Chapter 23 - The Respiratory System

During swallowing, which structure rises? A.Pharynx B.Esophagus C.Trachea D.Palatine tonsils E.Primary bronchi

A. Pharynx

This is a series of convulsive inhalations followed by a single prolonged exhalation. The rima glottidis closes earlier than normal after each inhalation so only a little air enters the lung with each inhalation: A.sobbing B.sneezing C.coughing D.hiccupping E.Valsalva maneuver

A. sobbing

These are triangular pieces of mostly hyaline cartilage located at the posterior and superior border of the cricoid cartilage. A.Corniculate cartilage B.Arytenoids cartilage C.Cricotracheal cartilage D.Cuneiform cartilage E.Laryngeal cartilage

B. Arytenoids cartilage

This structure prevents food or water from entering the trachea. A.Arytenoid cartilage B.Epiglottis C.Nasopharynx D.Thyroid cartilage E.Paranasal sinus

B. Epiglottis

This is the sum of the residual and the expiratory reserve volume. A.Total lung capacity B.Functional residual capacity C.Inspiratory capacity D.Vital capacity E.Minimal volume

B. Functional residual capacity

This is direction of diffusion of gases at capillaries near systemic cells. A.Oxygen into blood , Carbon dioxide into blood B.Oxygen out of blood , Carbon dioxide into blood C.Oxygen into blood , Carbon dioxide out of blood D.Oxygen out of blood , Carbon dioxide out of blood

B. Oxygen out of blood, carbon dioxide into blood

Pitch is controlled by A.Vibration of the vocal chords B.Tension of the vocal chords C.Layers of cartilage in the vocal chords D.Arrangement of the vocal chords E.None of these choices

B. Tension of the vocal chords

These are cells of the alveoli that produce surfactant. A.Type I alveolar cells B.Type II alveolar cells C.Type III alveolar cells D.Surface cells E.Macrophages

B. Type II alveolar cells

This is a spasmodic contraction of the muscles of exhalation that forcefully expels air through the nose and mouth: A.sobbing B.sneezing C.coughing D.sighing E.Valsalva maneuver

B. sneezing

This is a deep inhalation through a widely opened mouth producing an exaggerated depression of the mandible, the precise cause of which is unknown: A.sobbing B.yawning C.coughing D.laughing E.hiccupping

B. yawning

The nose connects with the pharynx through the A.Septal cartilage B.External nares C.Choanae D.Uvula E.Nasal meatuses

C. Choanae

This is the primary gas exchange site. A.Trachea B.Bronchiole C.Nasal sinuses D.Alveolus E.Bronchus

D. Alveolus

The opening to the pharynx from the mouth is called A.Palatine B.Hypopharynx C.Meatuses D.Fauces E.Vestibule

D. Fauces

Which of the following is NOT part of the upper respiratory system? A.Nose B.Oral cavity C.Pharynx D.Trachea E.Nasal meatuses

D. Trachea

This is an inhalation followed by many short convulsive exhalations during which the rima glottidis remains open and the vocal folds vibrate, accompanied by characteristic facial expressions: A.sneezing B.yawning C.hiccupping D.crying E.Valsalva maneuver

D. crying

This is a spasmodic contraction of the diaphragm followed by spasmodic closure of the rima glottidis, which produces a sharp sound on inhalation: A.sneezing B.coughing C.laughing D.hiccupping E.Valsalva maneuver

D. hiccuping

This is an inhalation followed by many short convulsive exhalations during which the rima glottidis remains open and the vocal folds vibrate, accompanied by characteristic facial expressions: A.sneezing B.yawning C.hiccupping D.laughing E.Valsalva maneuver

D. laughing

Which is a factor that does NOT affect hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen? A.pH of blood B.Partial pressure of the oxygen C.Amount of oxygen available D.Temperature E.Respiratory rate

E. Respiratory rate

This is a forced exhalation against the closed rima glottidis as may occur during periods of straining while defecating: A.sobbing B.coughing C.crying D.hiccupping E.Valsalva maneuver

E. Valsalva maneuver

With which body system does the respiratory system work to regulate the pH of body fluids? A.muscular B.digestive C.nervous D.endocrine E.urinary

E. urinary

In chronic emphysema, some alveoli merge together and some are replaced with fibrous connective tissue. In addition, the bronchioles are often inflamed, and expiratory volume is reduced. Using proper respiratory system terminology, explain at least four reasons why affected individuals will have problems with ventilation and external respiration.

Model Short Answer: Answers could include: reduced compliance (reduces ability to increase thoracic volume); increased airway resistance (decreases tidal volume); decreased diffusion due to increased diffusion distance, decreased surface area, and changes in partial pressures of gases (altering gradients). Other answers may be acceptable.

Describe the neural, chemical, and physical changes that increase the rate and depth of ventilation during exercise.

Model Short Answer: Anticipation of exercise generates neural input to the limbic system. Sensory input is provided from proprioceptors and motor input is provided from the primary motor cortex. As the partial pressure of oxygen falls due to increased consumption, the partial pressure of carbon dioxide and the temperature increase due to metabolic activity in muscle fibers. Also, carbon dioxide is added via the buffering of the hydrogen ions produced as a result of lactic acid production. Chemoreceptors sense the changes in partial pressure and notify the medullary rhythmicity center to increase the rate and depth of breathing.

Describe the inward forces of elastic recoil, and explain why the lungs do not normally collapse during expiration.

Model Short Answer: Elastic recoil is the recoil of elastic fibers stretched during inspiration and the pull of the surface tension of alveolar fluid. Intrapleural pressure is always subatmospheric during normal breathing, which tends to pull lungs outward and to keep alveolar pressure from equalizing with atmospheric pressure. Surfactant in alveolar fluid decreases surface tension to help prevent collapse.

Why is epinephrine injected as a treatment for the respiratory signs and symptoms of anaphylaxis?

Model Short Answer: Epinephrine enhances sympathetic activity to dilate airways and decrease airway resistance, which had been elevated by the effects of histamine on the bronchioles. It also raises blood pressure, which enhances oxygen delivery to tissues by increasing flow.

The point where the trachea divides into right and left primary bronchi is a ridge called A.Carina B.Secondary bronchioles C.Parietal pleura D.Visceral pleura E.Diaphragm

A. Carina

Exhalation begins when A.Inspiratory muscles relax B.Diaphragm contracts C.Blood circulation is the lowest D.Both Inspiratory muscles relax and Diaphragm contracts E.All of these choices

A. Inspiratory muscles relax

Which of the following is a passageway for air, food and water? A.Pharynx B.Larynx C.Paranasal sinuses D.Trachea E.Esophagus

A. Pharynx

This is located anterior to the esophagus and carries air to the bronchi. A.Trachea B.Larynx C.Nasopharynx D.Pharynx E.None of these choices

A. Trachea

Where is the rhythmicity center for respiration? A.in the medulla B.in the pons C.in the cerebrum D.in the hypothalamus E.in the cerebellum

A. in the medulla

Which of the below tissues provides the functions of the inner layer of the conducting organs? A.stratified squamous epithelium with keratin B.ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells C.ciliated cuboidal epithelium with goblet cells D.transitional epithelium with cilia E.columnar connective tissue with goblet cells

B. ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells

When blood pH drops then the amount of oxyhemoglobin _______ and oxygen delivery to the tissue cells ________________. A.Increases, increases B.Increases, decreases C.Decreases, increases D.Decreases, decreases E.Does not change, does not change

C. Decreases, increases

This means the lungs and the chest wall expand easily. A.High surface tension B.Low surface tension C.High compliance D.Low compliance E.None of these choices

C. High compliance

This is direction of diffusion of gases at the alveoli of the lungs. A.Oxygen into blood , Carbon dioxide into blood B.Oxygen out of blood , Carbon dioxide into blood C.Oxygen into blood , Carbon dioxide out of blood D.Oxygen out of blood , Carbon dioxide out of blood

C. Oxygen into blood, carbon dioxide out of blood

This is a long drawn and deep inhalation followed by a complete closure of the rima glottidis, which results in a strong exhalation, pushing the rima glottidis open and sending a blast of air through the upper respiratory passages: A.crying B.sneezing C.coughing D.sighing E.Valsalva maneuver

C. coughing

Which of the below tissues maintains open airways in the lower respiratory system? A.stratified squamous epithelium with keratin B.ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells C.hyaline cartilage D.mucus membrane E.bone

C. hyaline cartilage

This is a long drawn and deep inhalation immediately followed by a shorter but forceful exhalation: A.sobbing B.yawning C.sighing D.hiccupping E.Valsalva maneuver

C. sighing

Which of the below tissues forms the exchange surfaces of the alveolus? A.stratified squamous epithelium B.ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells C.simple squamous epithelium D.hyaline cartilage E.columnar connective tissue with goblet cells

C. simple squamous epithelium

Which is the dominant method of carbon dioxide transport? A.Bound to hemoglobin B.Bound to oxygen C.Dissolved in plasma as a gas D.Dissolved in plasma as bicarbonate ions E.Diffusion

Dissolved in plasma as bicarbonate ions

The conducting zone does NOT act to A.Clean air of debris B.Conduct air into the lungs C.Add water to air D.Warm air E.Does all of these choices

E. Does all of these choices

Which of the following is NOT a factor that the rate of pulmonary and systemic gas exchange depends on? A.Partial pressure difference of the gases B.Surface area for gas exchange C.Diffusion distance D.Molecular weight and solubility of the gases E.Force of contraction of diaphragm

E. Force of contraction of diaphragm

The conducting airways with the air that does not undergo respiratory exchange are known as the A.Inspiratory volume B.Expiratory reserve volume C.Minimal volume D.Residual volume E.Respiratory dead space

E. Respiratory dead space

Describe and explain the effects of smoking on the functioning of the respiratory system.

Model Short Answer: Nicotine constricts terminal bronchioles to increase airway resistance, as does the increased mucus secretion and swelling of the mucosa. Smoke inhibits the movement of cilia, which allows buildup of substances and microbes normally removed. Over time, smoking leads to destruction of elastic tissue, which decreases compliance, and ultimately to the effects of emphysema.