 38 degrees centigrade B) the percent of oxygen saturation of hemoglobin when the temperature is 43 degrees centigrade C) the percent of oxygen saturation of hemoglobin when the temperature is 20 degrees centigrade

A) the percent of oxygen saturation of hemoglobin when the temperature is 38 degrees centigrade

89) When the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract, A) the volume of the thorax increases. B) the volume of the thorax decreases. C) the volume of the lungs decreases. D) the lungs shrink. E) expiration occurs.

A) the volume of the thorax increases.

80) When there is no air movement, the relationship between the intrapulmonary and atmospheric pressure is that A) they are equal. B) intrapulmonary pressure is greater than atmospheric. C) atmospheric pressure is less than intrapulmonary. D) atmospheric pressure is more than intrapulmonary. E) intrapulmonary pressure is less than atmospheric.

A) they are equal.

59) The right lung has ________; the left lung has ________. A) three lobes; two lobes B) two lobes; two lobes C) two lobes; three lobes D) three lobes; three lobes E) None of the answers is correct.

A) three lobes; two lobes

36) The largest shield-shaped cartilage of the larynx is the ________ cartilage. A) thyroid B) cricoid C) cuneiform D) arytenoid E) epiglottal

A) thyroid

111) A hemoglobin molecule contains ________ globular protein subunits. A) 1 alpha and 1 beta B) 2 alpha and 2 beta C) 2 alpha and 3 beta D) 4 alpha E) 4 beta

B) 2 alpha and 2 beta

110) Each 100 mL of blood leaving the alveolar capillaries carries away roughly ________ of oxygen. A) 10 mL B) 20 mL C) 30 mL D) 50 mL E) 75 mL

B) 20 mL

123) If tissue oxygen demand increases and respiratory rate and tidal volume remain the same, what happens? A) Alveolar PO2 increases; blood and tissue PCO2 decreases. B) Alveolar PO2 decreases; blood and tissue PCO2 decreases. C) Alveolar PO2 increases; blood and tissue PCO2 increases.

B) Alveolar PO2 decreases; blood and tissue PCO2 decreases.

82) What is the relationship between the pressures at label "3"? A) P outside = P inside B) P outside > P inside C) P outside < P inside D) P outside + P inside E) P outside - P inside

B) P outside > P inside

97) Alveolar ventilation (VA) refers to the A) movement of air into and out of the lungs. B) amount of air reaching the alveoli each minute. C) movement of dissolved gases from the alveoli to the blood. D) movement of dissolved gases from the blood to the alveoli. E) utilization of oxygen by alveolar cells to support metabolism.

B) amount of air reaching the alveoli each minute.

125) Asthma is A) a collapsed lung. B) an acute condition resulting from unusually sensitive, irritated conducting airways. C) an obstructive tumor. D) characterized by fluid buildup in the alveoli. E) caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

B) an acute condition resulting from unusually sensitive, irritated conducting airways.

46) Modification of the sounds produced by the larynx is known as A) vibration. B) articulation. C) speech. D) phonation. E) amplification.

B) articulation.

81) If the fluid bond between the parietal and visceral pleura is broken and the lung collapses, the resulting condition is termed A) emphysema. B) atelectasis. C) metaplasia. D) apnea. E) anaplasia.

B) atelectasis.

109) Most of the oxygen transported by the blood is A) dissolved in plasma. B) bound to hemoglobin. C) in ionic form as solute in the plasma. D) bound to the same protein as carbon dioxide. E) carried by white blood cells.

B) bound to hemoglobin.

139) The most important chemical regulator of respiration is A) oxygen. B) carbon dioxide. C) bicarbonate ion. D) sodium ion. E) hemoglobin.

B) carbon dioxide.

129) The "C" in COPD stands for A) congestive. B) chronic. C) cumulative. D) compliant. E) critical.

B) chronic.

84) What is the relationship between the pressures at label "8"? A) P outside = P inside B) P outside > P inside C) P outside < P inside D) P outside + P inside E) P outside - P inside

C) P outside < P inside

145) Which of these age-based changes is false? A) The lungs lose elastic tissue. B) The lungs' compliance changes. C) Vital capacity increases. D) Respiratory muscles weaken. E) Costal cartilages become less flexible.

C) Vital capacity increases.

118) Most of the carbon dioxide in the blood is transported as A) solute dissolved in the plasma. B) carbaminohemoglobin. C) bicarbonate ions. D) solute dissolved in the cytoplasm of red blood cells. E) carbonic acid.

C) bicarbonate ions.

30) Which of the following is not a function of the nasal mucosa? A) humidify the incoming air B) dehumidify the outgoing air C) dehumidify the incoming air D) trap particulate matter E) cool outgoing air

C) dehumidify the incoming air

126) The obstructive lung disease in which elastic fibers are lost, leading to collapse of alveoli and bronchioles, is called A) asthma. B) bronchitis. C) emphysema. D) tuberculosis. E) pneumonia.

C) emphysema.

86) Which muscle(s) produce(s) the movement labeled "1" in quiet inspiration? A) rectus abdominis B) internal intercostals C) external intercostals D) diaphragm E) both rectus abdominis and external intercostals

C) external intercostals

96) After a quiet expiration, the amount of air in your lungs is called the A) expiratory reserve volume. B) inspiratory capacity. C) functional residual capacity. D) tidal volume. E) residual volume.

C) functional residual capacity.

62) The ________ is a depression in the lung that allows attachment of the primary bronchi, pulmonary vessels, and other structures. A) base B) apex C) hilum D) root E) cardiac notch

C) hilum

93) In quiet breathing, A) inspiration and expiration involve muscular contractions. B) inspiration is passive and expiration involves muscular contractions. C) inspiration involves muscular contractions and expiration is passive. D) inspiration and expiration are both passive. E) None of the answers is correct.

C) inspiration involves muscular contractions and expiration is passive.

88) Expiratory movements are produced by contraction of the ________ muscle(s). A) scalene B) diaphragm C) internal intercostal D) external intercostal E) serratus anterior

C) internal intercostal

105) The process by which dissolved gases are exchanged between the blood and interstitial fluids is A) pulmonary ventilation. B) external respiration. C) internal respiration. D) cellular respiration. E) breathing.

C) internal respiration.

76) Boyle's law states that gas volume is A) directly proportional to pressure. B) directly proportional to temperature. C) inversely proportional to pressure. D) inversely proportional to temperature. E) both directly proportional to pressure and directly proportional to temperature.

C) inversely proportional to pressure.

29) Inhaling through the nostrils is preferred over the mouth because A) there is less resistance to flow. B) it combines olfaction with respiration. C) it allows better conditioning of the inhaled air. D) bacteria won't be inhaled from the oral cavity. E) it dries out the mouth.

C) it allows better conditioning of the inhaled air.

34) The vocal folds are located within the A) nasopharynx. B) oropharynx. C) larynx. D) trachea. E) bronchi.

C) larynx.

133) The pneumotaxic center of the pons A) sets the at-rest respiratory pattern. B) prolongs inspiration. C) modifies the rate and depth of breathing. D) suppresses the expiratory center in the medulla. E) both prolongs inspiration and modifies the rate and depth of breathing.

C) modifies the rate and depth of breathing.

18) Starting at the ________, the epithelium changes to stratified squamous epithelium. A) nasopharynx B) trachea C) oropharynx D) larynx E) nasal cavity

C) oropharynx

41) Air passing through the glottis vibrates the vocal folds and produces A) speech. B) articulation. C) phonation. D) whistling. E) ululation.

C) phonation.

90) Which of these descriptions best matches the term "external intercostal"? A) accessory muscle of expiration B) accessory muscle of inspiration C) primary muscle of inspiration D) contraction increases airway resistance E) affects lung compliance

C) primary muscle of inspiration

74) The ultimate function of pulmonary ventilation is to A) remove carbon dioxide from the blood. B) supply oxygen to the blood. C) provide adequate alveolar ventilation. D) remove air from dead air space. E) prevent gas exchange in the bronchioles.

C) provide adequate alveolar ventilation.

33) The glottis is A) the soft tissue that hangs off the end of the soft palate. B) a flap of elastic cartilage. C) the opening to the larynx. D) the opening to the pharynx. E) part of the hard palate.

C) the opening to the larynx.

102) Henry's law states that A) gas volume and temperature are directly proportional. B) gas volume and pressure are inversely proportional. C) the volume of gas that will dissolve in a solvent is proportional to the partial pressure of that gas. D) in a mixture of gases such as air, the total pressure is the sum of the individual partial pressures of the gases in the mixture. E) gas pressure is inversely proportional to gas volume.

C) the volume of gas that will dissolve in a solvent is proportional to the partial pressure of that gas.

103) Dalton's law states that A) gas volume and temperature are directly proportional. B) gas volume and pressure are inversely proportional. C) the volume of gas that will dissolve in a solvent is proportional to the solubility of the gas and the gas pressure. D) in a mixture of gases such as air, the total pressure is the sum of the individual partial pressures of the gases in the mixture. E) gas pressure is inversely proportional to gas volume.

D) in a mixture of gases such as air, the total pressure is the sum of the individual partial pressures of the gases in the mixture.

11) The beating of the cilia of the respiratory passages in the direction of the pharynx forms the A) respiratory mucosa. B) lamina propria. C) respiratory defense system. D) mucus escalator. E) conducting portion of the respiratory tract.

D) mucus escalator.

16) The common passageway shared by the respiratory and digestive systems is the A) larynx. B) glottis. C) vestibule. D) pharynx. E) trachea.

D) pharynx.

51) What branches from the trachea? A) terminal bronchioles B) secondary bronchi C) tertiary bronchi D) primary bronchi E) alveolar ducts

D) primary bronchi

142) The inflation reflex A) functions to increase ventilation with changes in blood pressure. B) alters pulmonary ventilation when the PO2 changes. C) alters pulmonary ventilation when the PCO2 changes. D) protects the lungs from damage during forced inspiration. E) is an important aspect of normal, quiet breathing.

D) protects the lungs from damage during forced inspiration.

56) Air traveling from the tertiary bronchi must pass through the ________ to reach the pulmonary lobule. A) secondary bronchi B) alveoli C) primary bronchi D) terminal bronchioles E) trachea

D) terminal bronchioles

57) The ________ extends from the larynx to the mediastinum. A) upper respiratory system B) cricoid cartilage C) primary bronchus D) pharynx E) trachea

D) terminal bronchioles

44) During swallowing, all of the following occur except A) solids are prevented from entering the respiratory tract. B) the larynx is elevated. C) the epiglottis folds over the glottis. D) the uvula rises to block the oropharynx. E) liquids are prevented from entering the respiratory tract.

D) the uvula rises to block the oropharynx.

40) The vocal ligaments are found in the A) vestibular folds. B) aryepiglottic folds. C) rima glottidis. D) vocal folds. E) cricoid cartilage.

D) vocal folds.

121) What does not happen to a carbon dioxide molecule once it enters the bloodstream? A) It is converted to a molecule of carbonic acid. B) It binds to the protein portion of hemoglobin molecules within red blood cells. C) It dissolves in plasma. D) It is converted by carbonic anhydrase. E) It binds to heme groups in hemoglobin.

E) It binds to heme groups in hemoglobin.

120) Which of the following statements about the chloride shift is false? A) It involves a movement of chloride ion into RBCs. B) It depends on the chloride-bicarbonate countertransport mechanism. C) It involves a movement of bicarbonate ions into the plasma. D) It is driven by a rise in PCO2. E) It causes RBCs to swell.

E) It causes RBCs to swell.

48) Which of the following statements about the trachea is false? A) It ends in the mediastinum. B) It is reinforced with C-shaped cartilages. C) It is also called the windpipe. D) It alters its diameter in response to the autonomic nervous system. E) It is reinforced with D-shaped cartilages.

E) It is reinforced with D-shaped cartilages.

117) For maximum loading of hemoglobin with oxygen at the lungs, the A) PCO2 should be high. B) pH should be slightly acidic. C) PO2 should be about 70 mm Hg. D) BPG levels in the red blood cells should be high. E) PCO2 should be low.

E) PCO2 should be low.

144) A period in which breathing has stopped, followed by a forceful expulsion of air, is termed A) respiratory distress. B) anoxia. C) hypoxia. D) apneustic breathing. E) apnea.

E) apnea.

39) The paired cartilages that articulate with the superior border of the cricoid cartilage and help with opening and closing the glottis to produce sound are the ________ cartilages. A) thyroid B) tracheal C) cuneiform D) corniculate E) arytenoid

E) arytenoid

137) The pneumotaxic center A) is in the pons. B) excites the apneustic center. C) inhibits the apneustic center. D) both is in the pons and excites the apneustic center. E) both is in the pons and inhibits the apneustic center.

E) both is in the pons and inhibits the apneustic center.

131) The normal rate and depth of breathing is established by all of the following except the ________ center. A) ventral respiratory group (VRG) B) pneumotaxic center in the pons C) apneustic center in the pons D) dorsal respiratory group (DRG) E) breathing cortex of the cerebrum

E) breathing cortex of the cerebrum

28) Breathing through the nose rather than the mouth is advantageous for all of the following reasons except A) air is warmed on inhalation. B) air is humidified on inhalation. C) heat loss is reduced on exhalation. D) water loss is reduced on exhalation. E) decreased breath volumes on inhalation.

E) decreased breath volumes on inhalation.

66) Damage to the type II pneumocytes of the lungs would result in all of the following except A) a loss of surfactant. B) a decreased rate of gas exchange. C) increased surface tension in the alveoli. D) increased tendency to alveolar collapse. E) decreased number of dust cells.

E) decreased number of dust cells.

35) The elastic cartilage that covers the opening to the larynx during swallowing is the A) thyroid cartilage. B) cricoid cartilage. C) corniculate cartilage. D) cuneiform cartilage. E) epiglottis.

E) epiglottis.

72) The condition of having low tissue oxygen levels is known as A) anoxia. B) hypercapnia. C) hypoventilation. D) hyperoxia. E) hypoxia.

E) hypoxia.

119) All of the following are true regarding carbonic anhydrase except that A) it is in RBCs. B) it is an enzyme. C) it can increase the amount of bicarbonate ion in plasma. D) it can convert carbon dioxide into carbonic acid. E) it can convert carbonic acid into CO2.

E) it can convert carbonic acid into CO2.

108) At a PO2 of 70 mm Hg and normal temperature and pH, hemoglobin is ________ percent saturated with oxygen. A) 10 B) 25 C) 50 D) 75 E) more than 90

E) more than 90

21) The nasal cavity is divided into left and right portions by the A) hard palate. B) soft palate. C) cribriform plate. D) internal nares. E) nasal septum.

E) nasal septum.

85) Which muscle(s) contract(s) to cause the movement indicated by the arrows labeled "6" and "7"? A) rectus abdominis B) internal intercostals C) external intercostals D) diaphragm E) none, quiet expiration is passive.

E) none, quiet expiration is passive.

22) The ________ extends between the soft palate and the base of the tongue at the level of the hyoid bone. A) pharynx B) laryngopharynx C) trachea D) epiglottis E) oropharynx

E) oropharynx

127) In emphysema, all of the following occur except A) alveoli collapse. B) compliance increases. C) there is elevated PCO2 in the blood. D) the surface area for gas exchange decreases. E) patients present with cyanosis.

E) patients present with cyanosis

9) The respiratory defense system is important for all of the following reasons except A) helping filter the air. B) helping warm the air. C) keeping out debris. D) keeping out pathogens. E) providing gas exchange.

E) providing gas exchange.

87) Which of the following muscles would not be recruited to increase inspired volume? A) sternocleidomastoid B) pectoralis minor C) scalenes D) serratus anterior E) rectus abdominis

E) rectus abdominis

37) The visible and palpable prominence on the throat known as the Adam's apple is part of the A) epiglottis. B) cricoid cartilage. C) glottis. D) corniculate cartilage. E) thyroid cartilage.

E) thyroid cartilage.

94) If a patient being tested inhales as deeply as possible and then exhales as much as possible, the volume of air expelled would be the patient's A) tidal volume. B) total lung capacity. C) expiratory reserve volume. D) reserve volume. E) vital capacity.

E) vital capacity.