Chapter 23: Control of Microorganisms
for it to be effective, the microorganism must be exposed to it directly
UV light
classified as intermediate level disinfectants
alcohols
often added to other disinfectants (iodine, chlorhexidine, quaternary ammonium compounds) to enhance their germicidal power
alcohols
volatile and may evaporate before their germicidal effect occurs
alcohols
widely used disinfectants that control microbial growth by denaturing proteins and by dissolving lipids in the cell membrane of microbes
alcohols
good for more than tissue preservation
aldehydes
control of microbial growth on living tissue to prevent infection
antisepsis
reduction of microbial populations to safe levels as determined by public health standards
antisepsis
available commercially as a liquid, flammable
carbolic acid
has a sickeningly sweet and tarry odor
carbolic acid
originally used to deodorize cesspools and drains
carbolic acid
skin exposure has been known to cause chemical burns, liver damage, diarrhea, dark urine, and hemolytic anemia
carbolic acid
slightly acidic and sometimes known as phenol
carbolic acid
used to great effect by Dr. Joseph Lister as a surgical disinfectant to reduce postoperative infections in the nineteenth century
carbolic acid
exists as a gas until mixed with water to form sodium hypochlorite
chlorine
irritating to the skin and mucous membranes
chlorine
may react with certain organic compounds to form trihalomethane, a possible carcinogen
chlorine
used to treat municipal drinking water and swimming pools
chlorine
used widely as disinfectants
chlorine iodine
can be effective in controlling microbial growth via refrigeration or freezing
cold
extreme ____ can kill some bacteria
cold
does not destroy all vegetative cells or endospores, it merely inhibits their growth which can continue when they're introduced again to warmer temperatures
cold temperatures
form of incineration
cremation
placing human remains into a retort where temperatures reach between 1600 - 1800 degrees F
cremation
can appear individually or in combination
cresols
can cause irritation and burning of skin, eyes, mouth, and throat; abdominal pain and vomiting; heart damage; anemia; liver and kidney damage; facial paralysis; coma; and death
cresols
comes in ortho-cresol, meta-cresol, and para-cresol
cresols
found in wood, tobacco, crude oil, and creosote used in the manufacture of telephone poles and treated lumber
cresols
phenolic compound derived from a chemical known as toluene
cresols
used commonly in mortuary disinfectants because they work well in the presence of other organic compounds
cresols
used to produce the commercial product Lysol, deodorants, and insecticides
cresols
ingestion of HCHO can cause severe pain, committing, coma, and _____
death
time in minutes it takes to kill 90% of present microorganisms
decimal reduction time
after cremation, remains can no longer harbor ______ that could spread to the public
disease-causing microorganisms
does not inactivate microbial endospores
disinfection
the destruction of pathogenic agents by chemical or physical means via the application of disinfectant to an inanimate object.
disinfection
will kill most vegetative microorganisms
disinfection
kills microorganisms by coagulating their proteins and breaking hydrogen bonds within them
dry heat
less effective than moist heat since proteins don't denature as easily when they are dry
dry heat
requires a significant amount of exposure time to be effective
dry heat
while it can't be used to disinfect every surface, it is generally preferred to chemical methods of decontamination that leave toxic residue behind
dry heat
irritates the skin, eyes, nose and throat
formaldehyde
suspected carcinogen
formaldehyde
a concentrated aqueous solution composed of formaldehyde and water, is very good at controlling growth of microorganisms
formalin
scrubbing deceased remains must be done _____ to avoid damage to tissues
gently
can be used on heat-sensitive objects like plastics, which would melt under high heat
glutaraldehyde
can be used to sterilize embalming instruments when an autoclave isn't available
glutaraldehyde
can cause throat and lung irritation, headaches, difficulty breathing, nosebleeds, burning eyes, skin rash, brownish staining of the hands, hives or nausea
glutaraldehyde
effective disinfectant sometimes referred to as a cold chemical sterilant
glutaraldehyde
inactivates DNA and RNA of microorganisms
glutaraldehyde
isn't germicidal for at least 10 minutes
glutaraldehyde
less toxic than HCHO
glutaraldehyde
pH sensitive and only works in alkaline environments
glutaraldehyde
extremely caustic and aggressive since each requires just one electron to attain stability
halogens
widely used disinfectants that work by oxidizing the components of microbial cells
halogens
kills microorganisms by denaturing their proteins
heat
corrosive and don't make good sterilants due to lengthy exposure times required to kill endospores
hypochlorites
form of sterilization that destroys vegetative bacteria and bacterial endospores
incineration
reduces the amount of waste to a more manageable quantity/form
incineration
used most often to treat biohazard waste
incineration
waste must remain in the combustion chamber for a sufficient time at a high temperature to mix with oxygen and combust completely
incineration
heat can be used to control microbial growth via ____ , ____ , and ____
incineration dry heat wet heat
can be used in the form of either a tincture or an iodosphore
iodine
controls microbial growth by oxidizing certain molecules within the microbial cell
iodine
does not kill endospores
iodine
stains the skin, but can be removed with rubbing alcohol
iodine
betadine
iodophore
compounds of iodine and a surfactant such as a detergent that slowly releases the free iodine
iodophores
lacks the ability to destroy hydrophilic viruses, nor can it or ethyl alcohol sterilize instruments because neither of them kill bacterial endospores
isopropyl alcohol
inhibits microbial growth by damaging the cell's genetic material by causing bonds to form between adjacent thymines in their DNA
light
boiling takes approximately 10 minutes to sterilize water containing - endospores - vegetative bacteria - most viruses and fungi
moist heat
utilization of: boiling free-flowing steam steam under pressure to kill microbes
moist heat
allows steam to penetrate bacteria to achieve disinfection
pressure
most effective in aqueous solutions to _____ the proteins more soluble than they would be in alcohol alone
render
manual process by which microorganisms are removed from a surface
scrubbing
should be vigorous and forceful on inanimate objects
scrubbing
to be used in conjunction with chemical methods of microbial control
scrubbing
cremated remains are devoid of _____ and completely sterilized
soft tissues
allows for easy control of: pressure temperature length of exposure
steam under pressure
contaminated objects are placed into an autoclave for varying amounts of time dependent on the bacteria
steam under pressure
the most effective form of controlling microbial growth
steam under pressure
highest level of microbial growth control
sterilization
the process of completely removing/destroying all life-forms, endospores, or their products on or in a substance
sterilization
chemical antimicrobial agents fall into 2 broad categories depending on their ____
suffix
disruption or damage to skin due to aggressive scrubbing may lead to leakage of bodily fluids, leading to damage of ______ and ______
the deceased's clothing interior of their casket
lowest temperature at which all microorganisms are killed in 10 minutes
thermal death point
minimum time it takes to kill all microorganisms present
thermal death time
aromatic bases produced by the body to form nucleic acids
thymines
a solution of iodine and alcohol primarily used as an antiseptic
tincture
a form of non ionizing radiation that can effectively control growth of microorganisms
ultraviolet light (UV)
antimicrobial agents that end in the suffix - ____ are agents that will kill a particular type of organisms
-cide
antimicrobial agents the end in the suffix - ____ will prevent the growth of a particular type of microorganism, but usually not destroy their spores
-static
3 levels of controlling microbial growth
1. sterilization 2. disinfection 3. antisepsis
endospores can be destroyed at 250 degrees F for ____ minutes
15 minutes
steam under pressure of ____ psi can raise the temperature of water to 250 degrees F
15 psi
at ___ , glutaraldehyde will kill endospores in ____ hours
2% 3-12 hours
placing contaminated items into free-flowing steam for _____ minutes daily over the course of _____ days will destroy moist bacteria
30 minutes 3 days
formalin is ____ formaldehyde gas by mass and ____ by volume
37% 40%
household bleach contains about ____ sodium hypochlorite solution, which is several hundred times stronger than is needed to kill most disease-causing microorganisms
5%
endospores of ____ and ____ can survive many hours of boiling
Clostridium botulinum C. perfringes
