Chapter 24: Digestive System

Name the outermost or most superficial layer of the organs in the digestive tract. (Select all that apply)

-Adventitia -Serosa

Match the components of pancreatic juice with the correct function.

-Bicarbonate ions: To raise the pH of the small intestine -Proteolytic enzymes: Chemical digestion of proteins -Amylase: Chemical digestion of polysaccharides -Lipase: Chemical digestion of fats -Nuclease: Chemical digestion of DNA and RNA

Identify the components of pancreatic juice. Select all that apply.

-Enzymes to digest proteins -Enzymes to digest nucleic acids -Enzymes to digest lipids -Enzymes to digest carbohydrates -Bicarbonate ions

Identify the structures that are involved in deglutition. Select all that apply.

-Esophagus -Tongue -Oropharynx

Identify the functions of mucus secretion in the large intestine. (Select all that apply)

-Helps fecal matter stick together -Protects intestinal lining -Lubricates colon wall

Identify the structures of the digestive tract that are lined with stratified squamous epithelium. (Select all that apply)

-Mouth -Anal canal -Esophagus -Oropharynx

Select the mechanisms that regulate the digestive system. Select all that apply.

-Nervous Mechanisms -Chemical Signals

Identify the types of movements that occur within the small intestine. (Select all that apply)

-Peristaltic contractions -Segmental contractions

Identify the functions of the liver. Select all that apply.

-Production of bile -Synthesis of new molecules -Phagocytosis -Storage of glycogen, lipids, vitamins and minerals -Interconversion of nutrients

Identify the factors that stimulate production of pancreatic juices. (Select all that apply)

-Secretin -Vagus nerve -Cholecystokinin

Identify the major neurotransmitters that regulate the digestive system. (Select all that apply)

-Serotonin -Norepinephrine -Acetylcholine

Identify the structures that chyme will pass through, starting with the small intestine and ending with elimination.

1) Ileocecal junction 2) Cecum 3) Colon 4) Rectum 5) Anal canal

Place the segments of the small intestine in the order of which food travels.

1. Duodenum 2. Jejunum 3. Ileum

Place the events of the cephalic phase of gastric regulation in order beginning from initiation of the cephalic phase.

1. taste, smell, and thought of food 2. stimulation of medulla oblongata 3. parasympathetic impulses are carried by the vagus nerve to the neuron of the enteric plexus 4. postganglionic neurons stimulate of gastrin and histamine 5. gastric secretions are released

Describe the cecum.

A rounded pouch located at the proximal end of the large intestine

True or false: Most of the nervous control of the digestive system is through the parasympathetic nervous system.

False Reason: Most nervous control of the digestive system is local, resulting from reflexes within the enteric nervous system.

What is the function of HCO3- when it is secreted by the large intestine?

It increases the pH of the feces, which are acidic because of bacterial secretions.

Identify the parts of the pharynx that function in digestion.

Laryngopharynx Oropharynx

Identify the strong and infrequent peristaltic contractions that move contents longer distances within the large intestine.

Mass Movements

Match the layer of the digestive tract with the correct description.

Mucosa: Consists of an epithelial lining, a layer of connective tissue referred to as lamina propria and a thin layer of muscle Muscularis: Throughout most of the digestive tract, this tunic consists of two layers of smooth muscle: an inner circular layer, and an outer longitudinal layer Throughout most of the digestive tract, this tunic consists of two layers of smooth muscle: an inner circular layer, and an outer longitudinal layer Serosa: Consists of a thin layer of connective tissue and simple squamous epithelium Consists of a thin layer of connective tissue and simple squamous epithelium Submuscosa: Consists of a thick layer of connective tissue containing nerves, blood vessels, lymphatics and glands

Identify the part of the pharynx that does not typically function in digestion.

Nasopharynx

Identify the process by which water is absorbed in the small intestine.

Osmosis

What is the primary function of the stomach?

Storage and mixing chamber

Describe the effects of food intake on the stomach.

The rugae flatten and the stomach volume increases.

How does the muscularis of the stomach differ from the muscularis of the majority of the alimentary canal?

The stomach has 3 layers of muscle in the muscularis and the majority of the digestive tract only has 2 layers of muscle.

True or False: The masseter and temporalis are muscles that move the mandible during mastication.

True

True or False: Villi and microvilli of the small intestine serve to increase surface area to allow for greater digestion and absorption.

True

True or False: Water absorption in the small intestine occurs as a result of osmosis.

True

The two major divisions of the digestive system include the digestive tract and the ___________ organs.

accessory or associated

Besides organs of the gastrointestinal tract, the digestive system also contains ______.

accessory organs

The majority of ion absorption occurs as a result of _____.

active transport

The ______ part of the tongue is freely moveable.

anterior

The muscle in the cheeks is the ______.

buccinator

______ digestion breaks covalent bonds in organic molecules through the action of digestive enzymes.

chemical

The elimination of semi-solid waste products from the body is called ______.

defecation

Feces are eliminated from the body by the process of __________ .

defecation or elimination

The tongue, oropharynx and mouth are all involved with swallowing or __________ .

deglutition

The majority of nervous stimulation of the digestive system comes from the _______.

enteric nervous system

The structure within the mediastinum, anterior to the vertebrae and posterior to the trachea is the __________ .

esophagus

Which part of the stomach is superior to the cardiac opening of the stomach?

fundus

The saclike structure on the inferior surface of the liver is the _________.

gallbladder or cholecyst

Lipids are chemically digested by the enzyme _________.

lipase

The enzyme that chemically digests lipid molecules is _____.

lipase

Identify the largest internal organ of the body.

liver

The largest internal organ of the body is the ___________ .

liver

The strong and infrequent peristaltic contractions that move contents of the large intestine longer distances are called ________ _________ .

mass movements

The esophagus is in the ______.

mediastinum

The movements of the small intestine include segmental contractions which ______ intestinal contents and peristaltic contractions which ______ intestinal contents.

mix, propel

Identify the organ that consists of a head located within the curvature of the duodenum and a tail that extends to the spleen

pancreas

Trypsin, chymotrypsin, and pepsin all aid in the chemical digestion of ______.

proteins

Which region of the stomach connects to the small intestine?

pyloric canal

The adventitia or __________ is the outermost layer of structures in the digestive system.

serosa

Secretin, cholecystokinin, and peptidases are secretions of the ______.

small intestine

The chemical digestion of the disaccharides occurs in the ______.

small intestine

The majority of ion absorption occurs in the ______.

small intestine

What muscle type makes up most of the muscularis of the gastrointestinal tract?

smooth

Cholecystokinin, secretin and the vagus nerve all ______ the release of pancreatic juices.

stimulate

Identify the three large, paired salivary glands.

submandibular sublingual parotid

The layer of the digestive tract that consists of connective tissue containing nerves, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, small glands, and a network of nerve cells is the __________.

submucosa

The layer of the digestive tract that is a thick layer of connective tissue containing nerves, blood vessels, lymphatics and glands is the _____.

submucosa

The large muscular organ that occupies most of the oral cavity proper is called the ___________ .

tongue

Identify the features of the small intestine that function to increase surface area and thus enhance digestion and absorption. (Select all that apply)

-Circular folds -Villi -Microvilli

Which are functions of the liver? (Select all that apply)

-Conversion of amino acids to carbohydrates -Detoxification of harmful substances -Production of bile -Phagocytosis of worn out red and white blood cells -Production of blood proteins including clotting factors -Nutrient storage

Identify the secretions of the small intestine. Select all that apply.

-Secretin -Mucus -Peptidases -Cholecystokinin -Disaccharidases

Identify the structures of the digestive tract that are lined with simple columnar epithelium. (Select all that apply)

-Stomach -Small intestine -Large intestine

The three sections of the small intestine, listed in order as food passes through, are the _____, the _____, and then the ______.

-duodenum -jejunum -ileum

Identify the 4 muscles of mastication.

-masseter -temporalis -lateral pterygoid -medial pterygoid

Chemical digestion of starch due to secretion of enzymes occurs in the _____. (Select all that apply)

-mouth -small intestine

Identify the substances that aid in the chemical digestion of proteins. (Select all that apply)

-pepsin -trypsin -carboxypeptidase -peptidases

The hepatic lobule is a _____ -sided structure with a(n) _____ triad at each corner and a central vein located in the center of each lobule.

6, portal

Describe a hepatic lobule.

A hexagon-shaped tissue with a portal triad at each corner

True or False: The majority of the muscularis externa consists of two layers of skeletal muscle.

False Reason: it has two layers of smooth muscle

True or false: Both nervous and chemical mechanisms play an important role in regulating the digestive system.

True Reason: The movement, secretion, absorption and elimination of food is determined by both nervous and chemical mechanisms.

The proximal end of the large intestine is characterized by a pouch-like structure called the _________ .

cecum

The large intestine consists of the _____, and the anal canal.

cecum, colon, rectum

The taste, smell, or thought of food stimulates gastric secretions by activating the ______ phase of gastric regulation.

cephalic

The submucosa consists of ______ tissue.

connective

Identify the duct leading from the gallbladder.

cystic duct

Permanent teeth replace milk or _________ teeth

deciduous, primary, or baby

During stomach filling the rugae _______.

flatten and allow the stomach to increase in volume

Large food particles are physically broken down into smaller food particles by __________ digestion.

mechanical

Acetylcholine, norepinephrine and serotonin are ______ that affect digestive tract ______.

neurotransmitters, motility

The muscle that forms the majority of the lips is the _______ _________ and the muscle that forms the majority of the cheeks is the __________ .

obicularis oris; buccinator

The _______ is an organ that consists of a head located within the curvature of the duodenum and a tail that extends to the spleen.

pancreas

The 3 large paired salivary glands are the _________, ____________, and _____________ .

parotid, sublingual, and submandibular

Teeth found in the adult mouth are called ______ teeth whereas teeth that are lost during childhood are called milk or ______ teeth.

permanent, deciduous

Identify the organ of the digestive system that primarily functions as a storage and mixing chamber.

stomach

The muscularis of the stomach consists of _____ layers; however, the muscularis of the majority of the digestive tract consists of _____ layers.

three, two

The oral cavity is divided into two regions: the _____, which is the space between the lips or the cheeks and the teeth and the ______, which lies medial to the teeth.

vestibule, oral cavity proper

Match the oral cavity region to its description.

vestibule: space between the lips and teeth oral cavity proper: space medial to the teeth