Chapter 22: The Respiratory System

Among its other purposes, the Valsalva maneuver is used a) To aid in defecation and urination. b) As part of the procedure for giving CPR to a person in respiratory arrest. c) To ventilate the lungs during eupnea. d) To expel more than the usual tidal volume from the lungs. e) To clear carbon monoxide from the body and replace it with oxygen.

A.

Conditions around metabolically active tissues do what to the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve? A. Shift it right B. Shift it left C. Decrease the slope D. Increase the slope

A.

Each alveolus is surrounded by a web of blood capillaries supplied by the _________. b) The pulmonary artery. c) The pulmonary vein. d) The inferior vena cava. e) The superior vena cava.

B.

Emotional states are integrated by the __________, which generates an output that creates such respiratory variations as laughing and crying. A. VRG B. PRG C. DRG D. SRG

B.

Hypocapnia will lead to which of the following conditions? A. Hypoventilation due to acidosis B. Hypoventilation due to alkalosis C. Hyperventilation due to acidosis D. Hyperventilation due to alkalosis

B.

Metabolically active tissues have which of the following sets of conditions that shift the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve to the right? A. ↑ PO2, ↓ PCO2, ↑ temperature, ↑ BPG B. ↓ PO2, ↑ PCO2, ↑ temperature, ↑ BPG C. ↓ PO2, ↑ PCO2, ↓ temperature, ↑ BPG D. ↑ PO2, ↓ PCO2, ↑ temperature, ↓ BPG

B.

Normally the systemic arterial blood has a Po2 of _____ mm Hg, a Pco2 of _____ mm Hg, and a pH of _____. a) 40; 95; 7.4. b) 95; 40; 7.4. c) 7.4; 40; 95. d) 95; 7.4; 40. e) 40; 7.4; 95.

B.

Output from higher brain centers can bypass both the DRG and VRG and go directly to __________, which controls the accessory muscles of respiration. A. the diaphragm B. spinal integration centers C. the cerebral cortex D. the vagus nerve

B.

Scuba divers breathe a nitrogen-oxygen mixture rather than pure compressed oxygen in order to avoid a) The bends. b) Oxygen toxicity. c) Rapture of the deep. d) Caisson disease. e) Hypoxemic hypoxia.

B.

The amount of air in excess of tidal volume that can be inhaled with maximum effort is called a) Vital capacity. b) Inspiratory reserve volume. c) Expiratory reserve volume. d) Residual volume. e) Inspiratory capacity.

B.

The anatomical dead space is greatest in which of the following situations? A. After eating a large meal B. After swerving to narrowly avoid an accident while driving C. After waking up from a long nap D. After watching TV for an hour

B.

The nose is divided into right and left halves called the __________. a) Nasal cavities. b) Nasal fossae. c) Nasal septa. d) Nasal vestibules. e) Nasal apertures.

B.

Tom is in respiratory arrest due to an electrical shock. Why does a Good Samaritan have up to 4 or 5 minutes to begin CPR and save Tom's life? a) Reserve oxygen in Tom's lungs. b) A venous reserve of oxygen in Tom's blood. c) The ambient Po2 can support life that long. d) The Haldane effect lasts up to 5 minutes. e) Tom's hypoxic drive will keep him alive for up to 5 minutes.

B.

Which of the following is the term for a deficiency of oxygen or the inability to utilize oxygen in a tissue? a) Apoxia. b) Hypoxia. c) Anoxia. d) Cyanosis. e) Eupnea.

B.

Which of the following is the term for the lungs resistance to expansion? A. Pulmonary ventilation B. Pulmonary compliance C. Pulmonary stenosis D. Pulmonary surfactant E. Pulmonary impedance

B.

Which of the following enzymes in an RBC breaks H2CO3 down to water and carbon dioxide? a) Hemoglobin. b) Carboxyhemoglobin. c) Carbonic anhydrase. d) Bisphosphoglycerate. e) Carbaminoreductase.

C.

Your breathing rate is 12 breaths/minute; your tidal volume is 500 mL; your vital capacity is 4700 mL; and your dead air space is 150 mL. Your alveolar ventilation rate is _____ mL/min. a) 2,400. b) 3,600. c) 4,200. d) 5,600. e) 6,400.

C.

____ states that the total pressure of a gas mixture is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of its individual gases. a) Boyle's law. b) Valsalva's law. c) Dalton's law. d) Charles's law. e) Henry's law.

C.

If one inspires through their nose, which of the following answers has the correct order of structures the air would move through? A. Nares → Vestibule → Nasal Cavity → Nasopharynx → Oropharynx → Laryngopharynx → Larynx → Trachea → Primary Bronchus → Secondary Bronchus → Tertiary Bronchus → Bronchiole → Terminal Bronchiole → Respiratory Bronchiole → Alveolar Duct → Alveolar Sac → Alveolus B. Nares → Nasal Cavity → Vestibule → Nasopharynx → Oropharynx → Laryngopharynx → Larynx → Trachea → Primary Bronchus → Secondary Bronchus → Tertiary Bronchus → Bronchiole → Terminal Bronchiole → Respiratory Bronchiole → Alveolar Duct → Alveolar Sac → Alveolus C. Nares → Vestibule → Nasal Cavity → Nasopharynx → Oropharynx → Laryngopharynx → Larynx → Trachea → Bronchiole → Respiratory Bronchiole → Terminal Bronchiole → Primary Bronchus → Secondary Bronchus → Tertiary Bronchus → Alveolar Duct → Alveolar Sac → Alveolus D. Nares → Nasal Cavity → Vestibule → Nasopharynx → Oropharynx → Laryngopharynx → Larynx → Trachea → Primary Bronchus → Secondary Bronchus → Tertiary Bronchus → Bronchiole → Respiratory Bronchiole → Terminal Bronchiole → Alveolar Duct → Alveolar Sac → Alveolus

A.

Nitrogen bubbles can form in the blood and other tissues when a scuba diver ascends too rapidly, producing a syndrome called a) Decompression sickness. b) Hyperbaric disease. c) Cerebral embolism. d) Pulmonary barotrauma. e) Pulmonary edema.

A.

What is the basic distinction between an alveolar duct and an alveolar atrium? a) Their shape. b) Their size. c) Their function. d) Their epithelial type. e) Presence or absence of cilia.

A.

Which of the following issues output to the VRG to adjust the respiratory rhythm? A. DRG B. PRG C. NRG D. SRG

A.

Which of the following would lead to anemic hypoxia? a) Sickle-cell disease. b) Emphysema. c) Squamous-cell carcinoma. d) Asthma. e) Atelectasis.

A.

Which of the following would slow down gas exchange between the blood and alveolar air? a) An increase in membrane thickness. b) An increase in alveolar surface area. c) An increase in respiratory rate. d) A decrease in membrane thickness. e) A decrease in nitrogen solubility.

A.

Which two ligaments extend from the thyroid cartilage to the arytenoid cartilages? a) Vestibular and vocal ligaments. b) Laryngeal and corniculate. c) Corniculate and cricoid. d) Cricoids and arytenoids. e) Thyrohyoid and cricoids.

A.

Crude sounds are formed into intelligible speech by all of the following except a) The pharynx. b) The epiglottis. c) The oral cavity. d) The tongue. e) The lips.

B

Congestive heart failure results in which of the following? a) Hypoxemic hypoxia. b) Ischemic hypoxia. c) Anemic hypoxia. d) Histotoxic hypoxia. e) Idiopathic hypoxia.

B.

A lung disease marked by abnormally few but large alveoli is a) Cor pulmonale. b) Pulmonary hemosiderosis. c) Emphysema. d) Atelectasis. e) Collapsed lung.

C.

Air consists of about 78.6% nitrogen, 20.9% oxygen, 0.04% carbon dioxide, and 0.5% water. At sea level, (760 mmHg) what is the PCO2? A. 597 mm Hg B. 159 mm Hg C. 0.3 mm Hg D. 3.7 mm Hg

C.

Blood banks dispose of blood that has low levels of bisphosphoglycerate. What would be the probable reason for doing so? a) A low BPG level causes acidosis of blood. b) Erythrocytes low in BPG does not unload CO2 very well. c) Erythrocytes low in BPG does not unload O2 very well. d) Erythrocytes low in BPG does not load O2 very well. e) A decline in BPG level is accompanied by a decline in hemoglobin level.

C.

Carbon dioxide is transported by all the following means except a) Carbaminohemoglobin. b) Carbonic acid. c) Carbonate. d) Bicarbonate ions. e) Dissolved gas.

C.

In a healthy person, which of the following will have the greatest influence on resistance to pulmonary airflow? a) Atmospheric pressure. b) Respiratory rate. c) Bronchiole diameter. d) Quantity of surfactant. e) The diaphragm.

C.

In one passage through a bed of systemic blood capillaries, the blood gives up about what percentage of its oxygen? a) 5% to 10%. b) 10% to 15%. c) 20% to 25%. d) 30% to 40%. e) 70% to 85%.

C.

The blood transports more CO2 in the form of ___ than in any other form. a) Carbaminohemoglobin. b) Carboxyhemoglobin. c) Bicarbonate ions. d) Dissolved CO2 gas. e) Bisphosphocarbonate.

C.

The upper respiratory tract extends from the nose through the _________. a) trachea b) pharynx c) larynx d) alveoli e) lungs

C.

Upon inspiration, what is the name of the air in the conducting zone that is not available for gas exchange? A. Alveolar dead space B. Tracheal dead space C. Anatomical dead space D. Conducting dead space

C.

Which center bears the primary responsibility for generating the respiratory rhythm, but is influenced by several other centers? A. PRG B. DRG C. VRG D. SRG

C.

Which has the highest concentration in the air we breathe? a) Oxygen. b) Water vapor. c) Nitrogen. d) Carbon dioxide. e) Hydrogen.

C.

Which malignancy originates in the lamina propria of the bronchi? a) Squamous-cell carcinoma. b) Oat-cell carcinoma. c) Adenocarcinoma. d) Pulmonary edema. e) Cor pulmonale.

C.

Which of the following cartilages is largest? a) The corniculate cartilage. b) The epiglottic cartilage. c) The thyroid cartilage. d) The cricoid cartilage. e) The arytenoid cartilage.

C.

Each hemoglobin molecule can transport up to _____ oxygen molecules. a) 1. b) 2. c) 3. d) 4. e) 5.

D.

How is alveolar air different than inspired air? A. Alveolar air has a higher PN2 than inspired air. B. Alveolar air has a lower PCO2 than inspired air. C. Alveolar air has a higher PO2 than inspired air. D. Alveolar air has a higher PH2O than inspired air.

D.

How is the vital capacity calculated? a) Inspiratory reserve volume + expiratory volume. b) Inspiratory reserve volume + tidal volume. c) Expiratory reserve volume + tidal volume. d) Expiratory reserve volume + tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume. e) Respiratory volume + tidal volume.

D.

In ___, the lungs are infected with Mycobacterium and produce fibrous nodules around the bacteria, leading to progressive pulmonary fibrosis. a) Pneumonia. b) Dyspnea. c) Pneumothorax. d) Tuberculosis. e) Rhinitis

D.

The addition of CO2 to the blood generates ___ ions in the RBCs, which in turn stimulates RBCs to unload more oxygen. a) Sodium. b) Potassium. c) Nitrogen. d) Hydrogen. e) Chloride.

D.

The heart indents into the __________ of the left lung. A. oblique fissure B. hilum C. apex D. cardiac notch E. base

D.

The pH of the cerebrospinal fluid is monitored by which of these brainstem centers? A. PRG B. Hypothalamic osmoreceptors C. Medullary baroreceptors D. Central chemoreceptors

D.

The respiratory system contains a total of five __________. A. segmental bronchi B. choanae C. laryngeal cartilages D. lobes E. tracheal cartilages

D.

The vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves carry afferent signals from peripheral chemoreceptors to a chemosensitive area in a) The pontine respiratory group. b) The dorsal respiratory group. c) The ventral respiratory group. d) The medulla oblongata. e) The pons.

D.

What are the most numerous cells in the lungs? a) Mucosal cells. b) Type I alveolar cells. c) Type II alveolar cells. d) Dust cells. e) Vibrissae.

D.

What is the least common but most dangerous form of lung cancer? A. Mesothelioma B. Adenocarcinoma C. Squamous cell carcinoma D. Small-cell carcinoma

D.

Which bronchus is about 5cm long and slightly narrower and more horizontal than the one on the opposite side? A. Left segmental bronchus B. Right segmental bronchus C. Right lobar bronchus D. Left main bronchus E. Right main bronchus

D.

Which law states that the total atmospheric pressure is a sum of the contributions of the individual gases? A. Henry's B. Charles's C. Boyle's D. Dalton's

D.

Which of the following is caused by the chemical reactions of gases of the respiratory system? A. Regulation of blood pressure B. The synthesis of vasodilators C. Aids in defecation D. Regulation of pH

D.

Which of the following is not a function of the respiratory system? a) It helps control the pH of body fluids. b) It promotes the flow of lymph and venous blood. c) It helps regulate blood pressure. d) It assists in the synthesis of vasodilators. e) It helps with defecation.

D.

Which of these is most likely to result from contact between contaminated fingers and the nasal mucosa? a) Apnea. b) Adult respiratory distress syndrome. c) Acute bronchitis. d) Acute rhinitis. e) Asthma.

D.

Your breathing rate is 14 breaths/minute; spirometric measurements reveal your tidal volume is 500 mL; your inspiratory reserve volume is 3000 mL; and your expiratory reserve volume is 1,200 mL. Your vital capacity is ______ mL. a) 2,400. b) 3,000. c) 3,800. d) 4,700. e) 5,800.

D.

___ is a lung disease marked by a reduced number of cilia, reduced motility of the remaining cilia, goblet cell hypertrophy and hypersecretion, and thick sputum. a) Asthma. b) Oat-cell carcinoma. c) Atelectasis. d) Chronic bronchitis. e) Emphysema.

D.

Deep, rapid breathing often seen in terminal diabetes mellitus is known as what? a) Tachypnea. b) Dyspnea. c) Orthopnea. d) Hyperpnea. e) Kussmaul respiration

E.

During exercise, which of the following directly increases respiratory rate? a) Increased H+ level in the blood. b) The Bohr Effect. c) Reduced blood pH. d) Reduced oxyhemoglobin. e) Anticipation of the needs of exercising muscle

E.

Mucus plays an important role in cleansing inhaled air. It is produced by ___ of the respiratory tract. a) Squamous alveolar cells. b) Great alveolar cells. c) The pleurae. d) Ciliated cells. e) Goblet cells.

E.

Polio can sometimes damage the brainstem respiratory centers and result in a) A Bohr Effect. b) Adult respiratory distress syndrome. c) Pneumothorax. d) Atelectasis. e) Ondine's curse.

E.

Which of the following does not contain ciliated cells? respiratory bronchioles a) Nasal cavity b) Trachea c) Primary bronchus d) Terminal bronchiole e) Larygopharynx

E.

Which of the following has no effect on oxyhemoglobin dissociation? a) Epinephrine. b) Fever. c) Thyroid hormone. d) Low pH. e) Erythrocyte count.

E.