Chapter 22

Output from higher brain centers can bypass both the DRG and VRG and go directly to __________, which controls the accessory muscles of respiration. A. the diaphragm B. spinal integration centers C. the cerebral cortex D. the vagus nerve

spinal integration centers

Air consists of about 78.6% nitrogen, 20.9% oxygen, 0.04% carbon dioxide, and 0.5% water. At sea level, (760 mmHg) what is the PCO2? A. 597 mm Hg B. 159 mm Hg C. 0.3 mm Hg D. 3.7 mm Hg

0.3 mm Hg

Which of the following is a lung disease marked by a reduced number of cilia, reduced motility of the remaining cilia, goblet cell hypertrophy and hypersecretion, and thick sputum? A. Asthma B. Oat-cell carcinoma C. Atelectasis D. Chronic bronchitis E. Emphysema

chronic bronchitis

Normally, the systemic arterial blood has a Po2 of ___________ mm Hg, a Pco2 of ___________ mm Hg, and a pH of ___________. A. 40; 95; 7.4 B. 95; 40; 7.4 C. 7.4; 40; 95 D. 95; 7.4; 40 E. 40; 7.4; 95

95; 40; 7.4

Carbon dioxide is transported by all the following means except ______. A. Carbaminohemoglobin B. Carbonic acid C. Carbonate D. Bicarbonate ions E. Dissolved gas

Carbonate

The heart indents into the ______ of the left lung.

Cardiac impression

The pH of the cerebrospinal fluid is monitored by which of these brainstem centers? A. PRG B. Hypothalamic osmoreceptors C. Medullary baroreceptors D. Central chemoreceptors

Central chemoreceptors

Which of the following issues output to the VRG to adjust the respiratory rhythm? A. DRG B. PRG C. NRG D. SRG

DRG

66. Which law states that the total atmospheric pressure is a sum of the contributions of the individual gases? A. Henry's B. Charles's C. Boyle's D. Dalton's

Dalton's

Which law states that the total pressure of gas mixture is equal to the sum of the partial your pressure of it individual gases? A. Boyle's B. Valsalva's C. Dalton's D. Charles's E. Henry's

Dalton's

The amount of air in excess of tidal volume can be inhaled with maximum effort is the _____.

Inspiration reserve volume

Which of the following does not contain ciliated cells? A. Nasal cavity B. Trachea C. Primary bronchus D. Terminal bronchiole E. Laryngopharynx

Laryngopharynx

The upper respiratory tract extends from the nose through the _______.

Larynx

Which bronchus is about 5cm Long and slightly narrower and more horizontal than the one on the opposite side? A. Left segmental bronchus B. Right segmental bronchus C. Right lobar bronchus D. Left main bronchus

Left main bronchus

Respiratory system contains a total of five _____. A. Segmental bronchus B. Choanae C. Laryngeal cartilages D. Lobes

Lobes

Scuba divers breathe a nitrogen-oxygen mixture rather than pure compressed oxygen in order to avoid what condition? A. The bends B. Oxygen toxicity C. Rapture of the deep D. Caisson disease E. Hypoxemic hypoxia

Oxygen toxicity

Emotional states are integrated by the __________, which generates an output that creates such respiratory variations as laughing and crying. A. VRG B. PRG C. DRG D. SRG

PRG

Which of the following is not a function of the respiratory system? A. Control of pH B. Promotes the flow of lymph and venous blood C. Helps regulate blood pressure D. Assists in synthesis of vasodilators E. Aids in defecation

Promotes the flow of length and venous blood

Each alveolus is surrounded by a web of blood capillaries supplied by the ______. A. Aorta B. Pulmonary artery C. Pulmonary vein D. Inferior vena cava E. Superior vena cava

Pulmonary artery

What is vital capacity calculated?

Respiratory reserve volume + tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume

Conditions around metabolically active tissues do what to the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve? A. Shift it right B. Shift it left C. Decrease the slope D. Increase the slope

Shift it right

Which of the following would lead to anemic hypoxia? A. Sickle-cell disease B. Emphysema C. Squamous-cell carcinoma D. Asthma E. Atelectasis

Sickle-cell disease

What is the least common but most dangerous form of lung cancer? A. Mesothelioma B. Adenocarcinoma C. Squamous cell carcinoma D. Small-cell carcinoma

Small-cell carcinoma

(true/ false) Erythrocytes do not carry out aerobic respiration; thus, they do not consume any of the oxygen they are transporting.

TRUE

(true/ false) Gas transport is the process of carrying gases from the alveoli to the systemic tissues and vice versa.

TRUE

(true/ false) The pleurae and pleural fluid help prevent the spread of pulmonary infection to the pericardium.

TRUE

Which of the following best summarizes the Bohr effect? A. The rate of carbon dioxide loading into the blood is increased in metabolically active tissues. B. Excessive inflation of the lungs will temporarily inhibit the I neurons and stop inspiration. C. The rate of oxygen unloading is increased in metabolically active tissues due to increased acidity. D. More oxygen will dissolve in the blood at higher pressures.

The rate of oxygen unloading is increased in metabolically active tissues due to increased acidity.

What is the basic distinction between an alveolar duct and An alveolar atrium? A. Their shape B. Their size C. Their function

Their shape

Each hemoglobin molecule can transport _______ molecules of oxygen.

Two

Which center bears the primary responsibility for generating the respiratory rhythm, but is influenced by several other centers? A. PRG B. DRG C. VRG D. SRG

VRG

Which two ligaments extend from the thyroid cartilage to arytenoids cartilages? A. Vestibular and vocal B. Laryngeal and corniculate C. Corniculate and cricoid

Vestibular and vocal

Which of the following enzymes in an RBC breaks H2CO3 down to water and carbon dioxide? A. Hemoglobinase B. Carboxyhemoglobinase C. Carbonic anhydrase D. Bisphosphoglycerase E. Carbaminoreductase

carbonic anhydrase

Nitrogen bubbles can form in the blood and other tissues when a scuba diver ascends too rapidly, producing a syndrome called _________. A. decompression sickness B. hyperbaric disease C. cerebral embolism D. pulmonary barotrauma E. pulmonary edema

decompression sickness

Metabolically active tissues have which of the following sets of conditions that shift the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve to the right? A. increase PO2, decrease PCO2, increase temperature, increase BPG B. decrease PO2, increase PCO2, increase temperature, increase BPG C. decrease PO2, increase PCO2, decrease temperature, increase BPG D. increase PO2, decrease PCO2, increase temperature, decrease BPG

decrease PO2 increase PCO2 increase temperature increase BPG

Which of the following is a lung disease marked by abnormally few but large alveoli? A. Cor pulmonale B. Pulmonary hemosiderosis C. Emphysema D. Atelectasis E. Collapsed lung

emphysema

Congestive heart failure results in which of the following? A. Hypoxemic hypoxia B. Ischemic hypoxia C. Anemic hypoxia D. Histotoxic hypoxia E. Idiopathic hypoxia

ischemic hypoxia

The vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves carry afferent signals from peripheral chemoreceptors to a chemosensitive area in the ___________. A. pontine respiratory group B. dorsal respiratory group C. ventral respiratory group D. medulla oblongata E. pons

medulla obloganta

Among its other purposes, how is the Valsalva maneuver used? A. To aid in defecation and urination B. As part of the procedure for giving CPR to a person in respiratory arrest C. To ventilate the lungs during eupnea D. To expel more than the usual tidal volume from the lungs E. To clear carbon monoxide from the body and replace it with oxygen

to aid in defecation and urination

In which condition are the lungs infected with Mycobacterium and produce fibrous nodules around the bacteria, leading to progressive pulmonary fibrosis? A. Pneumonia B. Dyspnea C. Pneumothorax D. Tuberculosis E. Rhinitis

tuberculosis

In one passage through a bed of systemic blood capillaries, the blood gives up about what percentage of its oxygen? A. 5% to 10% B. 10% to 15% C. 20% to 25% D. 30% to 40% E. 70% to 85%

20% to 25%

Your breathing rate is 12 breaths/minute; your tidal volume is 500 mL; your vital capacity is 4700 mL; and your dead air space is 150 mL. Your alveolar ventilation rate is __________ mL/min. A. 2,400 B. 3,600 C. 4,200 D. 5,600 E. 6,400

4,200

Your breathing rate is 14 breaths/minute; spirometric measurements reveal your tidal volume is 500 mL; your inspiratory reserve volume is 3000 mL; and your expiratory reserve volume is 1,200 mL. Your vital capacity is __________ mL. A. 2,400 B. 3,000 C. 3,800 D. 4,700 E. 5,800

4,700

The anatomical dead space is greatest in which of the following situations? A. After eating a large meal B. After swerving to narrowly avoid an accident while driving C. After waking up from a long nap D. After watching TV for an hour

After swerving to narrowly avoid an accident while driving

Which of these is most likely to result from contact between contaminated fingers and the nasal mucosa? A. Apnea B. Adult respiratory distress syndrome C. Acute bronchitis D. Acute rhinitis E. Asthma

Acute rhinitis

Which malignancy originates in the lamina propria of the bronchi? A. Squamous-cell carcinoma B. Oat-cell carcinoma C. Adenocarcinoma D. Pulmonary edema E. Cor pulmonale

Adenocarcinoma

How is alveolar air different than inspired air? A. Alveolar air has a higher PN2 than inspired air. B. Alveolar air has a lower PCO2 than inspired air. C. Alveolar air has a higher PO2 than inspired air. D. Alveolar air has a higher PH2O than inhaled air.

Alveolar air has a higher PH2O than inhaled air.

Which of the following would slow down gas exchange between the blood and alveolar air?

An increase in membrane thickness

Upon inspiration, what is the name of the air in the conducting division that is not available for gas exchange? A. Alveolar dead space B. Tracheal dead space C. Anatomical dead space D. Conducting dead space

Anatomical dead space

During exercise, which of the following directly increases respiratory rate? A. Increased hydrogen level in blood B. The Bohr effect C.Reduced blood pH D. Reduced oxyhemoglobin E. Anticipation of the needs of exercising muscle

Anticipation of the needs of exercising muscles

In a healthy person, which of the following will have the greatest influence on residence to pulmonary airflow? A. Atmospheric pressure B. Respiratory rate C. Bronchiole diameter D. Quantity of surfactant E. Contraction of the diaphragm

Bronchiole diameter

What are the most numerous cells in the lungs?

Dust cells

Crude sounds are formed into intelligible speech by all of the following except the ______. A. Pharynx B. Epiglottis C. Oral cavity D. Tongue E. Lips

Epiglottis

Which of the following has no effect on Oxyhemoglobin dissociation? A. Epinephrine B.Fever C.Thyroid hormone D. Low ph E. Erythrocytes count

Erythrocytes count

Blood banks dispose of blood that has low levels of bisphosphoglycerate. What would be the probable reason for doing so? A. A low BPG level causes acidosis of blood. B. Erythrocytes low in BPG do not unload CO2 very well. C. Erythrocytes low in BPG do not unload O2 very well. D. Erythrocytes low in BPG do not load O2 very well. E. A decline in BPG level is accompanied by a decline in hemoglobin level.

Erythrocytes low in BPG do not load O2 very well.

(true/ false) According to the Bohr effect, a low level of oxyhemoglobin enables the blood to transport more CO2.

FALSE

(true/ false) Breathing is controlled solely by the medulla oblongata and pons.

FALSE

(true/ false) Hemoglobin releases the same amount of oxygen to all the tissues regardless of variations in their metabolic rate.

FALSE

(true/ false) Respiratory arrest is an irreversible condition.

FALSE

(true/ false) The maximum amount of air the lungs can contain is known as inspiratory capacity.

FALSE

(true/ false) The rate of oxygen diffusion is affected by the pressure gradient of carbon dioxide.

FALSE

The addition of CO2 to the blood generates ____________ ions in the RBCs, which in turn stimulates red blood cells to unload more oxygen. A. Sodium B. Potassium C. Nitrogen D. Hydrogen E. Chloride

Hydrogen

Hypocapnia will lead to which of the following conditions? A. Hypoventilation due to acidosis B. Hypoventilation due to alkalosis C. Hyperventilation due to acidosis D. Hyperventilation due to alkalosis

Hypoventilation due to alkalosis

Deep, rapid breathing often seen in terminal diabetes Mellitus is know as what? A. Tachypnea B. Dyspnea C. Orthopnea D. Hyperpnea E. Kussmaul respiration

Kussmaul respiration

If one inspires through their nose, which is the correct order of structures the air would move through?

Nares Vestibule Nasal Cavity Nasopharynx Oropharynx Laryngopharynx Larynx Trachea Primary Bronchus Secondary Bronchus Tertiary Bronchus Bronchiole Respiratory Bronchiole Terminal Bronchiole Alveolar Duct Alveolar Sac Alveolus

The nose is divided into right and left halves called _______. A.Nasal cavities B. Nasal fossae C. Nasal septa D. Nasal vestibules E. Nasal apertures

Nasal fossae

In the air we breath, which gas is found in the highest concentration?

Nitrogen

Polio can sometimes damage the brainstem respiratory centers and result in which condition? A. A Bohr effect B. Adult respiratory distress syndrome C. A pneumothorax D. Atelectasis E. Ondine's curse

Ondine's curse

Tom is in respiratory arrest due to electrical shock. Why does a good Samaritan have up to four or five minutes to begin CPR and save Tom's life? A. Where is the reserve oxygen and Tom's lungs B. There is a venous reserve of oxygen and toms blood C. The ambient Po2 can support life that long

There is a venous reserve of oxygen and toms blood

Which of the following cartilages is the largest? A. Corniculate cartilage B. Epiglottic cartilage C. Thyroid cartilage D. Cricoid cartilage

Thyroid cartilage

The blood transports more CO2 in the form of ___________ than in any other form. A. carbaminohemoglobin B. carboxyhemoglobin C. bicarbonate ions D. dissolved CO2 gas E. bisphosphocarbonate

bicarbonate ions

Mucus plays an important role in cleansing inhaled air. It is produced by __________ of the respiratory tract. A. squamous alveolar cells B. great alveolar cells C. the pleurae D. ciliated cells E. goblet cells

goblet cells

Which of the following is the term for a deficiency of oxygen or the inability to utilize oxygen in a tissue? A. Apoxia B. Hypoxia C. Anoxia D. Cyanosis E. Eupnea

hypoxia