Chapter 21 The Revolution in Energy and Industry AP Euro

Describe railroad construction on the European continent

heavily supported by the government who gave loans, it made more $ and cheaper to move goods

Mines Act of 1842

prohibited underground work for all women as well as for boys under 10 // backlash

What was the key demand of the Chartist movement?

sought universal male suffrage

In 1850, in what occupational area did the largest number of British people work?

Agriculture and Farming

How did class consciousness form during the Industrial Revolution?

Bigger divide between working class and middle class

Who were the Luddites?

British handcraft workers who attacked factories and destroyed machinery they believed were putting them out of work

How did labor in British families change in the eighteenth century?

Family members shifted labor away from unpaid work for household consumption and toward working for wages

David Ricardo

Iron Law of Wages - pressure of population growth would always sink wages in subsistence levels

Why was there a shortage of wood in Great Britain?

It was over harvested, primary source of heat in all homes, and it was a basic raw material

Impact of the steam engine

James Watt // major breakthrough in industrial revolution; transformed society, transportation, factory production, and lifestyle

As the business world grew increasingly complex, what did the wives and daughters of successful businessmen discover in eighteenth-century Europe?

There were few job opportunities for women, as most businessmen assumed that middle-class wives and daughters should avoid work in offices and factories.

Seperate Spheres

Women had control in the home, men had control outside

Friedrich List

believed industrial development should be pursued as part of a project of economic nationalism led by the State

Thomas Malthus

population always grew faster than the food supply // poverty and misery would never go away // gave argument for no charity

Fritz Harkort

sought to match English achievements in machine production as soon as possible, even at unprofitable expense

How did cotton transform the textile industry?

Cotton could easily be spun mechanically with great efficiency, helping solve shortage of thread problem

Impact of railroads on production?

Markets became broader encouraging manufactures to create larger factories with more sophisticated machines // increased production

William Cockerill

an English carpenter who built cotton spinning equipment in Britain

How did the origins of industrialist change as the Industrial revolution progressed?

Harder to form new firms, and instead industrialists were increasingly likely to have inherited their wealth

Families often worked as units in early factories why?

Usually response to wishes of the families

In 'The Condition of the Working Class in England', Friedrich Engels stated that....

the British middle class were guilty of "mass murder" and "wholesale robbery"

How did industry grow in continental Europe?

Countries would steal ideas, didn't have to wait years to develop them on their own, easier to advance

Why do many historians now believe that the continued concentration by the French on artisan production of luxury items made sense in an era of industrialization?

France had long dominated that sector of production; it allowed France to capitalize on its know-how and international reputation.

James Hargreaves and Richard Arkwright

Spinning Jenny and Water Frame

Robert Owens

discipline and health and safety of the working class // tries to make perfect communities by sharing // socialist // large national union to protect unions tried

The Great Exhibition of 1851

in Crystal Palace, displayed Great Britain's industrial wealth to the world

Factory Act of 1833 and impact

limited child labor and number of hours children could work in textile factories, Children required to go to school, more educated people. Some people angered due to loss of wages

Combination Acts of 1799

outlawed unions and strikes in the name of individual liberty, workers continued to strike and the act was repealed 1824