Chapter 22

Among which of the following groups did Roman Catholic missionaries enjoy some success? Select one: a. Outcaste groups in Indian coastal regions b. The Chinese c. The animists of the southern Philippines d. Buddhists e. Hindu brahmins

a

In what sense was the Spanish conversion of the Filipinos similar to their experience in the Americas? Select one: a. Like the Amerindians, the Filipinos' brand of Christianity represented a creative blend of earlier beliefs and practices with Christianity. b. Filipinos were easily converted to Protestant faiths. c. Filipino conversion to Christianity was predicated on political equality with the Spanish conquerors. d. All Christian tenets were taught in the language of the indigenous peoples. e. Few Filipinos were converted to Christianity.

a

In what way did the Dutch and English participation within the Asian sea trading network change by the middle decades of the 17th century? Select one: a. For both the Dutch and the English, peaceful commerce came to be more profitable than forcible control and monopolies were aimed at European rather than Asian rivals. b. Military expansion enabled greater commercial control due to the series of religious wars that had broken out in Europe. c. As allies, the Dutch and English were able to establish a naval supremacy in Asia sufficient to monopolize all trade within the Asian sea trading network. d. Both northern European nations abandoned the commerce in spices in favor of cotton and silk textiles. e. Unlike the Portuguese and Spanish, the northern European nations undertook wholesale conversion to Protestantism of the inhabitants of the Spice Islands.

a

The first Ming emperor of China was Select one: a. Hongwu. b. Kangxi. c. Zhenghe. d. Chong Zhao. e. Yunglo.

a

What group successfully asserted its control over China following the collapse of the Ming dynasty? Select one: a. The Jurchens or Manchus b. The Portuguese c. The Uighurs d. The Mongols e. The Hsiung-nu

a

What was the nature of the sea routes in the Asian trading network? Select one: a. Most of the navigation consisted of sailing along the coastlines and avoiding open seas. b. Well-established routes directly crossing the major oceans were maintained from ancient times. c. The only sea-going routes crossed the Indian Ocean from the Swahili ports of east Africa to India. d. Only the Chinese and Arabs practiced navigation in the Asian trading network. e. They were restricted to the South China Sea and the Sea of Japan.

a

Where was the chief Dutch trading fortress and port in southeast Asia? Select one: a. Batavia b. Goa c. Ormuz d. Darsan e. Manila

a

Which of the following statements concerning the Ming economy is most accurate? Select one: a. Much merchant wealth was invested in land as a means of social advancement. b. Almost all commercial profits were reinvested in trade. c. Merchants failed to realize profits from the Ming commercial boom. d. The Chinese government did not tax trade, thus did not profit from commercial growth. e. European markets became increasingly important to the Ming emperors.

a

Which of the following was NOT a European contribution to the Asian sea trading network? Select one: a. The establishment of an exchange of new crops and diseases similar to the "Columbian Exchange" with the Americas b. The introduction of sea warfare into the Asian trade network c. A global flow of silver starting in the Americas and ending in China d. The addition of new routes, including the link to Europe around the Cape of Good Hope e. The establishment of new trading centers such as Goa, Calicut, and Batavia

a

Which of the following was a reform instituted by the first Ming emperor to reduce court factionalism and the power of the scholar-gentry? Select one: a. Corrupt or incompetent members of the bureaucracy were punished by being beaten on the bare buttocks. b. Exams were more complex and were based on the Legalist school. c. Imperial wives could only come from specified noble families of good repute. d. Eunuchs were expelled from the royal household. e. A chief minister was appointed from the royal family to oversee all work of the imperial bureaucracy.

a

Why did the Chinese abandon the commercial voyages of the Zheng He expeditions? Select one: a. There was little of value for the Chinese to import in trade, and the voyages were expensive to carry out. b. Many of the ships were lost as a result of poor ship design and inadequate sailing technology. c. The size of the fleets was so limited that they could not compete with the greater capacity of the European voyages. d. The trade with foreign regions produced a negative balance of trade for China that drained bullion from imperial coffers. e. Chinese commerce was not competitive enough due to competition from the Europeans.

a

Despite their armaments, what factor convinced the Europeans that they could make little headway against the kingdoms of Asia? Select one: a. Distance from European ports b. Large populations of Asian kingdoms c. Inferiority of European ships d. Armed resistance to European trade e. European lack of bullion

b

During the reign of what Ming emperor did the Chinese launch commercial expeditions to southeast Asia, Persia, and Africa? Select one: a. Kangxi b. Yunglo c. Zhenghe d. Hongwu e. Chongzhen

b

Which of the following items was more likely to be exchanged within the ports of each of the main trading zone rather than over greater distances between zones? Select one: a. Silk textiles b. Rice c. Ivory d. Gems e. Spices

b

Which of the following products was associated with the Indian zone of the Asian sea trading network? Select one: a. Tapestry b. Cotton textiles c. Carpets d. Spices e. Paper

b

Which of the following reforms was NOT introduced by the first Ming emperor? Select one: a. State subsidies for imperial academies and regional colleges were reinstituted. b. Family influence in the selection of men to the Chinese bureaucracy was eliminated. c. The civil service examination system was reinstated. d. The position of the scholar-gentry within the bureaucracy was restored. e. The position of chief minister was abolished.

b

Which of the following statements concerning Ming reforms in favor of the peasantry is most accurate? Select one: a. Peasants were made exempt from all taxation due to Hongwu being a peasant himself. b. Despite some attempts to improve economic conditions for the peasantry, the growing power of the rural landlords led to increased tenancy and landless laborers. c. The first Ming emperor attempted to increase the forced labor demands on the peasantry in order to restore the Chinese economy following the expulsion of the Mongols. d. The early Ming emperors were completely uninterested in the plight of the peasantry. e. The Ming reforms resulted in a reduction in the authority of the local landlords and the establishment of small farming operations throughout China.

b

Which of the following statements concerning Ming social organization is most accurate? Select one: a. Occupational alternatives for women of all social levels dramatically expanded during the Ming era. b. Under the continued influence of neo-Confucian ideology, Ming society remained rigidly stratified with emphasis on deference of youth to elders and women to men. c. Among the groups granted almost total freedom from the bonds of social status were the students seeking entry into the scholar-gentry. d. Social roles were more flexible than before due to the influence of Jesuit missionaries such as Matteo Ricci. e. The adoption of more Buddhist beliefs began to break down the strict patterns of deference that had been customary in Han and Song China.

b

Why did the Portuguese believe they could successfully enter the Asian sea trading by force? Select one: a. The Asian empires lacked navies. b. Portuguese ships were more maneuverable and better armed than those of their Asian opponents. c. The Portuguese realized that their armies were more numerous than those of the Asian opponents. d. There was little military force in any of the Muslim or Asian empires. e. The European trade zones were easily dominated by force.

b

All of the following were sources of disappointment to the Europeans who arrived in Asia in the 16th and 17th centuries EXCEPT Select one: a. Asians were uninterested in European trade goods. b. the Europeans were too few in numbers to exert force on Asian kingdoms. c. Asian civilization seemed materially impoverished. d. Asians were uninterested in converting to Christianity. e. Asian culture was thriving and diverse.

c

In terms of literature, what was the chief accomplishment of the Ming era? Select one: a. Haiku b. Narrative history c. The novel d. Poetry e. The short story

c

The Portuguese won a major sea battle over a combined fleet of Egyptian and Indian vessels in 1509 at Select one: a. Batavia. b. Malacca. c. Diu. d. Jidda. e. Samarkand.

c

What Jesuit missionary was responsible for creating the strategy of converting Hindu elites as a means of achieving mass conversions? Select one: a. Padre Kino b. Francis Xavier c. Robert di Nobili d. Matteo Ricci e. Adam Schall

c

What raw materials were the most highly valued exports in the Asian sea trading network for the Europeans? Select one: a. Lumber b. Fish c. Spices d. Iron e. Ivory

c

What trade did the Portuguese intend to monopolize within the Asian trading network? Select one: a. Cotton textiles b. Slaves c. Spices d. Lumber e. Ivory

c

Which of the following statements most accurately describes the nature of the Asian sea trading network? Select one: a. The Chinese empire kept the peace through the use of heavily armed junks. b. The entire network was dominated by Arab merchants who worked in common cause to establish a monopoly of trade. c. There was no central control, and force was usually absent from commercial exchanges. d. The system functioned only so long as it was administered from the Ottoman Empire with the tacit support of the Ming dynasty. e. The Chinese, as a result of their naval superiority, were able to secure military dominance of the system

c

Which of the following was NOT a policy imposed as a result of Japanese isolation in the 17th century? Select one: a. Western books were banned. b. Neo-Confucian philosophy gave way to the influence of thinkers who championed the school of "National Learning." c. The Japanese elite abandoned all contact with Western learning and technological advance. d. Foreign traders were confined to the island of Deshima in Nagasaki Bay. e. Christianity was banned and Christians were persecuted.

c

Who succeeded the Portuguese as the most successful European entrant into the Asian sea trading network? Select one: a. Italy b. Germany c. Holland d. England e. Spain

c

Whose voyages of exploration opened the way for the Europeans to the Indies? Select one: a. Ferdinand Magellan b. Christopher Columbus c. Vasco da Gama d. Ponce de Leon e. Francis Xavier

c

Why were the Portuguese unwilling to exchange bullion for products within the Asian commercial system? Select one: a. All of Portuguese bullion was exchanged for slaves in the African commercial system. b. They were sending bullion to England to pay for weapons. c. The doctrine of mercantilism equated possession of bullion with power and argued against negative trade balances. d. They had none. e. There was little merchandise that the Portuguese considered of value in the Asian trade network.

c

How did the Dutch commercial strategy within the Asian trade network differ from that of the Portuguese? Select one: a. The Dutch were more interested in establishing permanent settlements such as Batavia. b. The Dutch were more humane in their treatment of island peoples who cultivated the spices. c. The Dutch did not make use of fortified towns and factories. d. The Dutch were more systematic in their monopoly control of a limited number of specific spices. e. The Dutch lacked a substantial navy, and could not use warships to maintain their commercial advantage.

d

How successful was the Portuguese monopoly on Asian products? Select one: a. For some decades they were able to maintain a complete monopoly over Asian products shipped to Europe. b. Other European trade powers were frozen out of the market due to the success of the Portuguese establishing fortified trade ports. c. The Portuguese were unable to achieve control over any Asian products due to competition from the Chinese commercial navy. d. Though they managed to monopolize some spices grown in limited locales, the Portuguese lacked the manpower and ships to sustain a monopoly. e. The Portuguese monopoly was rigidly enforced over Asian products for almost two centuries.

d

In what way did the Jesuit missionaries maintain their positions at the court of the Ming emperors? Select one: a. By maintaining a small but powerful European army in the Chinese capital b. By becoming eunuchs c. By converting Yungle to Christianity d. By demonstrating knowledge of scientific and technological skills e. By accepting the support of the scholar-gentry

d

In what year was the Tokugawa shogunate founded, marking the reestablishment of central government in Japan? Select one: a. 1653 b. 1593 c. 1854 d. 1603 e. 1633

d

What area of the Philippines were the Spanish NOT able to conquer? Select one: a. Java b. Leyte c. Luzon d. Mindanao e. Suhong

d

What peoples had preceded the Portuguese in entering the markets of south and southeast Asia? Select one: a. English b. Africans c. Dutch d. Muslims e. Spanish

d

What was the initial Portuguese response to the encounter at Calicut? Select one: a. They bypassed India and traded directly with China. b. They abandoned hopes of entering the Asian markets. c. They exported increasing amounts of Western products to Asia. d. They applied military force to obtain desired Asian products. e. The Portuguese entered a trade alliance with Spain.

d

What was the significance of the mainland kingdoms and island states of southeast Asia that surrounded the three great manufacturing zones of the Asian sea trading network? Select one: a. These regions had no relationship to the three main manufacturing zones of the Asian sea trading network. b. These regions were virtually the sole consumers of goods made in the manufacturing regions. c. These regions provided the military defense for the manufacturing regions. d. These regions fed raw materials—precious metals and forest products—into the trading network. e. These regions provided the medium of exchange in the form of gold and silver.

d

The ultimate task of all the explorations launched by the Europeans from the 14th century onward was Select one: a. spreading knowledge of European civilization to Asia. b. perfecting European knowledge of navigation and astronomy. c. winning their long-standing competition with Islam. d. establishing European political dominion over all of Asia. e. finding a sea link between Europe and the wealthy civilizations of Asia.

e

What was the Portuguese lesson learned at Calicut? Select one: a. Western bullion was of no use in the East. b. Indians refused to trade with Europeans. c. European goods were much sought after in India. d. Indian markets had little of interest to Western consumers. e. Western products brought for trade were of little or no value.

e

Where were foreigners permitted to do business in China during the Ming era? Select one: a. Only at the Ming capital at Beijing b. At Hong Kong c. Nowhere d. At any port e. At Macao and Canton

e

Which of the following products was associated with the Arab zone of the Asian sea trading network? Select one: a. Cotton textiles b. Gunpowder c. Porcelain d. Paper e. Glass

e

Which of the following reasons is at least in part responsible for the peopling of the Yangtzi region in the southern part of China during the Ming era? Select one: a. The overpopulation of the northern provinces of China led to the Ming ordering a mass migration b. The enforced migration of remaining Mongols within the Chinese population to the region of the Yangtzi c. The opening of the region to settlement from Siam and Vietnam d. The abandonment of rice and millet cultivation in the region in favor of wheat introduced by Portuguese merchants e. The introduction of crops from the Americas that could be cultivated on inferior soils and did not require irrigation

e

Which of the following was NOT a fortified trading port established by the Portuguese in the early 16th century? Select one: a. Calicut b. Goa c. Ormuz d. Malacca e. Batavia

e

Which of the following was one of the crucial points in the Asian sea trading network where trade converged? Select one: a. The mouth of the Ganges River b. Sofala c. Canton d. The mouth of the Huanghe River e. The straits of Malacca

e

Why did the earliest of the Japanese military centralizers accept Christian missionaries? Select one: a. The Portuguese supplied a large army to rulers who offered to accept Christianity. b. He was intimidated by the military might of the Portuguese. c. Prior to his first military victory, Hideyoshi saw a cross in the sky. d. His wife was a Christian who was able to exert her influence throughout his household. e. Christianity was seen as a counterforce to the Buddhist orders that opposed the imposition of central rule.

e