Chapter 22 - The Lymphatic System and Immunity

The primary effects of complement activation include which of the following? A) All of the listed responses are correct. B) Stimulation and inflammation C) Attraction of phagocytes and enhancement of phagocytosis D) Destruction of target cell membranes

A) All of the listed responses are correct.

Which of the following is/are characteristic of the secondary immune response? A) All of the listed responses are correct. B) Begins almost immediately (less than one week) C) Failure of pathogens to survive long enough to cause illness D) Massive antibody response

A) All of the listed responses are correct.

When a person is bitten by a rabid dog, how do medical personnel treat the person? A) Artificially induced passive immunity B) Naturally acquired passive immunity C) Artificially induced active immunity D) Naturally acquired active immunity

A) Artificially induced passive immunity

How is a sensitized B cell activated? A) Contact with a helper T cell B) Cytokine release by a cytotoxic T cell C) Antigen presentation by a macrophage D) Contact with a foreign antigen in the plasma

A) Contact with a helper T cell

Chemical mediators of inflammation include which of the following? A) Histamine, heparin, prostaglandins, and complement proteins B) All of the listed responses are correct. C) Kinins, opsonins, epinephrine, and leukotrienes D) Epinephrine, norepinephrine, acetylcholine, and histamine

A) Histamine, heparin, prostaglandins, and complement proteins

Which class of antibody is involved in triggering inflammation? A) IgE B) IgD C) IgA D) IgG

A) IgE

The primary response first produces what class of antibodies? A) IgM B) IgA C) IgG D) IgD

A) IgM

Each of these is a class of immunoglobulins except __________. A) Immunoglobulin B B) Immunoglobulin M C) Immunoglobulin G D) Immunoglobulin A

A) Immunoglobulin B

Which of the following is NOT an effect of aging on the immune system? A) Increased production of pyrogens, leading to a higher general body temperature B) Involution of the thymus, leading to fewer T cells in circulation C) A decrease in immunosurveillance activity, leading to higher rates of cancer D) A decrease in responsive B cells, leading to increased susceptibility to viral and bacterial infection

A) Increased production of pyrogens, leading to a higher general body temperature

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the secondary response to antigen exposure? A) It does not peak until one to two weeks after the exposure. B) It is caused by memory B cells. C) It inhibits the formation of an infection. D) It produces a large amount of IgG.

A) It does not peak until one to two weeks after the exposure.

Which of these is not a property of the immune response? A) It must be acquired. B) It may be cell-mediated. C) It may be antibody-mediated. D) It is triggered by an antigen.

A) It must be acquired.

What property of adaptive immunity allows a person to have the chicken pox when he or she is six years old and still be immune to chicken pox at age 45? A) Memory B) Tolerance C) Versatility D) Specificity

A) Memory

Interleukins are a diverse group of chemical messengers with multiple functions in the immune system. Which of the following is NOT a likely function of interleukins? A) Participating in the immune response as phagocytes B) Limiting the duration of the immune response C) Stimulating other cells of the immune system D) Stimulating the inflammatory process

A) Participating in the immune response as phagocytes

Which innate defense involves cells that engulf pathogens and cell debris? A) Phagocytes B) Inflammation C) Immunological surveillance D) Complement

A) Phagocytes

Which of the following is NOT an effect of complement activation? A) Release of pyrogens to cause a fever B) Simulation of inflammation C) Attraction of phagocytes D) Destruction of target cell membranes

A) Release of pyrogens to cause a fever

In what way do mast cells participate in tissue defense? A) Stimulation and coordination of inflammation by releasing histamine and heparin B) Destruction of cell membranes containing abnormal antigens C) Antigen presentation bound to class II MHC proteins D) Secretion of suppression factors that inhibit the immune response

A) Stimulation and coordination of inflammation by releasing histamine and heparin

Class II MHC proteins are found on which of the following cell types? A) antigen-presenting cells B) T cells C) B cells D) all cells E) infected cells

A) antigen-presenting cells

Which one of the following symptoms is an example of an innate defense mechanism? A) fever B) blister C) loss of appetite D) lethargy

A) fever

NK cells contain the proteins perforin and protectin, which provide a type of immunity called __________. A) immunological surveillance B) phagocytes C) the inflammatory response D) the complement system

A) immunological surveillance

The anatomical barriers and defense mechanisms that cannot distinguish between one potential threat and another are called __________. A) innate defenses B) adaptive defenses C) the immune response D) abnormal nontoxicity

A) innate defenses

Which of these defense cells are not phagocytic? A) lymphocytes B) neutrophils C) macrophages D) eosinophils

A) lymphocytes

B lymphocytes differentiate into __________. A) memory and plasma cells B) memory and helper cells C) cytotoxic and suppressor cells D) helper and suppressor cells

A) memory and plasma cells

Cells of the immune system influence CNS and endocrine activity by __________. A) performing all of the listed actions B) increasing circulating thyroid hormone levels during immune responses C) secreting endorphins and thymic hormones D) stimulating cell and tissue metabolism

A) performing all of the listed actions

Large lymphoid nodules found on the walls of the pharynx are the __________. A) tonsils B) mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue C) thymus D) spleen

A) tonsils

A cross-reaction following transfusion with an incompatible blood type is an example of which of the following? A) Delayed hypersensitivity B) A cytotoxic reaction C) Immediate hypersensitivity D) An autoimmune disease

B) A cytotoxic reaction

Imagine that you go to the doctor with a sore throat, perhaps caused by strep throat. The doctor feels the lymph nodes in your neck. Why are they enlarged? A) The lymph nodes are inflamed. B) An active infection is present. C) The lymph nodes filter out more substances from the lymph. D) The lymph nodes are swollen by an increase in lymph flow.

B) An active infection is present.

What type of cytokine stimulates red blood cell production? A) Interferon beta B) Colony-stimulating factors C) Interleukin one (IL-1) D) Interferon gamma

B) Colony-stimulating factors

What type of T cell is responsible for seeking out and destroying abnormal or infected cells? A) Memory T cell B) Cytotoxic T cell C) Helper T cell D) Suppressor T cell

B) Cytotoxic T cell

What class of antibody is found on the plasma membrane of B cells to help in sensitization? A) IgE B) IgD C) IgM D) IgA

B) IgD

While the fetus is still in the womb and its immune system is developing, what kind of immunity primarily protects the fetus? A) Fetal antibody-mediated immunity B) Natural passive immunity C) Fetal innate immunity D) Fetal cell-mediated immunity

B) Natural passive immunity

Mucous, sweat gland secretions, hairs, and sebaceous secretions all contribute to the effectiveness of which type of innate defense? A) Pyrogens B) Physical barriers C) Interferons D) Complement

B) Physical barriers

Which type of lymphocyte produces antibodies? A) Helper T cell B) Plasma cell C) Natural killer cell D) Cytotoxic T cell

B) Plasma cell

All of these types of cells are lymphocytes except ___________. A) NK B) Y2K C) T D) B

B) Y2K

In passive immunity, __________ are introduced into the body by injection. A) lymphocytes B) antibodies C) antigens D) T and B cells

B) antibodies

The introduction of antigenic materials into the body is called __________. A) naturally acquired active immunity B) artificially induced active immunity C) naturally acquired passive immunity D) artificially acquired passive immunity

B) artificially induced active immunity

Antibodies may promote inflammation through the stimulation of __________. A) suppressor T cells B) basophils and mast cells C) cytotoxic T cells D) plasma cells and memory B cells

B) basophils and mast cells

The primary response of CD8 T cell differentiation in cell-mediated immunity is the production of __________ cells. A) suppressor T B) cytotoxic T C) memory D) helper T

B) cytotoxic T

Lymphocytes that assist in the regulation and coordination of the immune response are __________. A) plasma cells B) helper T and suppressor T cells C) NK and B cells D) B cells

B) helper T and suppressor T cells

Which of the following is NOT an effect of glucocorticoid secretion on the effectiveness of the immune response? A) inhibition of interleukin secretion B) increased interferon activity C) reduced abundance and activity of phagocytes in peripheral tissues D) depressed inflammation response

B) increased interferon activity

Tissue fluid enters the lymphatic system via the __________. A) thoracic duct B) lymph capillaries C) lymph nodes D) bloodstream

B) lymph capillaries

The composition of lymph is most similar to __________. A) blood B) plasma C) cerebrospinal fluid D) interstitial fluid

B) plasma

The largest collection of lymphoid tissue in the body, which consists of red and white pulp and is found attached to the lateral border of the stomach, is the __________. A) MALT B) spleen C) thymus D) tonsils

B) spleen

Activated B cells produce plasma cells that are specialized to __________. A) produce helper T cells B) synthesize and secrete antibodies C) direct a physical and a chemical attack D) perform all of the listed actions

B) synthesize and secrete antibodies

When an antigen appears, the adaptive immune system response begins with __________. A) the release of endogenous pyrogens B) the activation of specific T cells and B cells C) the activation of the complement system D) the presence of immunoglobulins in body fluids

B) the activation of specific T cells and B cells

Regarding adaptive immunity, what is meant by a clone of cells? A) The population of immune cells in one lymphoid organ B) All the T cells in our immune system C) A population of cells sensitive to a specific antigen D) All active plasma cells

C) A population of cells sensitive to a specific antigen

What are the effects of cytokines released by helper T cells? A) Stimulating the phagocytic activity of macrophages B) Promoting activation of B cells C) All of the listed effects are correct. D) Stimulating T cell division

C) All of the listed effects are correct.

Which of the following is NOT an effect of advancing age on the immune system? A) Immune surveillance declines. B) The number of helper T cells declines. C) B cells are more receptive to antigens. D) There is a decline in circulating thymic hormones.

C) B cells are more receptive to antigens.

What are the two major ways that the body carries out the immune response against a specific antigen? A) Immunological surveillance and fever B) Physical barriers and the complement system C) Direct attack by T cells and attack by circulating antibodies D) Phagocytosis and the inflammatory response

C) Direct attack by T cells and attack by circulating antibodies

What class of antibodies is responsible for anaphylaxis? A) IgG B) IgD C) IgE D) IgA

C) IgE

Which of the following is a localized tissue response to injury that is characterized by redness, heat, swelling, and pain? A) Phagocytosis B) Interferons C) Inflammation D) Complement

C) Inflammation

How can the presence of an abnormal peptide in the cytoplasm of a cell initiate an immune response? A) During cell division, it will be released from the cytoplasm. B) It will be secreted out of the cell into body fluids. C) It will be displayed on that cell's plasma membrane. D) When the cell dies, it will be released into body fluids.

C) It will be displayed on that cell's plasma membrane.

What type of leukocyte functions as an antigen-presenting cell? A) Lymphocyte B) Neutrophil C) Macrophage D) Eosinophil

C) Macrophage

Which cells are involved in immunological surveillance? A) Mast cells B) B cells C) Natural killer cells D) Cytotoxic T cells

C) Natural killer cells

Cytotoxic T cells attack infected body cells and abnormal cells. What is the chemical they produce to destroy the plasma membrane of these cells? A) Cytokines B) Antibodies C) Perforin D) Lymphotoxin

C) Perforin

What is the name for the type of B cell that synthesizes and secretes large quantities of antibodies? A) Natural killer (NK) cell B) Microphage C) Plasma cell D) Memory cell

C) Plasma cell

Which of the following types of cells display protein fragments produced by the cancer within them? A) B cells B) macrophages C) all nucleated cells D) dendritic cells

C) all nucleated cells

Depression of the immune system due to chronic stress may cause __________. A) depression of the inflammatory response B) a reduction in the activities and numbers of phagocytes in peripheral tissues C) all of the listed responses D) the inhibition of interleukin secretion

C) all of the listed responses

The CNS can affect the lymphatic system by __________. A) producing cytokines B) decreasing immune function in times of emotional distress C) all of the listed responses are correct. D) innervating dendritic cells in lymphoid tissues and organs

C) all of the listed responses are correct.

Delayed hypersensitivity is a type of __________. A) immunodeficiency disease B) autoimmune disease C) allergy D) skin infection

C) allergy

An adaptive defense mechanism is always activated by __________. A) fever B) inflammation C) an antigen D) an antibody

C) an antigen

Normal lymphocyte populations are maintained through lymphopoiesis in the __________. A) spleen and the liver B) lymph C) bone marrow and lymphatic tissues D) blood and the lymph

C) bone marrow and lymphatic tissues

The cells directly responsible for cellular immunity are the ________ cells. A) helper T B) B C) cytotoxic T D) suppressor T E) plasma

C) cytotoxic T

Which defense cells secretes lymphokines that regulate immunity? A) CD8 cells B) memory T cells C) helper T cells D) B lymphocytes

C) helper T cells

Which cell type is essential to the immune response? A) monocytes B) fibrocytes C) lymphocytes D) keratinocytes

C) lymphocytes

The lymphatic system is composed of all of the following except A) lymphatic vessels. B) lymph nodes. C) the venae cavae. D) the spleen. D) lymph.

C) the venae cavae.

Class I MHC proteins are recognized by which of the following cell types (that are destined to become T cells)?

CD8

Which major class of lymphocytes become cytotoxic T cells?

CD8

Which of these is an example of an interaction between the endocrine system and the immune system? A) The thymus secretes thymosin. B) Removal of the thymus lowers brain endorphin levels. C) Hormones produced by the thymus and cytokines produced by cells of the immune system help establish the normal levels of CRH and TRH produced by the hypothalamus. D) All of these are examples of interactions between the endocrine system and the immune system.

D) All of these are examples of interactions between the endocrine system and the immune system.

Which type of interferon is produced by a virus-infected cell, stimulates natural killer cells, and enhances resistance to viral infection? A) Interleukin 2 B) Beta interferon C) Gamma interferon D) Alpha interferon

D) Alpha interferon

CD4 T cells respond to what kind of foreign antigen? A) Intracellular pathogen antigens B) Antigens in body fluids C) Antigens presented by class I MHC proteins D) Antigens presented by class II MHC proteins

D) Antigens presented by class II MHC proteins

What type of immune disorder is characterized by autoantibodies, which attack one's own body cells and tissues? A) Hypersensitivity B) Immunodeficiency C) Anaphylaxis D) Autoimmune disorder

D) Autoimmune disorder

B cells are __________. A) sensitized by exposure to antigen B) capable of division C) activated by helper T cells D) B cells have all of these properties.

D) B cells have all of these properties.

When one of your body cells becomes infected with a pathogen, what type of substance do the foreign peptides become attached to on the infected cell's plasma membrane, so it functions as an antigen-presenting cell? A) Class II MHC proteins B) Plasma membrane integral proteins C) Lipoproteins D) Class I MHC proteins

D) Class I MHC proteins

To which of the following would the immune system NOT respond? A) Physical injury (penetration of a foreign object) to the skin B) Cancerous cell in a lung C) Influenza virus D) Decreased levels of blood flow to the kidneys

D) Decreased levels of blood flow to the kidneys

During some infections, you may develop a fever. What is the greatest benefit a fever provides that protects you from infection? A) Decreasing the motility of bacteria B) Causing increased antibody production C) Killing many bacteria and viruses D) Increasing your cells' metabolism

D) Increasing your cells' metabolism

Which body systems are part of the immune system? A) Lymphatic, respiratory, and endocrine B) Respiratory, cardiovascular, and urinary C) Integumentary, urinary, and respiratory D) Integumentary, lymphatic, and digestive

D) Integumentary, lymphatic, and digestive

Which type of immunity develops as a result of natural exposure to an antigen in the environment? A) Naturally acquired passive immunity B) Artificially induced active immunity C) Artificially induced passive immunity D) Naturally acquired active immunity

D) Naturally acquired active immunity

What type of immunity is conferred when a baby receives antibodies from her mother? A) Artificially induced passive immunity B) Naturally acquired active immunity C) Artificially induced active immunity D) Naturally acquired passive immunity

D) Naturally acquired passive immunity

________ are clusters of lymphatic nodules deep to the epithelial lining of the small intestine. A) Lymph glands B) Adenoids C) Tonsils D) Peyer's patches E) Immune complexes

D) Peyer's patches

Which structures are classified as primary lymphoid organs and tissues? A) Lymph nodes and spleen B) Tonsils and lymph nodes C) Spleen and red bone marrow D) Red bone marrow and thymus gland

D) Red bone marrow and thymus gland

What is the cytokine that slows the growth of a tumor and kills sensitive tumor cells? A) Beta interferon B) Gamma interferon C) IL2 D) TNF

D) TNF

What do the interferons alpha, beta, and gamma have in common? A) They all stimulate NK cell activity. B) They are all produced by active T cells. C) They all attract phagocytic cells. D) They all impart viral resistance to cells.

D) They all impart viral resistance to cells.

Which lymphatic vessel collects lymph from the lower half of the body and the left upper half of the body and returns it to venous circulation? A) Right jugular trunk B) Intestinal trunk C) Right lymphatic duct D) Thoracic duct

D) Thoracic duct

While our immune system is fully prepared to fight foreign antigens, our T cells and B cells normally do not attack self-antigens. What is this property of adaptive immunity called? A) Specificity B) Memory C) Versatility D) Tolerance

D) Tolerance

Which of the following lymphatic structures do NOT display the outer cortex/inner medulla pattern? A) Thymus B) Spleen C) Tonsils D) Tonsils and spleen

D) Tonsils and spleen

Before an antigen can stimulate a lymphocyte, it must first be processed by __________. A) a cytotoxic T cell B) an NK cell C) a neutrophil D) a macrophage

D) a macrophage

The largest collection of lymphoid tissue in the body is contained within the __________. A) thymus gland B) tonsils C) lymphatic nodules D) adult spleen

D) adult spleen

When an immune response mistakenly targets normal body cells and tissues, the result is __________. A) the development of an allergy B) depression of the inflammatory response C) immune system failure D) an autoimmune disorder

D) an autoimmune disorder

AIDS is an example of __________. A) an autoimmune disorder B) an immune complex disorder C) a hypersensitivity D) an immunodeficiency disease

D) an immunodeficiency disease

A vaccine is an example of which type of adaptive immunity? A) naturally acquired active immunity B) naturally acquired passive immunity C) artificially induced passive immunity D) artificially induced active immunity

D) artificially induced active immunity

Lymphocytes that destroy foreign cells or virus-infected cells are ________ cells. A) plasma B) suppressor T C) B D) cytotoxic T E) helper T

D) cytotoxic T

Which defense cells can specifically identify and directly kill disease cells? A) suppressor T lymphocytes B) plasma cells C) B lymphocytes D) cytotoxic T lymphocytes

D) cytotoxic T lymphocytes

The fact that people are not subject to the same diseases as goldfish illustrates the presence of __________. A) passive immunity B) acquired immunity C) active immunity D) innate immunity

D) innate immunity

Enhanced phagocytosis by a coating of antibodies and complement on the antigen is called __________. A) neutralization B) agglutination C) chemotaxis D) opsonization

D) opsonization

Viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites that are capable of living inside the body and causing harm are called __________. A) natural killer (NK) cells B) lymphocytes C) a complement D) pathogens

D) pathogens

The first line of cellular defense against pathogenic invasion is __________. A) interferons B) the complement system C) pathogens D) phagocytes

D) phagocytes

The T cells that limit the degree of immune system activation from a single stimulus are __________. A) cytotoxic T cells B) CD4 T cells C) memory TC cells D) suppressor T cells

D) suppressor T cells

The lymphatic system does all of the following except A) fights infection. B) eliminates variations in the composition of interstitial fluid. C) transports lipids from the digestive tract. D) transports gases to and away from lymph nodes. E) helps maintain normal blood volume.

D) transports gases to and away from lymph nodes.

Our immune system's ability to attack and defend us from any antigen at any time is a property of adaptive immunity called __________. A) memory B) specificity C) tolerance D) versatility

D) versatility

Which class of MHC proteins presents exogenous antigens?

class II MHC proteins