Chapter 23 - Respiratory System

an increase in rate and depth of breathing

A rise in arterial PCO2 elevates carbon dioxide levels in cerebrospinal fluid and stimulates the chemoreceptive neurons of the medulla to produce __________. hypercapnia eupnea an increase in rate and depth of breathing a decrease in rate and depth of breathing

an increase in rate and depth of breathing (Note: The rise in arterial carbon dioxide signals the brain stem neurons that oxygen levels are decreasing. The negative feedback loop in the central nervous system then activates neurons in the DRG to increase the rate and depth of breathing, thereby increasing oxygen levels.)

A rise in arterial PCO2 elevates carbon dioxide levels in the cerebrospinal fluid and stimulates the chemoreceptive neurons of the medulla to produce __________. eupnea an increase in rate and depth of breathing hypercapnia a decrease in rate and depth of breathing

pulmonary ventilation

Breathing, which involves the physical movement of air into and out of the lungs, is alveolar ventilation gas diffusion pulmonary ventilation internal respiration

pulmonary ventilation

Breathing, which involves the physical movements of air into and out of the lungs, is called __________. internal respiration gas diffusion alveolar ventilation pulmonary ventilation

as molecules of carbonic acid that dissociate to form bicarbonate and hydrogen ions

Carbon dioxide is most often transported ________ dissolved in plasma bound to the globular proteins of hemoglobin as molecules of carbonic acid that dissociate to form bicarbonate and hydrogen ions bound to heme

a bicarbonate ion

Carbon dioxide is transported in the blood mostly as __________. a bicarbonate ion soluble in plasma carbaminohemoglobin none of the listed responses

bicarbonate ions

Carbon dioxide is transported in the blood primarily as __________. carbaminohemoglobin plasma-soluble None of the listed responses is correct. bicarbonate ions

Fetal hemoglobin has a greater affinity for oxygen than maternal hemoglobin.

How can a pregnant mother provide oxygen to her developing baby? The mother's hemoglobin gives away the oxygen she does not need. Fetal hemoglobin has a greater affinity for oxygen than maternal hemoglobin. The placenta is very permeable to oxygen. While pregnant, the mother's respiration increases to supply more oxygen.

Helping clean the air (Note:The incoming air bounces off the conchal surfaces. The turbulence makes the air swirl. Small airborne particles come in contact with the mucus that coats the nasal cavity. This traps the particles and helps clean the air. The turbulence also provides extra time for warming and humidifying the air.)

How do the nasal conchae affect the nasal cavity? Providing more surface area for gas exchange Improving air flow Helping clean the air Forming the nasal septum

Increasing or decreasing the tension on the vocal folds

How do you adjust the pitch of the sound your larynx produces? Moving air though the vocal folds more forcefully Increasing or decreasing the distance between the vocal folds Increasing or decreasing the tension on the vocal folds Slowing the flow of air through the vocal folds

Bound to heme in hemoglobin

How is oxygen most often carried in the blood? Bound to heme in hemoglobin Dissolved in plasma As bicarbonate Attached to the globular proteins of hemoglobin

4200 mL/min

If a person is breathing 12 times per minute and the tidal volume is 500 ml, what is the alveolar ventilation rate? 0 mL/min 4200 mL/min 5250 mL/min 6000 mL/min

7500 mL/min

If a person is breathing 15 times a minute and has a tidal volume of 500 mL, the total respiratory minute volume is __________. 7500 min/mL 7500 mL/min 515 mL/min 5150 mL/min

157 mm Hg

If the atmospheric pressure is 751 mm Hg, what is the partial pressure of oxygen in the atmosphere? 150 mm Hg 157 mm Hg 165 mm Hg 159 mm Hg

hold your breath

If you desired to control the rate of respiration voluntarily, you might __________. sneeze inflict pain hold your breath engage in an emotional experience

increases bronchoconstriction and decreases airflow (Note:Histamine is a major inflammatory mediator that stimulates the contraction of smooth muscle in the respiratory tract. )

In a bronchiole, the release of histamine by activated mast cells and basophils __________. stimulates bronchodilation and improves airflow stimulates bronchoconstriction and increases airflow increases bronchoconstriction and decreases airflow stimulates bronchodilation and decreases airflow

that remains in the lungs after maximal expiration

Residual volume is the volume of air __________. inspired and expired during one breath that remains in the lungs after maximal expiration that can be inspired over and above resting tidal volume at the end of normal respiration if expiratory muscles are actively contracted

that remains in the lungs after maximal expiration (This remaining volume of air helps prevent total collapse of the alveoli. Along with surfactant, the residual volume helps ensure that the alveoli will remain inflated.)

Residual volume is the volume of air __________. inspired and expired during one breath that can be inspired over and above resting tidal volume that remains at the end of normal respiration if expiratory muscles are actively contracted that remains in the lungs after maximal expiration

surfactant

Respiratory distress syndrome is caused by a lack of __________. alveolar surface area ciliated epithelial cells surfactant mucous

a surfactant

Respiratory distress syndrome is caused by lack of __________. an alveolar surface area a surfactant mucus ciliated epithelial cells

constriction; increased (Since these demands are lower, there is no need for higher oxygen intakes, and the bronchioles constrict under the influence of the parasympathetic division.)

The parasympathetic division of the ANS causes __________ of airways' smooth muscle; therefore, resistance is __________. constriction; decreased relaxation; increased constriction; increased relaxation; decreased

inner thoracic body wall, mediastinum, and superior surface of the diaphragm

The parietal pleura are attached to the inner thoracic body wall superior surface of the diaphragm mediastinum inner thoracic body wall, mediastinum, and superior surface of the diaphragm

inner thoracic body wall, mediastinum, and superior surface of the diaphragm

The parietal pleura is attached to the __________. superior surface of the diaphragm inner thoracic body wall, mediastinum, and superior surface of the diaphragm inner thoracic body wall mediastinum

alveolar ventilation

The primary function of pulmonary ventilation is to maintain adequate __________. air in the anatomic dead space vital capacity alveolar ventilation pulmonary surfactant

alveolar ventilation

The primary function of pulmonary ventilation is to maintain adequate __________. air in the anatomic dead space pulmonary surfactant production alveolar ventilation vital capacity

reduce friction between the parietal and visceral pleura

The purpose of the fluid in the pleural cavity is to __________. provide a medium for the exchange of O2 and CO2 allow for the exchange of electrolytes during respiratory movements provide lubrication for diaphragmatic constriction reduce friction between the parietal and visceral pleura

reduce friction between the parietal and the visceral pleurae

The purpose of the fluid in the pleural cavity is to __________. reduce friction between the parietal and the visceral pleurae provide lubrication for diaphragmatic constriction allow for the exchange of electrolytes during respiratory movements provide a medium for the exchange of O2 and CO2

C-shaped

The tracheal cartilages are __________. O-shaped D-shaped C-shaped S-shaped

Expiratory Reserve

The volume of air that can be inspired over and above resting tidal volume

Tidal Volume

The volume of air that is inspired and expired during one breath

lung efficiency

The volume of alveolar air and capillary blood in the right proportion to each alveolus produces __________. optimum breathing pulmonary circulation lung efficiency pulmonary surfactant

alveolar macrophages

What cells within the alveoli are capable of phagocytosis and can therefore engulf particulate matter that might reach the alveoli? alveolar macrophages alveolar NK cells alveolar plasma cells alveolar septal cells

All of the listed choices are correct.

What factor affects the efficiency of diffusion at the respiratory membrane? Thickness of the respiratory membrane Surface area All of the listed choices are correct.

Gas exchange between the air in the alveoli and the pulmonary capillary blood

What happens during external respiration? Bringing air into the nasal cavity Delivering air to the respiratory zone of the lungs Gas exchange between the air in the alveoli and the pulmonary capillary blood Transport of oxygen by hemoglobin in the red blood cells

The surface tension would make the alveoli smaller and cause them to collapse upon exhalation.

What happens in the respiratory system if type II pneumocytes are not functioning properly or are destroyed? The surface tension would make the alveoli smaller and cause them to collapse upon exhalation. Surface tension would decrease. Lung infections would occur more easily. The respiratory membrane would get thinner.

Emphysema (Note: the homeostatic imbalance - This imbalance results from damage to the alveoli that causes a loss of surface area, which in turn decreases the absorption and exchange of gases in the lungs. A person with this disease is not able to get enough oxygen into his or her body to maintain cell metabolism and usually needs an oxygen tank to supplement this oxygen.)

What homeostatic imbalance is normal to a certain extent in individuals over age 50 but is greatly enhanced by cigarette smoke and other irritants? Emphysema Pleurisy Stroke Asthma

A drop in saturation of hemoglobin due to a drop in pH

What is the Bohr effect? A drop in saturation of hemoglobin due to a drop in pH An increase in respiration due to elevated levels of pCO2 An increase in transport of oxygen by hemoglobin Deoxygenated hemoglobin can carry carbon dioxide better

Warming and helping humidify the inspired air

What is the benefit of the rich vascularization of the upper respiratory system? Respiratory defense Warming and helping humidify the inspired air Improving mucus secretion Helping with olfaction

A ridge separating the two primary bronchi

What is the carina? The entry way into the lungs The lower end of the trachea The name for the tracheal cartilages A ridge separating the two primary bronchi

Larynx

What is the first part of the lower respiratory system? Pharynx Larynx Primary bronchi Trachea

The respiratory portion does gas exchange. (Note:The conducting portion brings air into and out of the respiratory system and delivers air to and from the respiratory portion. Thus, the conducting portion is concerned with ventilation. The respiratory portion does gas exchange. )

What is the main difference between the conducting portion of the respiratory system and the respiratory portion of the respiratory system? The distance between the blood and air is smaller in the conducting portion. The respiratory portion has less surface area. The respiratory portion does gas exchange. The conducting portion parts are outside the lungs.

Breathe slowly and deeply.

What is the most effective means of increasing alveolar ventilation? Increase rapid shallow breathing. Breathe slowly and deeply. Increase total pulmonary circulation. Breathe normally.

Breathing slowly and deeply

What is the most effective means of increasing alveolar ventilation? Increasing rapid shallow breathing Increasing total pulmonary circulation Breathing slowly and deeply Breathing normally

airway radius

What is the most important factor determining airway resistance? interactions between flowing gas molecules thickness of the wall of the airway airway radius length of the airway

Airway radius

What is the most important factor in determining airway resistance? Thickness of the wall of the airway Interactions between flowing gas molecules Airway radius Length of the airway

Thyroid cartilage

What is the name of the large, shield-shaped cartilage of the larynx? Thyroid cartilage Cuneiform cartilage Cricoid cartilage Arytenoid cartilage

160 mm Hg

What is the partial pressure of O2 at sea level? 104 mm Hg 160 mm Hg 200 mm Hg 760 mm Hg

Pulmonary ventilation

What is the specific term for the processes involved in breathing? Internal respiration Cellular respiration Pulmonary ventilation Gas diffusion

The coughing reflex is triggered.

What occurs if food particles or liquids happen to touch the surfaces of the vestibular folds or the glottis? The glottis remains open. The coughing reflex is triggered. The individual chokes to death. The epiglottis does not function.

The hypothalamus (emotional episode)

What part of the brain brings about changes in respiration when you become very angry? The control centers in the pons The control centers in the medulla The hypothalamus The frontal lobe of the cerebral cortex

Epiglottis

What part of the larynx helps prevents food or liquid from getting into the larynx and lower respiratory system? Cricoid cartilage Thyroid cartilage Vocal folds Epiglottis

98 percent

What percentage of total oxygen (O2) is carried within red blood cells chemically bound to hemoglobin? 5 percent 68 percent 98 percent 100 percent

98 percent

What percentage of total oxygen (O2) that is chemically bound to hemoglobin is carried within red blood cells? 100 percent 5 percent 68 percent 98 percent

Mucus and cilia

What structures comprise the respiratory defense system? Mucus and cilia Nasal conchae Surfactant-secreting cells Nasal vestibule

epinephrine

What substance is administered during an asthmatic attack to decrease resistance by dilating the airways? norepinephrine histamine angiotensin epinephrine

Epinephrine (dilating the airways/bronchioles...This dilation decreases airway resistance and makes it easier for the body to take in more oxygen.)

What substance is administered during an asthmatic attack to decrease resistance by dilating the airways? Angiotensin Histamine Epinephrine Norepinephrine

The coughing reflex will be triggered.

What will happen if food particles or liquids manage to touch the surfaces of the vestibular folds or the glottis? The individual will choke to death. The glottis will remain open. The coughing reflex will be triggered. The epiglottis will not function.

He will quickly be forced to breathe.

What will happen to a little boy throwing a temper tantrum and holding his breath? He will quickly be forced to breathe. He will pass out and start breathing. He will turn blue and die. He could cause brain injury from lack of oxygen.

The lungs will collapse.airway radius

What will happen to a person who has been stabbed in the chest if the thoracic wall is punctured but the lung is NOT penetrated? The intrapleural pressure becomes subatmospheric. The intrapulmonary pressure becomes subatmospheric. The intra-alveolar pressure becomes subatmospheric. The lungs will collapse.

oxyhemoglobin

When each hemoglobin molecule binds with four molecules of oxygen, the end product is __________. carbon dioxide carbaminohemoglobin oxyhemoglobin carbon monoxide

oxyhemoglobin

When each hemoglobin molecule binds with four molecules of oxygen, the end product is __________. carbon dioxide oxyhemoglobin carbon monoxide carbaminohemoglobin

increases

When the diaphragm contracts, the volume of the lungs __________.

an intrapleural pressure of −4 mm Hg

When the lungs are in the resting position, the factor that opposes their collapse is __________. an intrapleural pressure of 760 mm Hg an intrapulmonary pressure of 760 mm Hg an intrapulmonary pressure of 5 mm Hg an intrapleural pressure of −4 mm Hg

Nasopharynx

Where is the opening of the auditory tube located? Nasal cavity Nasopharynx Oropharynx Laryngopharynx

Decreased pH

Which change in the blood chemistry causes an increase in respiration? Decreased pCO2 Decreased H+ concentration in the blood Decreased pH Decreased body temperature

Nitrogen

Which gas has the highest partial pressure in the air we breathe? Oxygen Water vapor Carbon dioxide Nitrogen

carbon dioxide

Which gas is most soluble in plasma? carbon dioxide nitrogen oxygen All of these gases are equally soluble.

Henry's Law

Which gas law states that the amount of a gas in solution is directly proportional to the partial pressure of that gas? Starling's Law Henry's Law Boyle's Law Dalton's Law

Alveolar macrophages

Which of the following cell types is responsible for the phagocytosis of particles or pathogens that reach the alveoli? Septal cells Pneumocytes type II Alveolar macrophages Pneumocytes type I

Increased compliance

Which of the following changes does NOT cause decreased efficiency of the respiratory system? Increased compliance Loss of flexibility in the rib articulations Decreased elasticity of lung tissue Loss of surface area

Transporting oxygen to the tissues

Which of the following is NOT a function of the respiratory system? Producing sounds Providing a surface for gas exchange Transporting oxygen to the tissues Moving air into and out of the lungs

Increased blood pressure increases respiration rate and depth. (Note:However, increased blood pressure detected by the cardiovascular baroreceptors causes decreased respiratory rate and depth.)

Which of the following is NOT an integrated response of the respiratory and cardiovascular systems? Increased blood pressure increases respiration rate and depth. Chemoreceptors cause blood pressure to rise. Baroreceptors in the lungs increase heart rate. Increased lung perfusion improves gas exchange.

All the listed choices are correct.

Which of the following is a function of the upper respiratory portion of the respiratory system? Warming the air Filtering the air Moistening the air All the listed choices are correct.

Increase in intrapulmonary pressure (Note: The contraction of the internal intercostals and the relaxation of the diaphragm have the combined effect of decreasing lung volume, which automatically increases pressure inside the lungs.)

Which of the following occurs during expiration? Increase in atmospheric pressure Increase in the volume of the lungs Decrease in intrapulmonary pressure Increase in intrapulmonary pressure

decreases; increases

According to Boyle's law, if the volume of a sealed container of gases __________, then the pressure in that container __________. decreases; decreases decreases; stays the same increases; increases decreases; increases

atmospheric pressure

Air enters the respiratory passageways when the pressure inside the lungs is lower than the __________. blood pressure arterial pressure atmospheric pressure abdominal pressure

the pressure of the gas increases

As the number of molecules of gas dissolved in a liquid increases, __________. the pressure of the gas decreases the pressure of the gas increases the pressure of the gas is not affected none of the listed responses takes place

the pressure of the gas increases

As the number of molecules of gas dissolved in a liquid increases, __________. none of the listed responses takes place the pressure of the gas decreases the pressure of the gas is not affected the pressure of the gas increases

The systemic capillaries and the interstitial fluid that surrounds the cells (Note: Oxygen flows down a concentration gradient into the cells while carbon dioxide flows out of the cells and into the capillary for further transport in the venous system.)

During internal respiration, the exchange of the respiratory gases takes place between which of the following? The pulmonary capillaries and the interstitial fluid that surrounds the cells All of the listed responses are correct. The systemic capillaries and the interstitial fluid that surrounds the cells The pulmonary capillaries and the air within the alveoli

It increases the volume and decreases the pressure of the thoracic cavity. (When you are inhaling, muscles contract and diaphragm moves downward)

During restful breathing, the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract. What effect does this have on the thoracic cavity? It increases the pressure and decreases the volume of the thoracic cavity. It decreases the volume and decreases the pressure of the thoracic cavity. It increases the volume and increases the pressure of the thoracic cavity. It increases the volume and decreases the pressure of the thoracic cavity.

shortness of breath, destruction of alveolar surfaces, and an increase in compliance

Emphysema is characterized by __________. shortness of breath destruction of alveolar surfaces an increase in compliance shortness of breath, destruction of alveolar surfaces, and an increase in compliance

RBC

In the pulmonary capillaries, the bicarbonate ion is always returned to the __________. RBC alveoli plasma interstitial fluid

an acidic condition within the blood

It is important that free H+ resulting from dissociation of H2CO3 combine with hemoglobin to reduce the possibility of __________. CO2 escaping from the RBC maintaining a constant pH in the blood recombining with H2O an acidic condition within the blood

bulk flow; passive diffusion

Movement of air into and out of the lungs is accomplished by the process of __________, whereas all movement of gases across membranes is by __________. endocytosis; exocytosis diffusion; osmosis bulk flow; passive diffusion pinocytosis; diffusion

stretch receptor stimulation located in the smooth muscle of bronchioles

The Hering-Breuer inflation reflex is important in regulating the forced ventilations that accompany strenuous exercise. This reflex is initiated by __________. stretch receptor stimulation located in the smooth muscle of bronchioles chemoreceptor stimulation in the aorta and carotid arteries olfactory receptor along the airway baroreceptor stimulation in the aorta and carotid arteries

Inflation reflexes (Note:The Hering - Breuer reflexes are triggered during extremes of ventilation and are not engaged during normal breathing. These are two distinct reflexes that act on the apneustic centers and the ventral respiratory group. The inflation reflex is triggered by stretch receptors in the lungs and help prevent mechanical damage from occurring by overinflation. The deflation reflex is triggered by receptors in the alveoli during forced exhalation.)

The Hering-Breuer reflexes include which of the following? Coughing Sneezing Respiratory rate reflexes Inflation reflexes

100 mm Hg

The PO2 in the blood that travels through a pulmonary vein and enters the left side of the heart is approximately __________. 10 mm Hg 40 mm Hg 70 mm Hg 100 mm Hg

100 mm Hg

The PO2 in the blood that travels through a pulmonary vein and enters the left side of the heart is approximately __________. 10 mm Hg 100 mm Hg 70 mm Hg 40 mm Hg

decreased respiratory rate

The body of a person living at a high altitude would experience all of the following changes EXCEPT __________. increased BPG levels increased heart rate elevated hematocrit decreased respiratory rate

smooth muscle

The bronchioles have walls dominated by __________. elastic cartilage smooth muscle hyaline cartilage fibrous connective tissue

erythrocytes, plasma, interstitial fluid, cells

The correct sequential transport of O2 from the tissue capillaries to O2 consumption in cells is __________. lung, alveoli, plasma, erythrocytes, cells plasma, erythrocytes, alveoli, cells erythrocytes, plasma, interstitial fluid, cells erythrocytes, interstitial fluid, plasma, cells

play no part in sound production

The difference between the vestibular folds and the vocal folds is that the vestibular folds __________. articulate with the corniculate cartilages are highly elastic play no part in sound production are involved with the production of sound

two; three

The left lung has __________ lobe(s), whereas the right lung has __________ lobes. three; two one; two three; four two; three

vital capacity

The maximum amount of air moved in and out during a single breath is __________. residual volume vital capacity alveolar ventilation tidal volume

vital capacity

The maximum amount of air moved in and out during a single breath is __________. alveolar ventilation tidal volume residual volume vital capacity

The nasal bones

The olfactory region of the nasal cavity includes all of the following but one. Which structure is NOT part of the olfactory region? The inferior surface of the cribriform plate The superior portion of the nasal septum The nasal bones The superior nasal concha

frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary

The paranasal sinuses include the __________ sinuses. mandibular, maxillary, frontal, and temporal occipital, parietal, temporal, and mandibular ethmoid, parietal, sphenoid, and temporal frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary

frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary

The paranasal sinuses include the __________. ethmoid, parietal, sphenoid, and temporal mandibular, maxillary, frontal, and temporal occipital, parietal, temporal, and mandibular frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary

constriction; increased

The parasympathetic division of the ANS causes __________ of airway smooth muscle; therefore, resistance is __________. constriction; increased relaxation; increased constriction; decreased relaxation; decreased

The dorsal and ventral respiratory groups set the pace and rhythm of breathing, AND the nuclei of the dorsal and ventral respiratory group function via reciprocal inhibition.

Which of the following statements about the dorsal and ventral respiratory groups is true? The nuclei of the dorsal and ventral respiratory group function via reciprocal inhibition. The dorsal and ventral respiratory groups set the pace and rhythm of breathing. Both the dorsal and ventral respiratory groups reside in the cerebral cortex. The dorsal and ventral respiratory groups set the pace and rhythm of breathing, AND the nuclei of the dorsal and ventral respiratory group function via reciprocal inhibition.

The dorsal and ventral respiratory groups set the pace and rhythm of breathing, and the nuclei of the dorsal and ventral respiratory groups function via reciprocal inhibition.

Which of the following statements about the dorsal and ventral respiratory groups is true? Both the dorsal and the ventral respiratory groups reside in the cerebral cortex. The dorsal and ventral respiratory groups set the pace and rhythm of breathing, and the nuclei of the dorsal and ventral respiratory groups function via reciprocal inhibition. The dorsal and ventral respiratory groups set the pace and rhythm of breathing. The nuclei of the dorsal and ventral respiratory groups function via reciprocal inhibition.

All of the listed statements are true.

Which of the following statements about the functions of the respiratory system is true? The respiratory system works in conjunction with other systems in the body to produce articulated speech. The nasal mucosa lining the upper nasal cavity is lined with olfactory receptors enabling the sense of smell. The respiratory structures warm, filter, and humidify the air we breathe. All of the listed statements are true.

All of the listed statements are true.

Which of the following statements about the functions of the respiratory system is/are true? The respiratory system works in conjunction with other systems in the body to produce articulated speech. The nasal mucosa in the upper nasal cavity is lined with olfactory receptors, enabling the sense of smell. All of the listed statements are true. The respiratory structures warm, filter, and humidify the air we breathe.

All of the listed statements are true.

Which of the following statements about the respiratory membrane is true? The membrane is very thin, approximately 0.5 µm. The membrane consists of the fusion of the simple squamous epithelia of an alveolus with the endothelium of a pulmonary capillary. Oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse quickly because of the large surface area of the respiratory membrane. All of the listed statements are true.

All of the listed statements are true.

Which of the following statements about the respiratory membrane is/are true? All of the listed statements are true. Oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse quickly because of the large surface area of the respiratory membrane. The membrane consists of the fusion of the simple squamous epithelium of an alveolus with the endothelium of a pulmonary capillary. The membrane is very thin, on average 0.5 micrometers.

Stimulation by the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system decreases the diameter of the trachea, thus making it more difficult to breathe. (it would INCREASE - not decrease

Which of the following statements about the trachea is FALSE? All of the listed statements are true. Because of their shape, the tracheal cartilages enable the trachea to distort and expand when the person is swallowing food. Stimulation by the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system decreases the diameter of the trachea, thus making it more difficult to breathe. The tracheal cartilages reinforce the trachea and protect against overexpansion.

Hard palate

Which of the following structure(s) form(s) the floor of the nasal cavity? Internal nares Nasal conchae External nares Hard palate

Thyroid cartilage

Which part of the larynx is known as the Adam's apple?

Nasopharynx

Which part of the pharynx is the most superior? Laryngopharynx Oropharynx Nasopharynx Tracheopharynx

vocal folds

Which parts of the larynx are involved in the production of sound? Vocal folds Epiglottis Corniculate cartilages Vestibular folds

C-shaped tracheal cartilages

Which structures in the trachea prevent its collapse or overexpansion as pressures change in the respiratory system? O-ringed tracheal cartilages S-shaped tracheal bones irregular circular bones C-shaped tracheal cartilages

Transitional epithelium

Which type of epithelial tissue is NOT seen in the respiratory mucosa? Pseudo stratified ciliated columnar epithelium Simple squamous epithelium Stratified squamous epithelium Transitional epithelium

Blood flow and air flow are coordinated.

Why does efficiency of pulmonary ventilation and pulmonary circulation occur? Blood flow and air flow are coordinated. The surface area of the respiratory membrane is increased. Distances involved in gas exchange are small. The gases are liquid soluble.

a decrease in the percentage of oxyhemoglobin saturation

With an increase in skeletal muscle activity and an increase in body temperature, you should expect to see __________. a decrease in the percentage of oxyhemoglobin saturation a decrease in oxygen delivery to active skeletal muscles an increase in the percentage of oxyhemoglobin saturation a decrease in cells' production of carbon dioxide

a decrease in oxygen delivery to active skeletal muscle

With an increase in skeletal muscle activity and an increase in body temperature, you would expect to see __________. an increase in the percentage of oxyhemoglobin saturation a decrease in oxygen delivery to active skeletal muscle a decrease in the percentage of oxyhemoglobin saturation a decrease in the production of carbon dioxide by cells

dilate (Note: If the PCO2 increases in a region of the respiratory tree, this also means that oxygen levels in this area have decreased. The dilation of the bronchioles is a response by the local tissue to increase local airflow and bring the oxygen levels back up to normal physiological concentration.)

With regard to local regulation of gas transport, if the PCO2 in the bronchioles increases, the bronchioles __________. constrict become inflamed dilate remain the same

dilate

With regard to local regulation of gas transport, if the Pco2 in the bronchioles increases, the bronchioles __________. dilate constrict become inflamed remain the same