Chapter 23- WWI

Reasons for US to go to war

1) economics 2) deep ethnic divisions between native-born Americans and more recent immigrants 3) Germany's use of submarine warfare 4) Zimmerman telegram

Immediate disorder in postwar America

1) widespread flu 2) economic hardship ->labor clashes 3) race riots 4) fear of communism

National Civil Liberties Bureau of 1917

forerunner to American Civil Liberties Union of 1920; challenge the government's policies against wartime dissent and conscientious objection

Selective Service Act in 1917

initially required all men aged twenty-one through thirty to register for the draft; In 1918, the act was expanded to include all men between eighteen and forty-five

women jobs in the war

military nurses, telephone operators, Red Cross nurses

National Defense Act of 1916

more than doubled the size of the army to nearly 225,000

Farmerettes (Women's Land Army of America)

notable group of women stepped up to run farms and other agricultural enterprises, as men left for the armed forces. For some, it was a way to serve their country during a time of war. Others hoped to capitalize on the efforts to further the fight for women's suffrage.

Reservationists

other Republicans who would support the treaty if sufficient amendments were introduced that could eliminate Article X

Harlem Hellfighters

369th Infantry, served on the frontline of France for six months, longer than any other American unit. 171 men from that regiment received the Legion of Merit for meritorious service in combat

Why did the war not increase overall prosperity? A) because inflation made the cost of living higher B) because wages were lowered due to the war effort C) because workers had no bargaining power due to the "no-strike pledge" D) because women and African American men were paid less for the same work

A

What was Article X in the Treaty of Versailles? A) the "war guilt clause" that France required B) the agreement that all nations in the League of Nations would be rendered equal C) the Allies' division of Germany's holdings in Asia D) the refusal to allow Bolshevik Russia membership in the League of Nations

B

Which of the following was not included in the Treaty of Versailles? A) extensive German reparations to be paid to the Allies B) a curtailment of German immigration to Allied nations C) France's acquisition of disputed territory along the French-German border D) a mandate for Germany to accept responsibility for the war publicly

B

Why was the German use of the unterseeboot considered to defy international law? A) because other countries did not have similar technology B) because they refused to warn their targets before firing C) because they constituted cruel and unusual methods D) because no international consensus existed to employ submarine technology

B

Blacks in military

Blacks served in segregated units and suffered from widespread racism in the military hierarchy, often serving in menial or support roles

In order to pursue his goal of using American influence overseas only when it was a moral imperative, Wilson put which man in the position of Secretary of State? A)Charles Hughes B)Theodore Roosevelt C)William Jennings Bryan D)John Pershing

C

What of the following was not used to control American dissent against the war effort? A) propaganda campaigns B) repressive legislation C) National Civil Liberties Bureau D) loyalty leagues

C

What was the inciting event that led to the Chicago Race Riot of 1919? A) a strike at a local factory B) a protest march of black activists C) the murder of a black boy who swam too close to a white beach D) the assault of a white man on a streetcar by black youths

C

Which of the following did not influence the eventual passage of the Nineteenth Amendment? A) women's contributions to the war effort B) the dramatic tactics and harsh treatment of radical suffragists C) the passage of the Volstead Act D) the arguments of President Wilson's daughter

C

Food Administration

Coordinated by Hoover. With the slogan "food will win the war," he encouraged "Meatless Mondays," "Wheatless Wednesdays," and other similar reductions, with the hope of rationing food for military use

Which of the following was not enacted in order to secure men and materials for the war effort? A) the Food Administration B) the Selective Service Act C) the War Industries Board D) the Sedition Act

D

Triple Entente

France, Great Britain, and Russia

Central Powers (Triple Alliance)

Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and initially Italy

Palmer raids

J. Edgar Hoover, organized nationwide raids on radical headquarters in twelve cities around the country; resulted in the arrests of four thousand alleged American radicals who were detained for weeks in overcrowded cells

National Labor War Board in April 1918

Organized labor would make a "no-strike pledge" for the duration of the war, in exchange for the U.S. government's protection of workers' rights to organize and bargain collectively; eight-hour workday, a living wage for all workers, and union membership

Irreconcilables

Republicans who opposed the Treaty of Versailles on all grounds

Eugene Debs

Socialist Party leader who received a ten-year prison sentence for encouraging draft resistance, which, under the Espionage Act, was considered "giving aid to the enemy"

neutrality

Woodrow Wilson's policy of maintaining commercial ties with all belligerents and insisting on open markets throughout Europe during World War I

Fourteen Points

Woodrow Wilson's postwar peace plan that called for openness in all matters of diplomacy and trade, specifically, free trade, freedom of the seas, an end to secret treaties and negotiations, promotion of self-determination of all nations, and more

Pancho Villa

a Mexican rebel who Wilson supported, then ultimately turned from, attempted an attack on the United States in retaliation

Schenck v. United States (1919)

a case went to the U.S. Supreme Court to challenge the constitutionality of the Espionage and Sedition Acts. The court ruled that during a time of war, the federal government was justified in passing such laws to quiet dissenters

Liberty Loan Act

allowed the federal government to sell liberty bonds to the American public, extolling citizens to "do their part" to help the war effort and bring the troops home

German unterseeboot

an "undersea boat" or U-boat; Germans dispatched a fleet of these submarines around Great Britain to attack both merchant and military ships. The U-boats acted in direct violation of international law, attacking without warning from beneath the water instead of surfacing and permitting the surrender of civilians or crew; attacked Lusitania

Prohibition

anti-alcohol movement, prohibited the manufacture, sale, and transportation of intoxicating liquors; bolstered by anti-German sentiment and a call to preserve resources for the war effort

Naval Appropriations Act of 1916

called for the expansion of the U.S. fleet, including battleships, destroyers, submarines, and other ships

U.S. Railroad Administration

created by Congress, ran by William McAdoo, had extraordinary war powers to control the entire railroad industry, including traffic, terminals, rates, and wages

Committee of Public Information

created by Wilson administration under director George Creel, a former journalist. The goal was to encourage all Americans to make sacrifices during the war and, equally importantly, to hate all things German

League of Nations

created by Wilson to promote the new world order and preserve territorial integrity through open discussions in place of intimidation and war

War Industries Board

created by Wilson, ran by Bernard Baruch, to ensure adequate military supplies; had the power to direct shipments of raw materials, as well as to control government contracts with private producers

"war guilt clause"

demanded Germany take public responsibility for starting and prosecuting the war that led to so much death and destruction

A key factor driving U.S. engagement into war was

economics

Lever Food and Fuel Control Act

empowered the president to control the production, distribution, and price of all food products during the war effort; Using this law, Wilson created both a Fuel Administration and a Food Administration

local "councils of defense"

encouraged members to report any antiwar comments to local authorities. This mandate encouraged spying on neighbors, teachers, local newspapers, and other individuals

loyalty leagues

established in ethnic immigrant communities, Creel largely succeeded in molding an anti-German sentiment around the country.

Red Scare

fear that Communist infiltrators sought to overthrow the American government as part of an international revolution, the country was convinced that all radicals, no matter what ilk, were to blame

Carrie Chapman Catt

president of the National American Women Suffrage Movement, capitalized on the growing patriotic fervor to point out that every woman who gained the vote could exercise that right in a show of loyalty to the nation

Sedition Act of 1918

prohibited any criticism or disloyal language against the federal government and its policies, the U.S. Constitution, the military uniform, or the American flag

Espionage Act of 1917

prohibited giving aid to the enemy by spying, or espionage, as well as any public comments that opposed the American war effort. Under this act, the government could impose fines and imprisonment of up to twenty years

Trading with the Enemy Act of 1917

prohibited individual trade with an enemy nation and banned the use of the postal service for disseminating any literature deemed treasonous by the postmaster general

Victoriano Huerta

rebel general who seized control from a previous rebel government just weeks before Wilson's inauguration

American Protective League

received support from the Department of Justice to spy on prominent dissenters, as well as open their mail and physically assault draft evaders

Lansing-Ishii Agreement

recognized Japanese control over the Manchurian region of China in exchange for Japan's promise not to exploit the war to gain a greater foothold in the rest of the country

Fuel Administration

run by Harry Garfield, created the concept of "fuel holidays," encouraging civilian Americans to do their part for the war effort by rationing fuel on certain days. He also implemented "daylight saving time" for the first time in American history, shifting the clocks to allow more productive daylight hours

"America First" message

sought to convince Americans that they should do everything in their power to ensure an American victory, even if that meant silencing their own criticisms

"clear and present danger"

the expression used by Supreme Court Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes in the case of Schenck v. United States to characterize public dissent during wartime, akin to shouting "fire!" in a crowded theater

liberty bonds

the name for the war bonds that the U.S. government sold, and strongly encouraged Americans to buy, as a way of raising money for the war effort

Zimmerman telegram

the telegram sent from German foreign minister Arthur Zimmermann to the German ambassador in Mexico, which invited Mexico to fight alongside Germany should the United States enter World War I on the side of the Allies

Article X

this agreement would basically render each nation equal in terms of power, as no member nation would be able to use its military might against a weaker member nation

Volstead Act

translating the Eighteenth Amendment into an enforceable ban on the consumption of alcoholic beverages, and regulating the scientific and industrial uses of alcohol

new military technologies

turned war into a conflict of prolonged trench warfare

Red Summer of 1919

twenty-five bloody race riots that killed over 250 people