Chapter 22 Learnsmart

The peripheral chemoreceptors detect changes in which of the following?

- blood O2 and CO2 saturation - Blood pH

place the following airways in order of airflow as air enters the lungs

1. Primary bronchus 2. Secondary bronchus 3. Tertiary bronchus 4. Terminal bronchiole 5. Respiratory bronchiole 6. Alveolar Duct

how is air modified as it passes through the meatus in between 2 nasal conchae

1. it's cleansed 2. it's humidified 3. it's warmed

Match each receptor to the type of stimulus it detects: A) Central chemoreceptors B) Peripheral chemoreceptors C) Stretch receptors D) Irritant receptors

A) Central chemoreceptors - pH of CSF B) Peripheral chemoreceptors - oxygen level, carbon dioxide level, and pH of the blood C) Stretch receptors - inflation of the lungs D) Irritant receptors - smoke, dust, pollen, chemical fumes, cold air, and excess mucus

Active tissues generate extra CO2, which lowers the pH of the blood and facilitates the unloading of oxygen. Because of this, more oxygen is released to tissues with higher metabolic rates, a phenomenon known as the ____________ effect.

Bohr

Which term refers to the portion of the lung ventilated by one tertiary bronchus?

Bronchopulmonary segment

Match each type of hypoxia to its cause.

Hypoxemic hypoxia: inadequate pulmonary gas exchange. Ischemic hypoxia: inadequate circulation of blood. Anemic hypoxia: inability of the blood to carry adequate oxygen due to anemia. Histotoxic hypoxia: metabolic poison prevents tissues from using the oxygen delivered to them.

Amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled after a normal tidal volume inhalation

Inspiratory reserve volume

As the thoracic cavity expands, the visceral pleura clings to the parietal pleura, and the surface of the lung is pulled outward. Why does this increase in lung volume cause inspiration?

Intrapulmonary pressure is temporarily lower than atmospheric pressure

Match each respiratory volume to its definition.

Tidal Volume (TV): the amount of air inhaled and exhaled during quiet breathing. Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV): the amount of air that may be exhaled over the tidal volume. Residual Volume (RV): the amount of air remaining in the lungs after a forced expiration. Forced Expiratory Volume (FEV): the amount of air that can be exhaled in a given time interval.

Pulmonary compliance is reduced in which of the following?

Tuberculosis patients

An acid-base imbalance in which the blood pH is lower than 7.35 is:

acidosis

Most of the surface area for gas exchange within the respiratory system is found within the _____ of the lungs.

alveoli

the nasal septum is formed by which of the following tissues

bone, hyaline cartilage

The _____ in brainstem senses the changes of pH within the cerebrospinal fluid.

central chemoreceptors

The tracheal lumen is lined with epithelial cells that have hairlike structures called _______. The upward beating of these structures moves the abundant mucus upward toward the pharynx.

cilia

The ______ is an elastic cartilage structure, which functions to seal off the glottis during swallowing as the tongue pushes it downward toward the larynx.

epiglottis

When the diaphragm relaxes, air is forced from the lungs. This is known as ____.

expiration

Identify the two principal muscles or muscle groups responsible for resting (non-forced) inspiration.

external intercostals and diaphragm

a person expelling air while yelling is performing which type of breathing

forced

insufficient oxygen levels in a tissue is called

hypoxia

_________ is the intake of air during the respiration cycle.

inspiration

The trachea, primary bronchi and alveolar sacs all belong to the:

lower respiratory tract

which locations contain the brainstem respiratory centers

medulla and pons

The __ is the portion of the pharynx found superior to the soft palate at the back of the oral cavity

nasopharynx

Identify the two terms that describe the anterior openings of the nasal cavity.

nostrils, nares

which structures are part of the conducting zone of the respiratory system

pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles.

the volume of air remaining in the lungs after a maximum exhalation

residual volume

Name the lobes of the Right lung?

superior lobe middle lobe inferior lobe

The _____ are responsible for generating sounds within the larynx.

vocal cords, vocal folds