Chapter 22-23

All of the following were contributions made by British Captain James Cook and his crew during three voyages of reconnaissance between 1768 and 1780 C.E. EXCEPT

Cook and his crew made the first circumnavigation of the globe by Europeans.

Who led the opposing sides in the English civil war?

Cromwell versus King Charles I

Of the following, which group is the author most interested in reaching with this passage?

Portuguese mariners and imperialists interested in building a trading-post empire

Historians who are split on what period best defines a transition between two periods of interregional trade—ca. 1486-1488 C.E. or ca. 1497-1498 C.E.—would most likely disagree about

the significance of the first Portuguese voyage to reach India.

All of the following are causal factors for European exploration EXCEPT

the study of other lands and people.

All of the following were causes of the Seven Years' War EXCEPT

the ultimate desire of the English to create a global empire.

What advantages did having a "trading post empire" afford the Portuguese?

It allowed them to control trade without having to manage a lot of territory or people.

In the excerpt, Adam Smith's main purpose is to point out that

the law of supply and demand rejects protectionism.

Explanation Item 10 Item 10 10 of 10 points awarded Item Scored The English East India Company, founded 1600 C.E., and the Dutch United East India Company, founded 1602 C.E., were similar in all of the following ways EXCEPT which one?

Both companies experienced significant financial losses soon after they were established, and the British and Dutch governments had to intervene and fund the companies with public monies.

Explanation Item 22 Item 22 10 of 10 points awarded Item Scored In what ways were the creation of the Russian empire and the Portuguese empire similar?

Both sought ways to control lucrative trade goods.

Which of the following least represents the main goals of Prince Henry the Navigator and Portugal in their west African explorations?

Conquer new territories

Which of the following developments least represents the long-term results of the voyages depicted in the image?

Disruptions of maritime trade networks

In the excerpt "On Drake's Voyage," Francis Petty's main purpose is to point out that

Drake and his mariners were the first Englishmen to navigate the waters around the tip of South America.

In recent decades, many world historians have challenged the view that the Dutch involvement in the East Indies in the mid-1600s C.E. (in what is now Indonesia) was focused on acquisition of a land empire. All of the following statements support this challenge EXCEPT

Dutch merchants welcomed any foreign merchants who wanted to do business in the East Indies, as there were abundant profits to be made by making spices more widely available.

Which of the following states developed constitutional states in the seventeenth century?

England and the Netherlands

Which of the following contributed least to the disruption of Eurasian trade networks in the fourteenth century?

European connections with the African trade market

Commercial competition among European maritime nations led most directly to which of the following fifteenth century developments?

Fortified trading post empires

Which of the following is NOT true about the Columbian exchange?

Global trade declined after the initial round of exchanges as people in different parts of the world adjusted to new religious beliefs that were passed across networks of communication and exchange.

Explanation Item 35 Item 35 10 of 10 points awarded Item Scored In recent decades, many world historians have challenged the view that the Habsburg monarchy under Emperor Charles V (reigned 1519-1556) was able to defeat all foreign challenges to its imperial aspirations. All of the following evidence supports this historical reinterpretation EXCEPT

Habsburg imperial power was expanded by Charles V who, with the assistance of his son Phillip and brother Ferdinand, managed the empire through a centralized bureaucracy that required that all residents in Habsburg lands speak one of the imperial languages, German or Spanish.

Which of the following was most likely the main motivation for the intensification of European maritime exploration of the 1200s into the 1300s?

Lure of trade and new trade routes

The astrolabe depicted in the image least represents which of the following?

Mariners' ability to determine longitude

In what ways did global trade transform as a result of the Columbian exchange?

More and more commodities came from all over the world rather than from close to where people lived.

Which of the following sources would be of interest to a historian studying challenges to the Ptolemaic view of the universe?

Nicolaus Copernicus's 1543 treatise, On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres

Which of the following describes a major change in the process of European reconnaissance ca. 1519-1522 C.E.?

Only eighteen sailors and one ship of a Spanish fleet commanded by Portuguese navigator Ferdinand Magellan, who died en route, completed the circumnavigation of the globe.

Which of the following was NOT one of the commercial rivalries that led to the Seven Years' War?

Portuguese mariners removed Arab, Indian, and Malay merchants in Indian Ocean commerce.

Which of the following is NOT true of transoceanic dispersal of human populations between ca. 1500 and ca. 1800 C.E.?

Prior to ca. 1800 C.E., few Europeans migrated to the Americas, as native peoples were so numerous that there was little arable land to farm and few sources of resources to exploit.

Which of the following describes a major change that occurred in the religious affairs in Europe and elsewhere around the world following the Council of Trent, which met in various sessions between 1545 and 1563?

Roman Catholics launched a Catholic Reformation in response to Protestant challenges to church doctrine and practices.

All of the following statements are true of Spanish colonization of the Philippines beginning in 1565 C.E. EXCEPT which one?

Spanish forces easily defeated the Muslim state located on the southern island of Mindanao and successfully completed the conversion of the native people to Roman Catholicism.

The environmental exploitation of North America by European explorers least likely resulted in which of the following by the late sixteenth century?

Surplus grain supplies due to overplanting

Which of the following best represents the main difference between the Columbian exchange, which was initiated by the mid-Atlantic voyages shown on the map, and the Islamic diffusions that took place earlier between 700 to 1100 C.E.?

The Columbian exchange involved exchanges of radically different biological agents.

Why do historians say that the Protestant Reformation caused the Thirty Years' War?

The Holy Roman Emperor tried to force Bohemia back to Roman Catholicism, triggering the start of the war.

Based on the information in the map, the European voyages depicted led most directly to which of the following fifteenth and sixteenth century developments?

The beginning stages of European colonization of the Americas

Which of the following was least likely a cause for the weakening and eventual decline of Portuguese influence in the late 1500s?

The ongoing conflict with Spain

In which ways are Christianity, Buddhism, and Islam similar?

They are all missionary religions that spread throughout a significant part of the world.

All of the following contributed to reforms in Russian governance and society during the reign of Tsar Peter I (1682-1725) EXCEPT

all non-Russian Orthodox religious minorities were expelled in an effort to copy actions of the Spanish Catholic Kings Fernando and Isabella when they expelled Jews and Muslims from Spain.

All of the following were policies pursued by Louis XIV EXCEPT

an attempt to make the nobles an active part of the government.

A historian researching the slow conversion of Siberian native peoples to Orthodox Christianity after the Russians colonized Siberia, beginning in the mid-sixteenth century, would be most likely to use which of the following resources?

copies of Russian laws related to obligations of indigenous peoples who converted to Christianity after Russians occupied their lands

The diffusion of American crops across the Atlantic most profoundly affected the peoples of the eastern hemisphere through

dietary diversity and population growth.

A historian researching the financing of Christopher Columbus's voyage of 1492 would most likely use which of the following sources?

documents Columbus exchanged with Italian bankers and the rulers of Spain

After the death of Prince Henry in 1460, Portuguese mariners most likely adopted a maritime policy based on

extension of their influence and control into the Indian Ocean basin.

The astrolabe and other navigational advances allowed mariners on their voyages to

gather data regarding the geography of the world.

Which of the following groups was the author most interested in reaching with this passage?

general European readers interested in commercial opportunities

European military development differed from military development in China, India, and Islamic lands ca. 1650 C.E. in all of the following ways EXCEPT

gunpowder technology did little to influence how European and Islamic armies fought each other in various venues during this period.

Explanation Item 33 Item 33 10 of 10 points awarded Item Scored Until recent decades, many world historians held the view that women played no role in the European Enlightenment, but now this stance is being challenged. All of the following facets of the life of Frenchwoman Émilie du Châtelet support this historical reinterpretation EXCEPT

her role as wife and mother.

In recent decades, many world historians have challenged the view that the Habsburg monarchy under Emperor Charles V (reigned 1519-1556) made the Holy Roman Empire the preeminent political authority in Europe. All of the following support this historical reinterpretation EXCEPT

lack of sufficient income meant that the emperor consistently struggled to find the resources to pay for armies to defend his lands.

All of the following are true of the advances in ship and sail technology adopted by Europeans around the start of the twelfth century, contributing to the success of voyages of reconnaissance, EXCEPT

oar and sail drive galleys were found to be very maneuverable and suitable for sailing on the world's major oceans.

All of the following were part of Peter the Great's policy of westernization EXCEPT

political liberalization and democratic reforms.

A naval historian researching improvements in European navigational skills ca. 1500 C.E. would find all of the following sources relevant EXCEPT

scientific reports of the discovery of a method to accurately measure longitude.

All of the following were significant connections between serfdom in Russia ca.1650 and the emergence of capitalism elsewhere in Europe EXCEPT

serfs were unable to produce agricultural surpluses to export to western Europe as the climate was too cold to produce most cereal crops.

The item in the image is important to navigation because it

shows the direction ships were moving.

The widespread use of the astrolabe and the compass are all examples of which of the following historical processes?

spread of technology along networks of communications and exchange

All of the following would be of interest to a historian researching effects of capitalism on the nuclear family in Europe about 1750 C.E. EXCEPT

tax collection data showing that extended family units were better able to produce crops or to take to market goods that they fabricated in their homes or workshops than were nuclear families.

All of the following were major causes of the Protestant Reformation in Europe EXCEPT

the Roman Catholic reformation and the Council of Trent.

In efforts to establish global networks of exchange, transportation, and communications, all of the following were European motivations for reconnaissance and exploration between ca. 1400 and 1800 C.E. EXCEPT

the ambition to resettle minority groups like Muslims and Jews outside of Christian lands.

Explanation Item 40 Item 40 10 of 10 points awarded Item Scored In recent decades, many economic historians have challenged the view that European merchants and entrepreneurs failed to adopt elements of capitalism as business practices beginning ca. 1500. All of the following support this historical reinterpretation EXCEPT

the amount and value of European trade with other states involved in the global network of communications and exchange fell significantly following ca. 1500.

The most important consequence of the Peace of Westphalia was

the establishment of a system of sovereign and equal European states.

All of the following are related to the growth of Protestantism in the 1500s EXCEPT

the formation of the Society of Jesus, or the Jesuits, by Protestant leaders leading to significant Protestant missionary activities in the Americas and east Asia.

Which of the following changes BEST justifies the claim that ca. 1625 marked the strengthening of French absolutism and belief in the divine right of kings?

the rise to power of Cardinal Richelieu as chief minister to the king

The main purpose of the illustration of French King Louis XIV dining with playwright and actor Molière and members of the clergy is to point out that

there was an absolute monarchy that included co-opting the arts and religion.

Explanation Item 13 Item 13 10 of 10 points awarded Item Scored All of the following characterized expansion of Russian trade by the mid-eighteenth century EXCEPT

trade with western Europe was allowed to decline as the Russians focused their economic expansion to the east into central Asia and Siberia.

In the excerpt, Enlightenment thinker Jean-Jacques Rousseau makes the comparison that

when an individual passes from the state of nature to the civic state, a sense of what is just motivates one's actions rather than instincts.

In the excerpt, the author's main purpose is to point out that

whether one confesses to practicing witchcraft or not, the punishment if found guilty is death.

Which of the following aspects of the account would be hardest to verify?

whether the king was the best at making the "most of a word, smile, or glance"