Chapter 24 Neurologic System

__________ pairs of spinal nerves arise from length of spinal cord and supply rest of body. They are "MIXED" nerves, they contain both sensory and motor fibers

31 (Thirty one)

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

31 pairs of spinal nerves

The ______________ tract contains sensory fibers that transmit the sensations of pain, temperature, itch, and crude touch

anterolateral aka spinothalamic

This abnormality in muscle tone is Decreased muscle tone or hypotonia; muscle feels limp, soft, and flabby; muscle is weak and easily fatigued; limb feels like a rag doll. A. Flaccidity B. Spasticity C. Rigidity D. Cogwheel rigidity

A. Flaccidity

A 65 year - old man has notices a change in his personality and his ability to understand. He also cries and becomes angry very easily. The cerebral lobe responsible for these behaviors is the___________ lobe. A. Frontal B. Parietal C. Occipital D. Temporal

A. Frontal

Upper abdominal reflexes are mediated by spinal cord levels: A. T 8 to T 10 B: T 10 to T 12 C: L2 to L4 D. L5 to S2

A. T 8 to T 10

The ___________ are large bands of gray matter buried deep within the two cerebral hemispheres that form the subcortical-associated motor system. They help to initiate and coordinate movement and control automatic associated movements of the body (e.g., the arm swing alternating with the legs during walking).

basal ganglia

The ____________ is a coiled structure located under the occipital lobe that is concerned with motor coordination of voluntary movements, equilibrium and muscle tone. It is like the "Automatic pilot " on the airplane. Does not initiate, but coordinates and smooth movements. Adjusts and corrects voluntary movements, but operates entirely below conscious level.

cerebellum

The ___________ is the center for a human's highest functions, governing thought, memory, reasoning, sensation, and voluntary movement

cerebral cortex

Cranial nerves I (olfactory nerve) and II (optic nerve) extend from the _____________

cerebrum

Regarding motor pathways the _____________ tract fibers mediate voluntary movement, particularly very skilled, discrete, purposeful movements, such as writing

corticospinal or pyramidal

This abnormality in muscle tone is Type of rigidity in which the increased tone is released by degrees during passive range of motion so it feels like small, regular jerks A. Flaccidity B. Spasticity C. Rigidity D. Cogwheel rigidity

D. Cogwheel rigidity

The Planter reflex is mediated by spinal cord levels: A. C5 and C6 B: C7 to C8 C: L2 to L4 D. L4 to S2

D. L4 to S2

The Achilles reflex (ankle Jerk) is mediated by spinal cord levels: A. C5 and C6 B: C7 to C8 C: L2 to L4 D. L5 to S2

D. L5 to S2

The landau reflex in the infant is seen when: A. The head is held and the flops forward as the baby is pulled to a sitting position by holding her or his wrist. B. The infant's toes curl down tightly in response to touch on the ball of his or her foot. C. The infant attempts to place his or her foot on the table while being held with the top of the foot touching the underside of the table. D. The baby raises her or his head and arches the back as in a swan dive.

D. The baby raises her or his head and arches the back as in a swan dive.

The control pf body temperature is located in: A. Wernicke's area. B. The thalamus C. The cerebellum D. The hypothalamus

D. The hypothalamus

During assessment of extraocular movements, two back-and-forth oscillations of the eyes in the extreme lateral gaze occur. This response indicates A. that the patient needs to be referred for a more complete eye examination. B. this assessment should be repeated in 15 minutes to allow the eyes to rest. C. a disease of the vestibular system, further evaluation is needed. D. an expected movement of the eyes during this procedure.

D. an expected movement of the eyes during this procedure. Nystagmus is a back-and-forth oscillation of the eyes. End-point nystagmus, a few beats of horizontal nystagmus at extreme lateral gaze, occurs normally.

An abnormal sensation of burning or tingling is best described as A. paralysis. B. paraphasia. C. paresis. D. paresthesia.

D. paresthesia. Paresthesia is an abnormal sensation such as burning or tingling. Paralysis is a loss of motor function as a result of a lesion in the neurologic or muscular system or loss of sensory innervation. Paresis is a partial or incomplete paralysis. Paraphasia is a condition in which a person hears and comprehends words but is unable to speak correctly; incoherent words are substituted for intended words.

This part of the brainstem is the most anterior part of the brainstem that still has the basic tubular structure of the spinal cord. It merges into the thalamus and hypothalamus. It contains many motor neurons and tracts.

Midbrain

_________ fibers of the autonomic nervous system innervate smooth (involuntary) muscles, cardiac muscle, and glands

Autonomic fibers

The cerebral cortex is the outer layer of nerve cell bodies; it looks like "gray matter" because it lacks ___________.

myelin

List the divisions of the nervous system.

1. Central Nervous System (CNS) 2. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

List some organs that don't have pain receptors, therefore, their pain is referred, felt "by proxy" by another body part that does have a felt image.

1. Heart 2. Liver 3. Spleen Example, pain in the heart is referred to the chest, shoulder, and left arm, which were its neighbors in fetal development. Pain originating in the spleen is felt on the top of the left shoulder.

Name the three areas of the brainstem.

1. Midbrain 2. Pons 3. Medulla

Damage to any of these specific cortical areas produces a corresponding loss of function. List 4 symptoms you can see.

1. Motor weakness 2. Paralysis 3. Loss of sensation 4. Impaired ability to understand and process language

Regarding landmarks for dermatomes, fill in the blanks below: 1. Dermatome of C 6, C7, & C8 landmarks are________, ___________, & __________. 2. Dermatome T 1 landmark is____________ 3. Dermatome T4 landmark is ___________ 4. Dermatome T 10 landmark is ____________ 5. Dermatome L 1 landmark is _____________ 6. Dermatome L 4 landmark is ____________

1. Thumb, middle finger, & 5th finger = C 6, C7, & C8 2. Axilla = T 1 3. Nipple = T4 4. Umbilicus = T 10 5. Groin = L1 6. Knee = L4

Sensation travels in the (efferent / afferent) fibers in the peripheral nerve, through the _________ root, and into the spinal cord.

1. afferent fibers 2. posterior (dorsal)

The __________ is the central core of the brain consisting of mostly nerve fibers. Cranial nerves __________ through ___________ originate from nuclei in the brainstem.

1. brainstem 2. Cranial nerves III through XII.

Each half of cerebrum is hemisphere & each hemisphere divided into four lobes. List the 4 lobes.

1. frontal 2. parietal 3. temporal 4. occipital

How many pairs of cranial nerves are there?

12 pairs of cranial nerves

The nurse observes that a patient's gait is unsteady and assesses a positive Romberg sign. Which area of the brain is most likely affected? 1.Hypothalamus 2.Medulla oblongata 3.Cerebellum 4.Left hemisphere

3. Cerebellum The correct answer is 3. The cerebellum's main function to ensure balance and movement. Answer 1 is incorrect because the hypothalamus plays a role in temperature regulation. Answer 2 is incorrect because the medulla oblongata plays a role in breathing and heart rate regulation. Answer 4 is incorrect because the left hemisphere plays a role in controlling the right side of the body.

The nurse is assessing a patient's neurologic status and finds that the patient is aware of his name but does not know what the date or time of the day. How would the nurse best document this finding? 1.Awake, alert, and oriented times three 2.Awake, alert, and oriented times two 3.Awake, alert, and oriented times one 4.Awake, alert, and oriented times one, to person only

4.Awake, alert, and oriented times one, to person only The correct answer is 4. This answer is the best answer because it denotes which specific orientation. Answer 1 is incorrect because the patient is not oriented times three. Answer 2 is incorrect because the patient is not oriented times two. Answer 3 is a correct statement; however, this is not the best way to document this patient's orientation because the specific orientation is not noted. For example, the patient could be oriented to place or time.

Fill in the blanks: There are _______ pair of cervical spinal nerves, ________ pair of thoracic nerves, _________ pair of lumbar nerves ___________ pair of sacral nerves and _________ pair of coccygeal nerves. Named for region they come out of.

8 cervical 12 thoracic 5 lumbar 5 sacral 1 coccygeal

Fill in the blanks below with the numerical value on the Deep Tendon Reflex 4 point scale. A. ____ = very brisk, hyperactive with clonus, indicative of disease B. ____ = brisker than average, may indicate disease C. ____ = Average, normal D. ____= diminished, low normal, or occurs with reinforcement E. _____ = no response

A. 4 = very brisk, hyperactive with clonus, indicative of disease B. 3 = brisker than average, may indicate disease C. 2 = Average, normal D. 1 = diminished, low normal, or occurs with reinforcement E. 0 = no response

The Brachioradialis reflex is mediated by spinal cord levels: A. C5 and C6 B: C7 to C8 C: L2 to L4 D. L5 to S2

A. C5 and C6

The biceps reflex is mediated by spinal cord levels: A. C5 and C6 B: C7 to C8 C: L2 to L4 D. L5 to S2

A. C5 and C6

This type of reflex is myotatic an example would be patellar or knee jerk. A. Deep tendon reflexes (Stretch Reflex) B. Superficial C. Visceral (Organic)

A. Deep tendon reflexes (Stretch Reflex)

The medical record indicate that a person has an injury to Broca's area. When meeting in person, you expect: A. Difficulty speaking B. Receptive aphasia C. Visual disturbance D. Emotional lability

A. Difficulty speaking

A positive Babinski sign is: A. Dorsiflexion of the big toe and fanning of all toes. B. Plantar flexion of the big toe with a fanning of all toes. C. The expected response in healthy adults. D. Withdrawal of the stimulation extremity from the stimulus.

A. Dorsiflexion of the big toe and fanning of all toes.

Testing the deep tendon reflexes gives the examiner information regarding the intactness of the A. reflex arc at specific levels in the spinal cord. B. medulla. C. corticospinal tract. D. upper motor and lower motor neuron synaptic junction.

A. reflex arc at specific levels in the spinal cord. Measurement of the deep tendon reflexes reveals the intactness of the reflex arc at specific spinal levels. The corticospinal tract is the higher motor system that permits very skilled and purposeful movements such as writing. The medulla contains all ascending and descending fiber tracts; it has vital autonomic centers for respiration, heart, and gastrointestinal function as well as nuclei for cranial nerves VIII through XII. The upper motor neurons are located within the central nervous system and influence or modify the lower motor neurons and include the corticospinal, corticobulbar, and extrapyramidal tracts. The lower motor neurons are located mostly in the peripheral nervous system and extend from the spinal cord to the muscles; examples include the cranial nerves and spinal nerves.

Clonus that may be seen when testing deep tendon reflexes is characterized by a(n) A. set of rapid, rhythmic contractions of the same muscle. B. contraction of the muscle that appears after the tendon is hit the second time. C. additional contraction of the muscle that is of greater intensity than the first contraction. D. parallel response in the opposite extremity.

A. set of rapid, rhythmic contractions of the same muscle. Clonus is a set of rapid, rhythmic contractions of the same muscle.

The peripheral nervous system carries sensory (Afferent, OR Efferent) messages to the CNS from sensory receptors

Afferent

This abnormal muscle movement is a Slow, twisting, writhing, continuous movement, resembling a snake or worm. Involves the distal more than the proximal part of the limb. Occurs with cerebral palsy.

Athetosis

The Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) is divided into three areas. The include: A. Pupillary response, a reflex test, and assessing pain. B. Eye opening, motor response to stimuli, and verbal response. C. Response to fine touch, stereognosis, and sense of position. D. Orientation , rapid alternating movements, and the Romberg test.

B. Eye opening, motor response to stimuli, and verbal response.

During a neurological examination, the tendon reflex fails to appear. Before stinking the tendon again, you use the technique of: A Two-point discrimination. B. Reinforcement. C. Vibration D. Graphesthesia

B. Reinforcement.

Senile tremors may resemble parkinsonism, except that senile tremors do not include: A. Nodding the head as if responding yes or no. B. Rigidity and weakness of voluntary movement. C. Tremor of the hands. D. Tongue protrusion.

B. Rigidity and weakness of voluntary movement.

This abnormality in muscle tone is Increased tone or hypertonia; increased resistance to passive lengthening; then may suddenly give way (clasp-knife phenomenon) like a pocket knife sprung open A. Flaccidity B. Spasticity C. Rigidity D. Cogwheel rigidity

B. Spasticity

To elicit the Babinski reflex: A. Gently tap the Achilles tendon. B. Stroke the lateral aspect of the sole of the foot from heel to cross the ball. C. Present a noxious odor to the person. D. Observe the person walking heel to toe.

B. Stroke the lateral aspect of the sole of the foot from heel to cross the ball.

Corneal reflex & abdominal reflex are examples of this type of reflex. A. Deep tendon reflexes (Stretch Reflex) B. Superficial C. Visceral (Organic)

B. Superficial

Stroke (CVA), cerebral palsy & multiple sclerosis are examples of: A: Grey Matter B. Upper Motor Neurons Diseases C. Lower Motor Neuron Diseases

B. Upper Motor Neurons Diseases

The extrapyramidal system is located in the A. medulla. B. basal ganglia. C. hypothalamus. D. cerebellum.

B. basal ganglia. basal ganglia. The basal ganglia are large bands of gray matter buried deep within the two cerebral hemispheres that form the subcortical associated motor system (the extrapyramidal system).

Cerebellar function is tested by A. muscle strength assessment. B. performance of rapid alternating movements. C. the Phalen maneuver. D. superficial pain and touch assessment.

B. performance of rapid alternating movements. The cerebellum controls motor coordination of voluntary movements, equilibrium, and muscle tone. Cerebellar function is tested by balance tests (e.g., gait, Romberg test) and coordination and skilled movements (e.g., rapid alternating movements, finger-to-finger test, finger-to-nose test, heel-to-shin test). Muscle strength assessment examines the intactness of the motor system. The Phalen maneuver reproduces numbness and burning in a patient with carpal tunnel syndrome. Superficial pain and touch assessment examines intactness of the spinothalamic tract.

The Triceps reflex is mediated by spinal cord levels: A. C5 and C6 B: C7 to C8 C: L2 to L4 D. L5 to S2

B: C7 to C8

Lower abdominal reflexes are mediated by spinal cord levels: A. T 8 to T 10 B: T 10 to T 12 C: L2 to L4 D. L5 to S2

B: T 10 to T 12

This area in the frontal lobe mediates motor speech.

Broca's area

What term is used to describe slow, twisting muscle movements that resemble a snake or worm? A. Ataxia B. Vestibular function C. Athetosis D. Flaccid

C. Athetosis Athetosis is slow, writhing, continuous, and involuntary movements of the extremities. Ataxia is an impaired ability to coordinate movement, often characterized by a staggering gait and postural imbalance. Flaccid is weak, soft, and flabby; lacking normal muscle tone. Vestibular function is the sense of balance.

Cerebellum function is assessed by which of the following: A. Muscle size and strength assessment B. Cranial nerve examination C. Coordination-hopping on one foot D. Spinothalamic test

C. Coordination-hopping on one foot

_________ are LMNs that enter and exit the brain rather than the spinal cord A. Synapse cord B. Cranial nerves C. Muscle fibers

C. Cranial nerves

Spinal cord lesions, poliomyelitis, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis are examples of: A: Grey Matter B. Upper Motor Neurons Diseases C. Lower Motor Neuron Diseases

C. Lower Motor Neuron Diseases

Cranial nerves and spinal nerves of peripheral nervous system are examples of: A: Grey Matter B. Upper Motor Neurons C. Lower Motor Neurons

C. Lower Motor Neurons

To test for stereognosis, you would: A. Have the person to close his or her eyes then raise the person's arm and ask the person to describe its location. B. Touch the person with a tuning fork. C. Place a coin in the person's hand and ask him or her to identify it. D. Touch the person with a cold object.

C. Place a coin in the person's hand and ask him or her to identify it.

This abnormality in muscle tone is Constant state of resistance A. Flaccidity B. Spasticity C. Rigidity D. Cogwheel rigidity

C. Rigidity

During the examination of an infant, use a cotton-tipped applicator to stimulate the anal sphincter. The absence of response suggests a lesion of: A. L2 B. T12term-7 C. S2 D.C5

C. S2

Patient who have Parkinson disease usually have which of the following characteristic styles of speech? A. A garbled manner B. Loud, urgent C. Slow monotonous D. Word confusion

C. Slow monotonous

A pupillary response to light is an example of this type of reflex. A. Deep tendon reflexes (Stretch Reflex) B. Superficial C. Visceral (Organic)

C. Visceral (Organic)

The _____________ coordinates movement, maintains equilibrium, and helps maintain posture. A. basal ganglia B. extrapyramidal system C. cerebellum D. upper and lower motor neurons

C. cerebellum The cerebellum controls motor coordination of voluntary movements, equilibrium (i.e., posture balance of the body), and muscle tone. The extrapyramidal system maintains muscle tone and controls body movements, especially gross automatic movements such as walking. The upper motor neurons are located within the central nervous system; influence or modify the lower motor neurons; and include the corticospinal, corticobulbar, and extrapyramidal tracts. The lower motor neurons are located mostly in the peripheral nervous system and extend from the spinal cord to the muscles; examples include the cranial nerves and spinal nerves. The basal ganglia control automatic associated movements of the body.

The presence of primitive reflexes in a newborn infant is indicative of A. prematurity of the infant. B. mental retardation. C. immaturity of the nervous system. D. spinal cord alterations.

C. immaturity of the nervous system. The nervous system is not completely developed at birth, and motor activity in the newborn is under the control of the spinal cord and medulla. The neurons are not yet myelinated. Movements are directed primarily by primitive reflexes. As the cerebral cortex develops during the first year, it inhibits these reflexes, and they disappear at predictable times. Persistence of the primitive reflexes is an indication of central nervous system dysfunction.

The Quadriceps reflex (Knee Jerk) is mediated by spinal cord levels: A. C5 and C6 B: C7 to C8 C: L2 to L4 D. L5 to S2

C: L2 to L4

This common patterns or motor system dysfunction is A lesion in one hemisphere produces motor abnormalities on the ipsilateral side. Characterized by ataxia, lurching forward of affected side while walking; rapid alternating movements are slow and arrhythmic; finger-to-nose test reveals ataxia and tremor with overshoot or undershoot; and eyes display coarse nystagmus.

Cerebellar

The ____________ coordinates movement, maintains equilibrium and posture; receives information on position of muscles and joints, body's equilibrium, and kind of motor messages sent from cortex to muscles.

Cerebellar system

This common patterns or motor system dysfunction is a Mixed group of paralytic neuromotor disorders of infancy and childhood; due to damage to cerebral cortex from a developmental defect, intrauterine meningitis or encephalitis, birth trauma, anoxia, or kernicterus.

Cerebral palsy

This abnormal muscle movement is a Sudden, rapid, jerky, purposeless movement involving limbs, trunk, or face. Occurs at irregular intervals, not rhythmic or repetitive, more convulsive than a tic. This is Common with Sydenham chorea and Huntington disease.

Chorea

_____________ is a rapid rhythmic contractions of calf muscle and movement of foot

Clonus

Automatic assoterm-128ciated movements of the body are under the control and regulation of A. the thalamus. B. the hypothalamus. C. Wernicke's area. D. the basal ganglia.

D. the basal ganglia. The basal ganglia controls automatic associated movements of the body. The thalamus is where sensory pathways of the spinal cord, cerebellum, and brainstem form synapses on their way to the cerebral cortex. The hypothalamus is a major respiratory center with basic vital functions: temperature, appetite, sex drive, heart rate, and blood pressure control; sleep center; anterior and posterior pituitary gland regulation; and coordination of autonomic nervous system activity and stress response. Wernicke's area in the temporal lobe is associated with language comprehension.

_________________ is the cutaneous distribution of the various spinal nerves.

Dermal segmentation

The Trochlear Cranial Nerve IV is responsible for the function of _______________.

Down and inward movement of the eye

The peripheral nervous system receives motor (Afferent OR Efferent) messages from the CNS out to muscles and glands, and autonomic messages that govern the internal organs and blood vessels.

Efferent

__________ is a test to simultaneously touch both sides of body at same point; normally both sensations are felt

Extinction

The Oculomotor Cranial Nerve III is responsible for the function of__________.

Extraocular movement , pupil constriction, down and inward movement of the eye.

This abnormal muscle movement is a Rapid, continuous twitching of resting muscle or part of muscle without movement of limb, which can be seen by clinicians or felt by patients.

Fasciculation

The precentral gyrus of the _________ lobe initiates voluntary movement.

Frontal Lobe

This lobe is responsible for personality, behavior, emotions, and intellectual function.

Frontal lobe

_____________ is the ability to "read" a number by having it traced on skin

Graphesthesia

The Vestibulocochlear (Acoustic) Cranial Nerve VIII is responsible for the function of _______________.

Hearing and equilibrium

This common patterns or motor system dysfunction is Damage to corticospinal tract (stroke). UMN damage occurs above the pyramidal decussation crossover; thus motor impairment is on contralateral (opposite) side.

Hemiplegia

Cranial nerves ________through _______ extend from the midbrain and brainstem.

III (oculomotor nerve) through XII (Hypoglossal Nerve)

This abnormal muscle movement is a tremor when Rate varies; worse with voluntary movement as in reaching toward a visually guided target. Occurs with cerebellar disease and multiple sclerosis.

Intention Tremor

The Abducens Cranial Nerve VI is responsible for the function of _______________.

Lateral movement of the eye

The __________________ is the "final common pathway" because it funnels many neural signals here and provides the final direct contact with the muscles. They are Located in anterior gray column of spinal cord, but nerve fibers extend to muscle. Any movement must be translated into action by THESES fibers

Lower motor neurons

The Trigeminal Cranial Nerve V is responsible for the function of ____________.

Mastication and sensation of face, scalp ,cornea

This part of the brainstem is the autonomic centers, a continuation of the spinal cord in the brain that contains all ascending and descending fiber tracts. ********** autonomic centers (respiration, heart, gastrointestinal function) and nuclei for cranial nerves VIII through XII************

Medulla

The Hypoglossal Cranial Nerve XII is responsible for the function of _______________.

Movement of the tongue

The Spinal Cranial Nerve XI is responsible for the function of _______________.

Movement of the trapezius and sternomastoid

This common patterns or motor system dysfunction Chronic, progressive, immune-mediated disease in which axons experience inflammation, demyelination, degeneration and, finally, sclerosis.

Multiple sclerosis (MS)

This common patterns or motor system dysfunction is Chronic, progressive wasting of skeletal musculature, which produces weakness, contractures, and in severe cases respiratory dysfunction and death. Onset of symptoms occurs in childhood. Many types exist; the most severe is Duchenne characterized by the waddling gai

Muscular dystrophy

This abnormal muscle movement is a Rapid, sudden jerk or a short series of jerks at fairly regular intervals. A hiccup is an example.

Myoclonus A hiccup is a myoclonus of diaphragm

This lobe is responsible for the primary visual receptor center.

Occipital lobe

This abnormal muscle movement is a Decreased or loss of motor power caused by problem with motor nerve or muscle fibers.

Paralysis

This common patterns or motor system dysfunction LMN damage caused by spinal cord injury. A severe injury or complete transection initially produces "spinal shock," which is defined as no movement or reflex activity below level of lesion.

Paraplegia

This lobe is has a postcentral gyrus is the primary center for sensation.

Parietal lobe

This common patterns or motor system dysfunction Loss of dopamine-producing neurons in the substantia nigra and through the basal ganglia, causing motor tract disorder. Cardinal symptoms are resting tremor, bradykinesia, cogwheel rigidity, loss of balance; also anxiety, depression, and urinary incontinence.

Parkinsonism

Babinski's reflex or extensor plantar reflex are examples of this type of reflex.

Pathologic (abnormal)

The Glossopharyngeal Cranial Nerve IX is responsible for the function of _______________.

Phonation, swallowing, tasting on the posterior third of the tongue

This part of the brainstem is an enlarged area containing ascending sensory and descending motor tracts. It has two respiratory centers (pneumotaxic and apneustic) that coordinate with the main respiratory center in the medulla. It increases the depth of your respirations. It tells you to breath harder and faster.

Pons

The _______________ column fibers conduct sensations of position, vibration, and finely localized touch (stereognosis). Position in space. You know your position with your eyes closed.

Posterior (Dorsal) Columns.

The 12 pairs of cranial nerves supply primarily the head and neck, except the _______nerve which travels to the heart, respiratory muscles, stomach, and gallbladder.

Vagus nerve (X)

The Optic Cranial Nerve II is responsible for the function of ____________.

Vision

This area in the temporal lobe is associated with language comprehension.

Wernicke's area

________________ are basic defense mechanisms of nervous system to protect the body from dangerous situations. They are involuntary below level of conscious control permitting quick reaction to potentially painful or damaging situations.

Reflexes

This abnormal muscle movement occurs when muscles are quiet and supported against gravity (hand in lap). Coarse and slow

Rest Tremor

This abnormal muscle movement is a time-limited event caused by excessive, hypersynchronous discharge of neurons in the brain.

Seizure Disorder

The ______________ is a "MAP" or arranged in corresponding "map" of body; Example: pain in right hand perceived at specific spot on left cortex map.

Sensory cortex

The Olfactory Cranial Nerve I is responsible for the function of ___________.

Smell

Regarding the Autonomic Nervous System, the peripheral nervous system nerve fibers are divided into two parts, the _____________ & ______________

Somatic (Voluntary) & Autonomic ( Involuntary)

_________ fibers of the autonomic nervous system innervate skeletal (voluntary) muscles.

Somatic fibers

This long cylindrical cylindric structure of nervous tissue occupying 2/3 of the vertebral canal from the medulla to lumbar vertebrae L1-L2. Its white matter is bundles of myelinated axons that form the main highway for ascending and descending fiber tracts that connect the brain to the spinal nerves. Its nerve cell bodies, or gray matter, are arranged in a butterfly shape with anterior and posterior "horns."

Spinal Cord

____________ tests a person's ability to recognize objects by feeling their forms, sizes, and weights

Stereognosis

The _________ fibers maintain muscle tone and control body movements, especially gross automatic movements, such as walking.

Subcortical motor

The Vagus Cranial Nerve X is responsible for the function of _______________.

Talking , swallowing and sensory information from pharynx and carotid sinus.

The Facial Cranial Nerve VII is responsible for the function of _______________.

Tasting on the interior two thirds of the tongue , closing eye

This lobe is responsible for the primary auditory reception center, with functions of hearing, taste, and smell.

Temporal

The ___________ is the main relay station where the sensory pathways of the spinal cord, cerebellum, basal ganglia, and brainstem form synapses (sites of contact between two neurons) on their way to the cerebral cortex. It is an integrating center with connections that are crucial to human emotion and creativity.

Thalamus

This abnormal muscle movement is a involuntary, compulsive, repetitive twitching of a muscle group

Tic

This abnormal muscle movement is a Involuntary contraction of opposing muscle groups. Results in rhythmic, back-and-forth movement of one or more joints.

Tremor

T or F Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are a widely used type of antidepressant medications. SSRI's can kill the Hypothalamus resulting in very high temperatures.

True

_______________ test the ability to distinguish separation of two simultaneous pin points on skin

Two-point discrimination

The _______________ are a complex of all the descending motor fibers that can influence or modify the lower motor neurons. They are located completely within the CNS & convey impulses from motor areas of the cerebral cortex to the lower motor neurons in the anterior horn cells of the spinal cord

Upper motor neurons (UMNs)

A ________________ is a circumscribed skin area that is supplied mainly from one spinal cord segment through a particular spinal nerve. They overlap which is a form of biologic insurance, i.e., if one nerve is severed, most of the sensations can be transmitted by the one above and the one below.

dermatome

Damage to the Broca's area of the person's dominant hemisphere results in ____________. The person cannot talk. The person can understand language and knows what he or she wants to say but can produce only a garbled sound.

expressive aphasia

The ____________ include all the motor nerve fibers originating in the motor cortex, basal ganglia, brainstem, and spinal cord that are outside the pyramidal tract.

extrapyramidal tracts

The _________ is a major respiratory center with basic vital FUNCTIONS such as temperature, appetite, sex drive, heart rate, and blood pressure (BP) control; sleep center; anterior and posterior pituitary gland regulator; and coordinator of autonomic nervous system activity and stress response.

hypothalamus

Regarding pathways of the CNS, the right cerebral cortex likewise interacts with the _______ side of the body.

left

The __________ hemisphere is dominant in most (95%) people, including those who are left-handed.

left

The ___________ nervous system is composed of cranial nerves and spinal nerves

peripheral

The ________________ includes all the nerve fibers outside the brain and spinal cord: the 12 pairs of cranial nerves, the 31 pairs of spinal nerves, and all their branches.

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

Damage to the Wernicke's area of the person's dominant hemisphere results in ____________. The person hears sound, but it has no meaning, like hearing a foreign language.

receptive aphasia

Regarding pathways of the CNS, the left cerebral cortex receives sensory information from and controls motor function to the _______ side of the body.

right