Chapter 24: Genomics II
In a two-dimensional gel electrophoresis experiment, proteins are generally separated vertically by ____. Net charge Molecular mass Abundance Isoelectric point
Molecular mass
What field of study of genetics applies statistics and mathematical tools to genetic sequences in order to better understand the genetic information? Structural genomics Functional genomics Proteomics Bioinformatics
Bioinformatics
DNA microarrays may be paired with chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) to Assay the use of substrates by different enzymes Determine mRNA folding patterns Identify DNA sequences bound by specific proteins Identify protein-protein interactions
Identify DNA sequences bound by specific proteins
To identify a functional protein motif that might be shared by several different proteins what type of recognition strategy would most likely be used? Pattern recognition Sequence recognition Identity recognition Search by content
Pattern recognition
The purpose of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) in a two-dimensional gel electrophoresis experiment is that it allows proteins to separated by By charge only Primarily by molecular mass By size only Net charge
Primarily by molecular mass
Gene knockouts in mice can be useful because The can be used to develop models of human disease The identify DNA binding proteins The limit mRNA production both from the knockout as well as the normal allele in diploids Only genes that are actively transcribed in the embryo are susceptible to being knocked out
The can be used to develop models of human disease
What does detection of a fluorescent signal from one of the spots of a DNA microarray indicate? The probe hybridized to the sequences present in that spot The prove did not hybridize to that particular gene The experiment was not conducted correctly That the probe was non-specifically trapped by the material present in the spot
The probe hybridized to the sequences present in that spot
A database is defined as A large collection of files stored in one place A small collection of files that are stored in different places Files that are only used by the BLAST program A large collection of files that are not annotated
A large collection of files stored in one place
What is a reason that the proteome is larger than the genome? Alternative splicing Proteins are constantly being synthesized and degraded Each protein has a specific function which are quite varied while the genes in the genome are only transcribed Each protein has multiple functional domains while each gene consists of three basic parts
Alternative splicing
What type of molecule is used in a protein microarray to measure protein expression? cDNA mRNA Single-stranded DNA Antibodies
Antibodies
What would be the most reasonable technique to use to determine if a drug is capable of inhibiting a transcription factor? ChIP assay used within a DNA microarray Mass spectrometry of proteins in a cell 2D gel electrophoresis ANtibody microarray
ChIP assay used within a DNA microarray
_________ make it possible for researchers to study how an entire genome responds to an environmental stimulus. Bioinformatics PCR reactions DNA microarrays The BLAST program
DNA microarrays
The term that best describes how the components of a genome interact to produce an organism's traits is: Proteomics Functional genomics Structural genomics Genomics
Functional genomics
What technique can be used to identify a proteins function? Functional protein microarray Antibody microarray DNA microarray RNA microarray
Functional protein microarray
The program BLAST would be best used for what purpose? Determining what restriction sites are present in a fragment of DNA Identifying a promoter sequence Identifying splice donor and acceptor sites Identify related sequences to a given DNA sequence in the Genbank database
Identify related sequences to a given DNA sequence in the Genbank database
In a two-dimensional gel electrophoresis experiment, proteins are separated horizontally by ____. Amino acid sequence Molecular mass Abundance Isoelectric point
Isoelectric point
Why is the proteome larger than the genome? Proteins may be modified by covalent addition of a variety of molecules Not all genes are expressed in all cells at the same time Many coding genes are transcribe into mRNA which can be alternatively spliced, and those transcripts produce different proteins so the ratio of the number of protein molecules the number of genes is greater than 1 The total amount of protein in a cell as meausred by mass is always greater than the total amount of DNA
Many coding genes are transcribe into mRNA which can be alternatively spliced, and those transcripts produce different proteins so the ratio of the number of protein molecules the number of genes is greater than 1
Which technique can be used to identify a protein of interest after a two-dimensional gel electrophoresis experiment? DNA microarray Treatment with reverse transcriptase to isolate the DNA of interest BLAST analysis Mass spectrometry
Mass spectrometry
_______ can be used to determine the amino acid sequence of a protein or peptide. X-ray crystallography Nuclear magnetic resonance Mass spectrometry The ChIP assay
Mass spectrometry
What is the term for two genes from two different species that are similar in sequence and serve the same function in each species? Related genes Paralogs Gene family Orthologs
Orthologs
The genes of a gene family that consist of two or more homologous genes are called ___. Orthologs Paralogs Polylogs Homologs
Paralogs
A population of cells is treated with a polypeptide hormone that induces mitosis and the hormone's cell surface receptor is isolated after 15 minutes and subjected to fragmentation and mass spectrometry. Several of the peaks show a slight shift as compared to the same protein from cells not treated with the hormone. What is the most likely explanation of this phenomenon? Phosphorylation of some amino acid residues mRNA editing resulting in a slightly different amino acid sequence Alternative exon usage Proteolytic processing
Phosphorylation of some amino acid residues
_________ involves an examination of how the proteins encoded by genes interact to produce cell and tissue types. Proteomics Functional genomics Structural genomics Genomics
Proteomics
What type of computer based search methodology would most likely be used to identify a potential promoter for a gene in a nucleotide sequence? Search by signal Search by content Search by identity Search by recognition
Search by signal
Genetic sequences may be useful in predicting protein structure because There is a high statistical frequency of specific amino acids within a given secondary structure The folding of the protein is based on how the mRNA folds The physical and energetic properties of the DNA influence protein folding Knowing what specific codons are used for each amino acid in the protein can help predict its structure
There is a high statistical frequency of specific amino acids within a given secondary structure
What can gene chips be used for? To examine patterns of protein expression under various environmental conditions To establish levels of genetic variation To determine the mass of a gene To identify the amount of a specific transcription factor in a cell
To establish levels of genetic variation
What technique is used to separate cellular proteins for analysis? Western blots Antibody microarrays Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis Functional protein microarrays
Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis