Chapter 23

William Jennings Bryan

Secretary of State appointed by Wilson, proponent of world peace

Harlem Hellfighters

a nickname for the decorated, all-black 369th Infantry, which served on the frontlines of France for six months, longer than any other American unit

"Hello Girls"

-bilingual telephone opperators in France, stationed in combat areas

19th Amendment

Womens' suffrage

Zimmermann telegram

the telegram sent from German foreign minister Arthur Zimmermann to the German ambassador in Mexico, which invited Mexico to fight alongside Germany should the United States enter World War I on the side of the Allies -changed American view on the war

Red Scare

the term used to describe the fear that Americans felt about the possibility of a Bolshevik revolution in the United States; fear over Communist infiltrators led Americans to restrict and discriminate against any forms of radical dissent, whether Communist or not

Palmer Raids

went after anyone with a Russian sounding last name, tried to deport them

Article X

-this agreement would basically render each nation equal in terms of power, as no member nation would be able to use its military might against a weaker member nation

What of the following was not used to control American dissent against the war effort? A. propaganda campaigns B. repressive legislation C. National Civil Liberties Bureau D. loyalty league

C

What was the inciting event that led to the Chicago Race Riot of 1919? A. a strike at a local factory B. a protest march of black activists C. the murder of a black boy who swam too close to a white beach D. the assault of a white man on a streetcar by black youths

C

Which of the following did not influence the eventual passage of the Nineteenth Amendment? A. women's contributions to the war effort B. the dramatic tactics and harsh treatment of radical suffragists C. the passage of the Volstead Act D. the arguments of President Wilson's daughter

C

18th Amendment

Prohibition

Espionage Act (1917)

-prohibited giving aid to the enemy by spying, or espionage, as well as any public comments that opposed the American war effort

Columbus, New Mexico

-town was attacked and burned down by Villa and his 1500 troops -Villa turned against Wilson because he was mad

Election of 1916

Republicans nominee- Charles Evans Hughes vs Woodrow Wilson -Wilson won this re-election but his neutrality campaign would be hard to continue

Committee on Public Information

-George Creel - employed artists, speakers, writers, and filmmakers to develop a propaganda machine to encourage Americans to help with the war effort

anti-German feelings in the U.S.

-to get Americans to join the war effort, everything German was banned

Henry Cabot Lodge

chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee that oversaw ratification proceedings -issued a list of fourteen reservations he had regarding the treaty (most of which centered on the creation of a League of Nations)

Women's Land Army of America

known as "farmerettes," women stepped up to run farms and other agricultural enterprises

John Pershing

sent after Villa 300 miles into Mexico before an angry Carranza ordered U.S. troops to withdraw from the nation

prohibition

the campaign for a ban on the sale and manufacturing of alcoholic beverages, which came to fruition during the war, bolstered by anti-German sentiment and a call to preserve resources for the war effort

"clear and present danger"

the expression used by Supreme Court Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes in the case of Schenck v. United States to characterize public dissent during wartime, akin to shouting "fire!" in a crowded theater

"Red Summer"

the summer of 1919, when numerous northern cities experienced bloody race riots that killed over 250 persons, including the Chicago race riot of 1919

Lusitania

-British passenger ship, RMS Lusitania, that was on its way from New York to Liverpool -The German Embassy in the United States had announced that this ship would be subject to attack for its cargo of ammunition but Germany still attacked -1200 civilians died, 128 Americans

Food Administration

-Herbert Hoover -he too encouraged volunteer rationing by invoking patriotism with Meatless Mondays, Wheatless Wednesdays, and the slogan "food will win the war"

Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes

-Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes wrote that such dissent presented a "clear and present danger" to the safety of the United States and the military (referring to Schenk vs. United States)

National Civil Liberties Bureau

-Roger Baldwin -to challenge the government's policies against wartime dissent and conscientious objection

Schenk vs. United States

-Schenk handed out leaflets telling people to avoid the draft -Supreme court rules that during wartime the First Amendment is different than during peacetime

Mexican Revolution

-U.S. first supported Victoriano Huertam, later supported Pancho Villa until reluctantly authorized official U.S. recognition of Carranza's government (because Villa does not have the troops to overthrow power) -U.S. refused to recognize Huerta because he killed off the previous president to come to power

Knox-Porter Resolution

-United States technically remained at war with Germany until July 21, 1921 until it came to a close with this treaty

Railroad Adminstration

-William McAdoo - had extraordinary war powers to control the entire railroad industry, including traffic, terminals, rates, and wages

Achduke Franz Ferdinand

-a Serbian nationalist, Gavrillo Princip, murdered him (this action was the underlying force that led to World War I) because the Serbians wanted their independence from Austria -was the next in line for the Austrian-Hungarian Empire

unterseeboot

-an "undersea boat" or U-boat -Germans dispatched a fleet of these submarines around Great Britain to attack merchant and military ships -acted in direct violation of international law (they attacked without warning instead of surfacing and allowing the surrender of the crew/civilians)

Selective Service Act (1917)

-initially required all men aged twenty-one through thirty to register for the draft -1918: expanded to 18-45 years of age -some who opposed the draft, usually based on religious beliefs, were called conscientious objectors

Sedition Act (1918)

-prohibited any criticism or disloyal language against the federal government and its policies, the U.S. Constitution, the military uniform, or the American flag

Trading with the Enemy Act of 1917

-prohibited individual trade with an enemy nation and banned the use of the postal service for disseminating any literature deemed treasonous by the postmaster general

War Industries Board

-run by Bernard Baruch, to ensure adequate military supplies -had the power to direct shipments of raw materials, as well as to control government contracts with private producers

Fuel Administration

-run by Harry Garfield, created the concept of "fuel holidays," encouraging civilian Americans to do their part for the war effort by rationing fuel on certain days -daylight savings time

Woodrow Wilson

-takes office in March 1913 -promised a less expansionist approach to American foreign policy than former presidents (this didn't exactly work out)

liberty bonds

-the name for the war bonds that the U.S. government sold, and strongly encouraged Americans to buy, as a way of raising money for the war effort -government was basically borrowing money from the Americans to pay for the war

Why did the war not increase overall prosperity? A. because inflation made the cost of living higher B. because wages were lowered due to the war effort C. because workers had no bargaining power due to the "no-strike pledge" D. because women and African American men were paid less for the same work

A

What was Article X in the Treaty of Versailles? A.the "war guilt clause" that France required B. the agreement that all nations in the League of Nations would be rendered equal C. the Allies' division of Germany's holdings in Asia D. the refusal to allow Bolshevik Russia membership in the League of Nations

B

Which of the following was not a destabilizing factor immediately following the end of the war? A. a flu pandemic B. a women's liberation movement C. high inflation and economic uncertainty D. political paranoia

B

Which of the following was not included in the Treaty of Versailles? A. extensive German reparations to be paid to the Allies B. a curtailment of German immigration to Allied nations C. France's acquisition of disputed territory along the French-German border D. a mandate for Germany to accept responsibility for the war publicly

B

Why was the German use of the unterseeboot considered to defy international law? A. because other countries did not have similar technology B. because they refused to warn their targets before firing C.because they constituted cruel and unusual methods D. because no international consensus existed to employ submarine technology

B

In order to pursue his goal of using American influence overseas only when it was a moral imperative, Wilson put which man in the position of Secretary of State? A. Charles Hughes B. Theodore Roosevelt C. William Jennings Bryan D. John Pershing

C

Which of the following was not enacted in order to secure men and materials for the war effort? A. the Food Administration B. the Selective Service Act C. the War Industries Board D. the Sedition Act

D

Irreconcilables

Republicans who opposed the Treaty of Versailles on all grounds

reservationists

Republicans who would support the Treaty of Versailles if sufficient amendments were introduced that could eliminate Article X

Election of 1920

Senator Warren G. Harding vs. James Cox -Harding won because he promised to return to normality (a candidate around whom they could mold their policies of low taxes, immigration restriction, and noninterference in world affairs)

League of Nations

Woodrow Wilson's idea for a group of countries that would promote a new world order and territorial integrity through open discussions, rather than intimidation and war

nuetrality

Woodrow Wilson's policy of maintaining commercial ties with all belligerents and insisting on open markets throughout Europe during World War I -Wilson wanted to win the re-election so he tried to stay neutral

Fourteen Points

Woodrow Wilson's postwar peace plan, which called for openness in all matters of diplomacy, including free trade, freedom of the seas, and an end to secret treaties and negotiations, among others