Chapter 23
As bones age, they _____. A. become more porous B. gain strength C. gain calcium D. become more elastic
A
Calorie restriction may _____. A. slow down aging B. speed up aging C. increase the risk of diabetes D. increase the rate of death
A
Enid and Fred, married 52 years, have been living in the same home for the past 30 years. They have a comfortable retirement, and when they need help with something, they can rely on their middle-aged children or young adult grandchildren. However, Enid and Fred are fiercely independent, providing much more care than they receive. This couple's experience is _____ among elders. A. very common B. somewhat common C. somewhat uncommon D. very uncommon
A
In a research study, elders who had been exposed to ageist beliefs their whole lives displayed poorer memory than younger participants and other elders who had not been exposed to ageist beliefs. This outcome was most likely due to _____. A. stereotype threat B. cultural differences in age-related changes C. increased confidence among the young participants D. ageism among the researchers
A
Limiting the time a person spends being ill or infirm is referred to as _____. A. compression of morbidity B. progeria C. dependency ratio D. senescence
A
Lionel has two biomarkers that are well outside the normal range. He has had a life filled with financial and familial stress, and has not always handled it well, though he has never smoked. As he ages, we can expect that _____. A. Lionel's lifelong responses to stress will create a biological burden B. Lionel's lifelong responses to stress will better equip him to handle the hardships of old age C. Lionel will most likely develop only the secondary, not primary, symptoms of aging D. Lionel will most likely develop only the primary, not secondary, symptoms of aging
A
Paulo, age 62, has developed heart disease from a lifetime of smoking cigarettes. His heart disease is an example of _____. A. secondary aging B. primary aging C. normal senescence D. compressed morbidity
A
People who live to see their 100th birthday are referred to as _____. A. centenarians B. young-old C. decadecadians D. the oldest-old
A
Primary aging refers to age-related changes that _____. A. inevitably take place as time goes by B. occur prior to middle adulthood C. take place as a consequence of a person's unhealthy behaviors D. are entirely genetic in origin
A
Primary and secondary aging combine to make major body systems _____. A. less efficient B. more flexible C. more efficient D. function better under stress
A
The Hayflick limit is a natural limit to the _____. A. number of times cells can divide B. size of the population on earth C. number of children born to one set of parents D. life span of a victim of genetic disease
A
The main reason we may not notice the young-old is that _____. A. they do not fit our stereotypes of the elderly B. there are relatively few of them C. they are a problem-prone minority D. they are not integrated into the community
A
The medication that reduces hypertension in middle-aged adults can _____ for the oldest-old. A. be counterproductive B. be more effective C. cause hallucinations D. cost too much
A
When asked to think of "an elderly person," most people think of a feeble person who lives in a nursing home. Statistics show that the vast majority of people over the age of 65 are _____. A. young-old B. old-old C. youthfully old D. independently old
A
Which 70-year-old is most likely to be diagnosed with osteoporosis? A. Virginia, who has European ancestry B. Rhonda, who has African ancestry C. Benjamin, who has European and Asian ancestry D. Sato, who has Asian ancestry
A
Which of the following brain structures shrinks the most during late adulthood? A. neocortex B. thalamus C. reticular formation D. amygdala
A
Which of the following groups makes up the largest group of older adults? A. young-old B. old-old C. oldest-old D. centenarians
A
Which of the following is NOT true about most elders? A. Most elders rely on others for basic care. B. Most elders are caregivers, rather than receiver of care. C. A minority of elders live with their adult children. D. Ten percent of individuals age 80 or older are in a nursing home or hospital.
A
Which of the following vocal characteristics is a feature of elderspeak? A. higher pitch B. faster speech C. bigger words D. gestures
A
Which theory of aging proposes that the body wears out, part by part, after years of use? A. wear-and-tear B. primary aging C. free-radical hypothesis D. cellular accident
A
While having sex less frequently than they used to, more elderly couples report that their sex life had _____ rather than _____. A. improved; deteriorated B. deteriorated; improved C. ceased; increased D. increased; ceased
A
_____ is the oldest possible age that members of a species can attain, whereas _____ is the average life span of individuals in a particular group. A. Life span; life expectancy B. Life expectancy; life span C. Life span; Hayflick limit D. Hayflick limit; life expectancy
A
A cultural factor that may increase longevity is _____. A. polygamy B. being integrated into the community C. believing in life after death D. being segregated from the noise and activity of children
B
Because of _____aging, Thelma has had a very tough time recovering from a recent bout of pneumonia. A. normal B. primary C. secondary D. geriatric
B
Designing settings and equipment so that they can be used by everyone—able-bodied, sensory-acute, or not—is known as _____. A. the Americans with Disability Act B. universal design C. a hearing loop D. the built environment
B
In a Swedish study, centenarians were found to be less likely to _____ than octogenarians. A. take pain medications B. take antidepressant medication C. experience positive mood D. have any physical ailments
B
In the United States, only 3 percent of older people live _____. A. at home B. in nursing homes C. with an adult child D. independently
B
Inez, age 76, believes she is independent and has personal autonomy. She is likely to be _____. A. wrong; no one her age can be autonomous B. mentally and physical healthier than people her age who do not share those beliefs C. more optimistic than other people her age, but no healthier than them D. overstating her sense of well-being
B
The term "ageism" refers to _____. A. the veneration of the elderly B. judging people on the basis of chronological age C. the view of society held by older people D. the demographics of the population pyramid
B
Which of the following statements about cellular aging is true? A. Cells can replicate indefinitely, but errors do occur. B. Aging may be caused by the inevitable loss of the ability of cells to duplicate perfectly. C. Damage is caused by free radicals that slow down the cell duplication process. D. Cells from adults are able to duplicate more quickly and more times than are cells from embryos.
B
_____ is an example of an acute illness, and _____ is an example of a chronic illness. A. Heart disease; heart attack B. Heart attack; heart disease C. Diabetes; heart attack D. Osteoporosis; heart disease
B
Approximately _____ percent of people over age 65 can see well without glasses. A. 1 B. 5 C. 10 D. 25
C
At age 75, Martha is typical of people her age. She believes that when compared to others of the same age _____. A. everyone is faring quite similarly B. they are doing better than she is; she has more problems C. she is doing well but they have more problems and are self-absorbed D. everyone gets what he or she deserves and she deserves more
C
For older drivers, which of the variables below is the strongest predictor of a car accident? A. age B. understanding of driving rules C. poor peripheral vision D. face-front reading ability
C
Holding non-ageist attitudes when under age 50 has been associated with _____ 30 years later. A. better psychological adjustment B. poorer psychological adjustment C. reduced rates of heart disease D. increased rates of heart disease
C
In developed nations, the most common living arrangement for people over age 65 is living _____. A. in a nursing home B. with adult children C. with a spouse or alone D. with an unrelated age-mate
C
In the past, there were 20 times more children than older people. Then there were 7 times more people under age 15 than over age 64. Currently, there are 3 times as many children as there are elders. These changes in the age make-up of the population are referred to as a _____. A. population growth B. cyclical event C. demographic shift D. elder explosion
C
Now that Hank is 75, he uses selective optimization with compensation while driving. For example, he _____. A. drives only at night when fewer cars are on the road B. relies only on rearview and side mirrors so he won't hurt his neck turning his head C. drives more slowly D. drives fast to get home as soon as possible to avoid accidents
C
The elderly who are dependent and most likely to have age-related illnesses are _____. A. young-old B. old-old C. oldest-old D. sickly-old
C
The maximum life span is _____ years for humans. A. 13 B. 55 C. 122 D. 180
C
The notion that DNA regulates the aging process is referred to as the _____. A. cellular accident B. error catastrophe C genetic clock D. free-radical hypothesis
C
The notion that DNA regulates the aging process is referred to as the _____. A. cellular accident B. error catastrophe C. genetic clock D. free-radical hypothesis
C
The wear-and-tear theory of aging is weakened by the fact that _____. A. the human body cannot repair itself B. many parts of the body wear out from use C. many body functions benefit from use D. machines cannot grow old
C
Which of the following is NOT a reason why older adults continue driving even though they probably should not? A. They don't want to give up their independence. B. They don't realize the extent to which their driving-related skills have diminished. C. They don't care whether they have an accident because they've got good insurance. D. They believe that because they've driven their whole lives without an accident, they remain excellent drivers.
C
Which of the following strategies is crucial when older people have sensory loss? A. acceptance B. isolation C. compensation D. retirement
C
Which of these is NOT true regarding sexuality in late adulthood? A. intercourse becomes less frequent B. older women report less sexual desire than older men C. women stop intercourse earlier than men for biological reasons D. selectivity decreases as the number of available mates dwindles
C
According to a comprehensive study, factors that contribute to a long life include _____. A. early retirement and moderate exercise B. vacation time and limited social interaction C. prestigious work and a large home D. lifelong work and a diet rich in fresh vegetables
D
Elderly drivers have fewer car accidents than young people do because _____. A. their reaction time slows, preventing quick responses B. strict laws require retesting for drivers over age 65 C. younger drivers are impaired by poor peripheral and night vision D. elderly drivers compensate for deficiencies by driving more slowly and avoiding night driving
D
Maximum life span is defined as the _____. A. number of years a newborn is likely to live B. risk of mortality C. average age at death D. upper limit to which members of a species can live
D
The changes of primary aging are _____. A. caused by disease B. reversible C. preventable D. universal
D
The condition known as "fragile bones" is called _____. A. muscular dystrophy B. cerebral palsy C. dementia D. osteoporosis
D
The very ends of chromosomes in cells that may be correlated with longevity are known as _____. A. B cells B. T cells C. alleles D. telomeres
D
What distinguishes the old-old from the young-old? A. years of age B. details of living arrangements C. degree of positive or negative attitude D. reductions in physical or mental ability
D
What is the fastest-growing age group in the United States? A. 0-15 B. 20-35 C. 35-65 D. 80 and up
D
Which of the following is NOT an example of a healthy approach to sexuality in older adulthood? A. Mary and Don, married 47 years, have sexual intercourse three times a month, and feel completely satisfied with hugs and kisses in between. B. After her divorce, Elle has relegated sexual intercourse to her past, and doesn't seek sexual connections with new partners. C. After the death of her husband of 35 years, Judy invited her new romantic partner to live with her. He sleeps in the guest bedroom, and they live apart together. D. Recently, Tony read an article that said that elderly couples can have just as active of sexual lives as they did in earlier adulthood. He has been pressuring his wife, Margaret, to have sex with him every night since then.
D
T/F: A five-nation study indicated that regular sexual intercourse is the most significant predictor of happiness in long-term romances.
False
T/F: About 10 percent of adults over age 64 in the United States are in nursing homes.
False
T/F: After years of heavy smoking, Tim has developed emphysema. His condition is due to the effects of primary aging.
False
T/F: Ageism is defined as a negative attitude toward the elderly.
False
T/F: Calorie restriction has been shown to reverse dementia.
False
T/F: Compression of morbidity refers to lengthening the amount of time that a person spends ill or infirm.
False
T/F: Elderspeak is necessary to enable older people to comprehend speech.
False
T/F: Gerontologists agree that the average life expectancy for humans will continue to increase indefinitely.
False
T/F: Individuals can make adjustments that allow for activity and engagement throughout the aging process, but there is nothing that societies can do to optimize the experience.
False
T/F: Primary aging reveals the consequences of inherited weaknesses, health habits, and environmental conditions.
False
T/F: The existence of the Hayflick limit disproves the theory of the genetic clock.
False
T/F: The inability to replicate all of the telomeres at the ends of the chromosomes in cells causes aging, according to the wear-and-tear theory.
False
T/F: The specific physical illnesses or conditions that become more common with aging are features of primary aging.
False
T/F: The universal and irreversible physical changes that happen to all people are features of secondary aging.
False
T/F: The wear-and-tear theory proposes that we age because new cells are imperfect copies of old ones.
False
T/F: According to one theory of aging, the genetic clock gradually switches off the genes that promote growth and switches on genes that promote aging.
True
T/F: An excellent diet, plenty of exercise, and a strong network of social support can add years, but probably not decades, to one's life.
True
T/F: An older adult who avoids driving at night is using selective optimization with compensation.
True
T/F: Average life expectancy is predicted to continue to increase over the next 35 years.
True
T/F: Changing one's views about what constitutes satisfying sex is an example of selective optimization with compensation.
True
T/F: Heart attack is to acute illness as heart disease is to chronic illness.
True
T/F: James is 75 years old and is healthy, active, financially secure, and independent. He would fall into the young-old category.
True
T/F: Nearly all adults over age 65 need eyeglasses.
True
T/F: Older adults spend more time in bed, take longer to fall asleep, and wake about 10 times per night.
True
T/F: Osteoporosis is the official name for fragile bones that have lost density with age.
True
T/F: Primary aging is genetic.
True
T/F: Sensory loss without compensation can lead to depression in the elderly.
True
T/F: The brain slows down, and connections between parts weaken, leading to slower processing time.
True
T/F: The dependency ratio refers to the proportion of the population that depends on others for care.
True
T/F: The world is undergoing a demographic shift toward more older adults and fewer young children.
True
T/F: When the elderly internalize ageist attitudes, those attitudes can become a self-fulfilling prophecy.
True
T/F: Older adults are more likely to be the target of street crimes than young adults are.
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