chapter 22

What is ovulation?

process of releasing cells from the follicles

The part of the sperm cell that contains enzymes that help in penetration of the layers around the oocyte during fertilization is the

acrosome

What is a primary oocyte?

a developing female gamete undergoing meiosis

The function of the bulbourethral glands is to secrete ______.

a fluid that lubricates the end of the penis

ductus (vasa) deferntia

conduct and store sperm

scrotum lacks

fats

As a follicle matures, its primary oocyte undergoes meiosis I, giving rise to a secondary oocyte and the ______ polar body.

first

_______ reduces the number of chromosomes in each cell by half

meiosis

meiosis allows for genetic variation because the sex cells only have _____ of the genes of the parent

SOME

male sex cells

sperm

after the descent of the testes, ______ contains the ductus deferens, blood vessels, and nerves

spermatic cord

Undifferentiated diploid spermatogenic cells are called

spermatogonia

What is the spermatic cord?

structure that suspends the testis in the scrotum

The cells of the seminiferous tubules that support and nourish the sperm-producing cells are called _______ cells

sustentacular (sertoli) cells

Primary sex organs (gonads)

testes and ovaries

Which reproductive organ is enclosed within the scrotum?

testis

what happens if testes don't drop and why

will be sterile because too hot in abdominal cavity

At the end of the second meiotic division, the chromosomes from the sperm cell combine with those of the ovum, producing a diploid cell called a(n)

zygote

sex cells have ____ set of genetic instructions found on ____ chromosomes, compared to ____ sets on _____ chromosomes in other body (somatic cells)

- 1 set - 23 chromosomes - 2 sets - 46 chromosomes

In meiosis II, cells start with 23 chromosomes and end up with ______ chromosomes. This process is similar to ______ since the chromosome count doesn't change. Multiple choice question.

-23 -mitosis

_____ sperm cell(s) are produced from ____ spermatocyte

-4 -1

______ line seminiferous tubules and give rise to sperm cells. ______ lie in between the tubules and secrete male sex hormones.

-Spermatogenic cells -Interstitial cells (cells of Leydig)

lobules

-about 250 compartments in testes -separated by connective tissue septa

Where are androgens produced?

-adrenal cortex -testes

prostate cancer

-cancer of the prostate gland -blood test for elevated prostate-specific antigen (PSA)

Metaphase I (Meiosis I)

-chromosome pairs line up on midline of spindle -alignment is random with respect to maternal or paternal origin

What occurs during prophase I of meiosis?

-crossing over occurs -spindles form from microtubules -chromosomes shorten and thicken

functions of male reproductive system

-develop and maintain male sex cells -transport sperm and fluids to outside the body -synthesize male sex hormones

The ejaculatory duct is formed by the union of which structures?

-ductus deferens -seminal vesicle

Indicate the structures that sperm cells pass through.

-ductus deferentia -ejaculatory duct -epididymis

independant assortment

-during meiosis I -when parts of chromosomes line up independently so that either the maternal or paternal chromosome can be on a given side of the equator

seminal vesicles (aka seminal glands)

-each attached to a ductus near base of the urinary bladder -secrete alkaline fluid which regulates pH in male and female tracts -contents empty into the ejaculatory duct -contributes most of volume of semen

male internal accessory organs

-epididymis -ductus deferntia -ejaculatory ducts -urethra -seminal vesicles -prostate gland -bulbourethral glands

The two main female sex hormones, secreted mainly by the ovaries, are _______ and _______

-estrogen -progesterone

The gubernaculum is a connective tissue cord that extends from the ______ to the ______ of a developing fetus.

-gonad -floor of abdomopelvic cavity

seminiferous tubules

-highly coiled tubules inside lobules -lined with a special stratified epithelium containing spermatogenic cells that give rise to sperm cells

anaphase I (meiosis I)

-homologous chromosome pairs separate, each replicated member migrating to a different pole -each daughter cell receives only 1 replicated member of each chromosome pair; this reduced the chromosome number by half

At puberty, the ______ begins secreting increasing amounts of GnRH, which stimulate the ______ to release FSH and LH, which act on the ______ to promote female sex cell maturation and sex hormone release.

-hypothalamus -anterior pituitary gland -ovaries

Indicate which of the following are true regarding spermatogenesis

-it is the process of formation of sperm cells -it occurs in males starting at puberty -after spermatogenesis is completed, sperm cells pass to the epididymis where they accumulate and mature -it occurs in seminiferous tubules inside the testes

prostate gland

-just inferior to urinary bladder -secretes a thin, milky, alkaline fluid- contains citrate (nutrient) -secretion enhances sperm motility

sustentacular (sertoli) cells

-large cells that span entire thickness of epithelium of a seminiferous tubule -support and nourish spermatogenic cells throughout development into sperm

interstitial cells (cells of Leydig)

-lie between seminiferous tubules -produce and secrete male sex hormones

Which two hormones are secreted by the anterior pituitary gland in males?

-luteinizing hormone -follicle stimulating hormone

The process of ______ results in the formation of haploid cells with one set of genetic instructions carried on 23 chromosomes, while the process of ______ results in the formation of diploid cells with two sets of 23 chromosomes.

-meiosis -mitosis

Each parent cell produces two daughter cells in the process of ______, while four daughter cells are produced in the process of ______.

-mitosis -meiosis

Select the layers of tissue found in the uterine tubes.

-muscular layer; smooth muscle -outer covering of peritoneum -mucosal layer; simple ciliated columnar epithelium

List three structures located within the spermatic cord.

-nerves -blood vessels -ductus deferens

Sperm are produced by the ______ sex organs and transported to the outside of the body by the actions of ______ sex organs.

-primary -accessory

prior to meiosis, each chromosome _______ and contains 2 DNA strands called ________, connected by a _________

-replicates -chromatids -centromere

dartos muscle

-smooth muscle -wrinkles scrotal skin -pulls scrotum close to body for optimal temperature

List three effects of testosterone.

-spermatogenesis -bodily changes at puberty -development of male anatomy in the fetus and adolescent

Prophase I (Meiosis I)

-synapsis: pairing of homologous chromosomes -crossover: exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes to produce chromosomes with genetic information from both parents

epididymides

-tightly coiled tubes at top of each testes -promote maturation of sperm cells (secrete glycogen) -lined with pseudo stratified columnar epithelium with nonmotile cilia

The results of first meiotic division are two ______ divided cells called a ______ and a ______

-unequally -secondary oocyte -first polar body

What forms at the end of meiosis in females?

1 egg cell matures, remaining 3 degenerate

Place in the correct order the sequence of events and the products of the ovarian cycle, with the earliest event/product at the top.

1. primordial follicle 2. primary follicle 3. preantral follicle 4. mature antral follicle 5. ovulation 6. corpus luteum

Structures in the order that sperm cells flow through them, with the structure closest to sperm origin at the top.

1. seminiferous tubules 2. epididymis 3. ductus deferens

Starting at the periphery (top of the list) and working toward the lumen, put the following cell types in order as they appear in the seminiferous tubule.

1. spermatogonia 2. primary spermatocytes 3. secondary spermatocytes 4. spermatids 5. spermatozoa

What is the average number of sperm cells in one milliliter of semen?

120 million

how many divisions in meiosis

2 divisions

What forms at the end of Meiosis in males?

4 sperm cells

sperm formation pathway

>spermatogonia >primary spermatocytes >secondary spermatocytes >spermatids >spermatozoa

Describe the broad ligament

A fold of peritoneum extending from lateral uterus to pelvic wall that attaches to the ovaries and uterine tube

What is found inside the head of a sperm cell?

DNA

The testes descend from the abdominal cavity to the scrotum a month or two ______ birth.

before

Telophase I (Meiosis I)

cell divides completely, forming 2 daughter cells

Anaphase II (Meiosis II)

centromeres separate and chromatids migrate to opposite poles

the lower one-third, or neck, of the uterus is called the

cervix

Prophase II (Meiosis II)

chromosomes condense and reappear, still replicated

Within the mature follicle, the secondary oocyte is surrounded by a thick zona pellucida with an attached mantle of granulosa cells called the

corona radiata

The outermost region or layer of the ovary where the oocytes develop is called the

cortex

________ during meiosis results in recombination of genetic material which provides for unique combinations of traits in offspring

crossing over

What are spermatogonia?

diploid cells that will become sperm cells

During the ovarian cycle, usually only one follicle, called a(n) ________ follicle, fully develops

dominant

The epididymis directs sperm cells into what structure?

ductus deferens

crossover

during meiosis I, replicated chromosomes seek out their homologous partner and pair up

Telophase (Meiosis II)

each of 2 cells produced in Meiosis I divides into 2 daughter cells

During oogenesis, the primary oocyte divides, forming a secondary oocyte and a small nonviable (unable to survive) daughter cell. What is the name of this nonviable cell?

first polar body

The products of the process of meiosis are ______.

four genetically unique daughter cells

_________ aids the descent of the testes

gubernaculum

Which describes the products of meiosis?

haploid gametes

Highly compacted chromatin consisting of 23 chromosomes is found in the ______ of the mature sperm.

head

sperm structure

head: nucleus (23 chromosomes); acrosome (enzymes that penetrate layers around oocyte during fertilization) midpiece: contains many mitochondria (ATP for swimming tail: (flagellum), contains many mircotubules enclosed in extension of cell membrane, lashing movement propels sperm toward egg

Which is true regarding the time line of follicular development?

it is an ongoing process, with one mature follicle ready for ovulation every 28 days

Ovulation is triggered by a spike in levels of ________ hormone in the blood

luteinizing (LH)

With respect to chromosomal division, meiosis II is most similar to which cell division?

mitosis

Baby girls are born with ______ oocytes than are present at puberty

more

Describe the uterus

muscular pear-shaped organ

female sex cells

oocytes

Metaphase II (Meiosis II)

replicated chromosomes attach to spindle fibers along midline

testes, each suspended by a spermatic cord, lie within the sac like _______

scrotum

The oocyte that is found within a mature antral follicle is a(n) ______ ooctye

secondary

In males, which type of gland is found on the posterior side of the bladder?

seminal vesicles

meiosis I

separates homologous (the same, gene for gene) pairs of chromosomes

meiosis II

separates the chromatids, producing cells that are still haploid but whose chromosomes now have 1 chromatid

Recombination

the genetic process by which one chromosome breaks off and attaches to another chromosome during reproductive cell division

Describe the fundus of the uterus

the large, rounded, superior part of the uterus

Which event occurs during telophase I of meiosis?

the nucleoli reappear

in about 25% of males, __________ stays open leaving potential for a hernia

the vaginal process

Sperm needs to reach the ______ in order to fertilize the oocyte.

uterine tube