Chapter 22 - Respiratory System (Smartbook Assignment)
Which is a paired laryngeal cartilage that is not involved in movement of the vocal folds?
Cuneiform cartilage
Which two factors contribute most to airflow resistance? Select two answers below.
Diameter of the bronchioles Lung compliance
Which two muscles (or muscle groups) are primarily responsible for resting (non-forced) inspiration? Choose two answers from the list below.
Diaphragm and intercostal muscles
The system that supplies the body with oxygen and expels carbon dioxide by the rhythmic intake and expulsion of air is the ______ system.`
Respiratory
Why do the lungs expand along with the thoracic cage during inspiration?
The cohesion of water causes the visceral pleura to cling to the parietal pleura.
Which best defines alveolar gas exchange?
The swapping of CO2 and O2 across the respiratory membrane
Where is the trachea located?
anterior to the esophagus
The ring of hyaline cartilage located inferior to the thyroid cartilage is called the ___________ cartilage
cartilage
The posterior nasal apertures are also called the ______.
choanae
The two internal chambers of the nasal cavity are called ______.
fossa
The cilia of the olfactory epithelium are ______.
immobile
The ______ is the portion of the pharynx found superior to the soft palate at the back of the oral cavity.
nasopharynx
The auditory tubes open in the ______.
nasopharynx
Where are the sensory receptors for smell located?
olfactory epithelium
Aspirated objects that enter the trachea are more likely to lodge in which primary bronchus?
right
The nasal ________ separates the nasal cavity into left and right halves.
septum
The pleurae are which type of membrane?
serous
Which decreases surface tension in the fluids of the alveoli?
surfactant
What is the role of the nasal conchae?
to ensure that inspired air comes into contact with mucus.
Which structure conducts air from the larynx to the primary bronchi?
trachea
Nasal conchae are also called ______.
turbinates
Which structures do not function in the production of speech, but instead is primarily responsible for closing the larynx during swallowing?
vestibular folds
Which structures are responsible for generating sounds within the larynx? Choose two of the options below.
vocal cords and vocal folds
When do vocal cords produce low pitched sounds?
when they are more relaxed
Which term refers to the portion of the lung ventilated by one tertiary bronchus?
Bronchopulmonary segment
What is the role of the dorsal respiratory group?
Adjusts respiratory rate based on stimuli from peripheral chemoreceptors
Oxygen is unloaded in the body tissues because the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen is lower in the systemic capillaries (compared to its affinity in the alveolar capillaries). Which factor contributes to this?
CO2 produced in the peripheral tissues leads to increased H+ concentration.
What is the normal systemic arterial blood gas value for PO2?
95 mm hg
What is the role of the pontine (pneumotaxic) respiratory group?
Adjusts respiratory rate based on stimuli from limbic system or cerebral cortex
Gas exchange between the air and the blood occurs in which of the following?
Alveoli
Where does systemic gas exchange occur?
At the capillary networks of the tissues
Why does air flow into the lungs during inspiration?
Atmospheric pressure is greater than intrapulmonary pressure, and air flows toward the lower pressure area.
Which two factors facilitate systemic unloading of oxygen from hemoglobin in the peripheral tissues? Select two answers from the list below.
Binding of protons to hemoglobin Lower PO2 in tissue fluid
The nasal septum is composed of which of the following types of tissue?
Bone and Hyaline cartilage
Airway resistance in the lungs is usually controlled by changing the diameter of which of the following?
Bronchioles
True or false: The volume of anatomical dead space cannot be changed and does not vary with circumstances within a given individual.
False reason: The anatomical dead space is the total volume of the conducting airways, where gas exchange does not occur. This volume can change. For example, the sympathetic nervous system dilates the airways during exercise.
What is the respiratory membrane?
Membrane through which gases are exchanged in the alveolus
Which factors that would decrease the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen? Select all that apply.
Increased temperature Increased bisphosphoglycerate production by RBC
As the thoracic cavity expands, the visceral pleura clings to the parietal pleura, and the surface of the lung is pulled outward. Why does this increase in lung volume cause inspiration?
Intrapulmonary pressure is temporarily lower than atmospheric pressure.
Which best describes the action of carbonic anhydrase?
It converts carbon dioxide and water to carbonic acid which dissociates into bicarbonate and hydrogen ions.
How is air modified as it passes through the meatus in between two nasal conchae? Select three answers from the list below.
It is warmed. It is cleansed. It is humidified.
The separation between the path of air to the lungs and the passageway for food to the esophagus occurs within which of the following?
Laryngopharynx
Which term refers to the inferior portion of the pharynx which extends from the epiglottis to the esophagus?
Laryngopharynx
The ______ is the main structure located between the laryngopharynx and the trachea.
Larynx
Which of these occurs during exhalation?
Lung volumes decrease and intrapulmonary pressure increases.
More than half of the body's blood platelets are made by megakaryocytes in the ______.
Lungs
The Bohr effect occurs because CO2 lowers the pH of the blood, which (as this graph illustrates) facilitates the unloading of oxygen from hemoglobin. Given this, what is the physiological significance of the Bohr effect?
More oxygen is released to tissues that have higher metabolic rates.
The auditory tubes open in the ______.
Nasopharynx
Which structures enter the lung at the hilum?
Nerves Lymphatic vessels Blood vessels
Which two terms describe the anterior openings of the nasal cavity? Select two answers from the list below.
Nostril and Nares
Which condition is defined by the presence of air within the pleural cavity?
Pneumothorax
Which features are associated with the tracheal epithelium?
Pseudostratified columnar cells Goblet cells Cilia Mucous
Which term describes the ease with which lung tissue expands during breathing?
Pulmonary compliance
The lungs of premature infants often develop respiratory distress syndrome. Why do these infants experience alveolar sac collapse?
Surfactant is not produced yet in adequate quantities.
What is the final branch of the conducting division?
Terminal bronchiole
What is the distal-most portion of the respiratory system that is incapable of gas exchange?
Terminal bronchioles
What airway supplies air to a single bronchopulmonary segment of the lung?
Tertiary bronchus
Which best describes what happens during exhalation?
The diaphragm relaxes, intrapulmonary pressure increases, air flows out
What is the intrapleural pressure?
The pressure in the fluid-filled space between the parietal and visceral pleurae
Which best summarizes the Bohr effect?
The rate of O2 unloading is increased in metabolically active tissues due to increased acidity.
Which are functions of the larynx?
To produce sound To keep food and drink out of the airway
Which component of the respiratory center is responsible for setting the basal respiratory rate and providing output to the muscles of respiration?
Ventral respiratory group
What are the four predominant components of inspired air? Select four options from the list below.
Water vapor Oxygen Carbon dioxide Nitrogen
Why do women usually have higher-pitched voices as compared to men?
Women have shorter and thinner vocal cords.
