Chapter 24: Nutrition, Metabolism, and Body Temperature Regulation

APPETITE

A desire for food. Psychological phenomenon dependent on memory and associations, as opposed to hunger, which is a physiological need to eat

Which of the choices below happens during the absorptive state? A) Anabolic processes exceed catabolic ones. B) Catabolic processes exceed anabolic ones. C) No metabolism occurs. D) Only glucose metabolism occurs

A) Anabolic processes exceed catabolic ones.

A) Glycolysis, OR B) Krebs cycle and electron transport chain? Glucose serves as the initial reactant.

A) Glycolysis

A) Glycolysis, OR B) Krebs cycle and electron transport chain? Occurs in the cytosol of a cell.

A) Glycolysis

Which of the following best defines negative nitrogen balance? A) Protein breakdown exceeds protein synthesis. B) It is a condition usually caused by having a diet low in fish and meat. C) A negative nitrogen balance is normal and is a way of maintaining homeostasis. D) It occurs when amino acids are broken down by liver enzymes and carried to the bloodstream

A) Protein breakdown exceeds protein synthesis.

A) Glycolysis, OR B) Krebs cycle and electron transport chain? Involves the removal of hydrogen electrons and CO2 from the substrate molecule.

B) Krebs cycle and electron transport chain

A) Glycolysis, OR B) Krebs cycle and electron transport chain? Involves the use of oxygen to pick up excess hydrogen and electrons.

B) Krebs cycle and electron transport chain

A) Glycolysis, OR B) Krebs cycle and electron transport chain? Produces the most ATP.

B) Krebs cycle and electron transport chain

Which of the following is correct? A) Most of the ATP are produced by substrate-level phosphorylation. B) Oxidation of FADH2 eventually yields four ATP via oxidative phosphorylation. C) Glycolysis relies on substrate-level oxidation for the four ATP produced in this pathway. D) Most ATP from cellular respiration are produced directly in the Krebs cycle

B) Oxidation of FADH2 eventually yields four ATP via oxidative phosphorylation.

Glycogen is formed in the liver during the ________. A) postabsorptive state B) absorptive state C) starvation period D) period when the metabolic rate is lowest

B) absorptive state

Conversion of fatty acids into acetyl groups. A) lipolysis B) beta oxidation C) lipogenesis D) ketogenesis

B) beta oxidation

As the body progresses from the absorptive to the postabsorptive state, only the ________ continues to burn glucose while every other organ in the body mostly switches to fatty acids. A) liver B) brain C) pancreas D) spleen

B) brain

Glycolysis is best defined as a catabolic reaction based upon the ________. A) conversion of glucose into carbon dioxide and water B) conversion of glucose into two molecules of pyruvic acid C) conversion of pyruvic acid into carbon dioxide and water D) formation of sugar

B) conversion of glucose into two molecules of pyruvic acid

When ketone bodies are present in the blood and urine in large amounts, it usually indicates increased metabolism of ________. A) amino acids B) fatty acids C) glycogen D) lactic acid

B) fatty acids

The molecule that serves as the major source of readily available fuel for neurons and blood cells is ________. A) fat B) glucose C) acetyl CoA D) cellulose

B) glucose

Gluconeogenesis is the process in which ________. A) glycogen is broken down to release glucose B) glucose is formed from noncarbohydrate precursors C) glycogen is formed D) glucose is converted into carbon dioxide and water

B) glucose is formed from noncarbohydrate precursors

Breakdown of glycogen to release glucose? A) glycogenesis B) glycogenolysis C) glycolysis D) gluconeogenesis

B) glycogenolysis

Which of the following does not occur in the mitochondria? A) electron transport B) glycolysis C) Krebs cycle D) formation of malic acid from fumaric acid

B) glycolysis

Dietary fats are important because they ________. A) keep blood pressure normal B) help the body absorb fat-soluble vitamins C) contribute significantly to the health of the skin D) help prevent the common cold

B) help the body absorb fat-soluble vitamins

Anabolism includes reactions in which ________. A) carbohydrate utilization increases B) larger molecules or structures are built from smaller ones C) structural proteins are used as a potential energy source D) ketone bodies are formed

B) larger molecules or structures are built from smaller ones

Oxidation reduction reactions ________. A) utilize hydrogenases B) may involve the loss of hydrogen and electrons C) are rarely coupled together D) occur via the gain of hydrogen or the loss of oxygen

B) may involve the loss of hydrogen and electrons

What is the outcome of ketosis? A) water retention and edema B) metabolic acidosis C) metabolic alkalosis D) glycogen buildup E) glucogenesis

B) metabolic acidosis

The amount of ________ produced is probably the most important hormonal factor in determining BMR. A) norepinephrine B) thyroxine C) prolactin D) ADH

B) thyroxine

Which of the following is not true of beta oxidation? A) It occurs in the mitochondrion. B) Every second carbon is reduced. C) It involves the anabolism of fats. D) Fatty acids are broken into acetic acid fragments

C) It involves the anabolism of fats.

SKIN FOLD TEST

clinical test of body fat. skin fold in the back of the arm or below the scapula is measured with a caliper. A fold = > 1 inch indicates excess fat

PICA

craving and eating something substances not normally considered nutrients, such as clay cornstarch or dirt

FAMILIAL HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA

inherited condition in which the LDL receptors are absent or abnormal. Uptake of cholesterol by tissue is blocked, total concentration of cholesterol in blood is enormously elevated. (680 mg/ 100 ml blood) Affected pts develop atherosclerosis at an early age, heart attacks in 30's, most die by 60 from coronary artery disease. treatment- dietary changes, exercise, cholesterol reducing drugs.

KWASHIORKOR

severe protein and calorie deficiency which is particularly devastating in children, resulting in retardation and failure to grow. A consequence of malnutrition or starvation. it is characterized by a bloated abdomen because the level of plasma proteins in adequate to keep fluids in the bloodstream. Skin lesions and infections are likely.

Many factors influence BMR. What is the most critical factor? A) the way an individual metabolizes fat B) the way skeletal muscles break down glycogen C) the ratio of surface area to volume (weight) of the body D) an individual's body weight

C) the ratio of surface area to volume (weight) of the body

Transamination is the process whereby the amine group of an amino acid is ________. A) transferred to acetyl CoA B) converted to urea C) transferred to a keto acid D) converted to ammonia

C) transferred to a keto acid

The term metabolism is best defined as ________. A) the length of time it takes to digest and absorb fats B) a measure of carbohydrate utilization, typically involving measurement of calories C) the number of calories it takes to keep from shivering on a cold day D) biochemical reactions involved in building cell molecules or breaking down molecules for energy

D) biochemical reactions involved in building cell molecules or breaking down molecules for energy

The primary function of cellular respiration is to ________. A) determine the amount of heat needed by the human body B) provide the body with adequate amounts of vitamins and minerals C) efficiently monitor the energy needs of the body D) break down food molecules and generate ATP

D) break down food molecules and generate ATP

Lipogenesis occurs when ________. A) there is a shortage of fatty acids B) glucose levels drop slightly C) excess proteins are transported through the cell membrane D) cellular ATP and glucose levels are high

D) cellular ATP and glucose levels are high

Prostaglandins play a role in ________. A) skeletal muscle contraction B) control of blood volume C) noninflammatory responses D) control of blood pressure

D) control of blood pressure

Which of the choices below is not a fate of carbohydrate taken into the body? A) ATP production B) lipogenesis C) amino acid synthesis D) conversion to a nucleic acid E) glycogenesis

D) conversion to a nucleic acid

Which of the following food groups are considered good sources of complete proteins? A) corn, cottonseed oil, soy oil, and wheat germ B) lima beans, kidney beans, nuts, and cereals C) egg yolk, fish roe, and grains D) eggs, milk, yogurt, meat, and fish

D) eggs, milk, yogurt, meat, and fish

Formation of glucose from proteins or fats. A) glycogenesis B) glycogenolysis C) glycolysis D) gluconeogenesis

D) gluconeogenesis

Which hormone directs essentially all the events of the absorptive state? A) growth hormone B) thyroid hormone C) epinephrine D) insulin

D) insulin

Formation of ketone bodies. A) lipolysis B) beta oxidation C) lipogenesis D) ketogenesis

D) ketogenesis

The process of breaking triglycerides down into glycerol and fatty acids is known as ________. A) gluconeogenesis B) fat utilization C) lipogenesis D) lipolysis

D) lipolysis

Which of the following statements is a false or incorrect statement? A) The amino acid pool is the body's total supply of amino acids in the body's proteins. B) Fats and carbohydrates are oxidized directly to produce cellular energy. C) Amino acids can be used to supply energy only after being converted to a carbohydrate intermediate. D) Excess carbohydrate and fat can be stored as such, whereas excess amino acids are oxidized for energy or converted to fat or glycogen for storage

A) The amino acid pool is the body's total supply of amino acids in the body's proteins.

Oxidation-reduction reactions are catalyzed by which of the following enzymes? A) dehydrogenases and oxidases B) kinases and phosphorylases C) phosphatases and kinases D) synthetases and lipases

A) dehydrogenases and oxidases

The term metabolic rate reflects the ________. A) energy the body needs to perform only its most essential activities B) loss of organic molecules in urine C) energy needed to make all organic molecules D) loss of energy to perspiration

A) energy the body needs to perform only its most essential activities

Which of the following nutrients yield the highest amount of energy per gram when metabolized? A) fats B) vitamins and minerals C) foods and beverages high in caffeine D) proteins

A) fats

Which of the following molecules are considered key molecules at metabolic crossroads? A) glucose-6-phosphate, pyruvic acid, acetyl CoA B) glucose-6-phosphate, lactic acid, acetyl CoA C) acetone, beta-hydroxybutyric acid, ATP D) ATP, pyruvic acid, lactic acid

A) glucose-6-phosphate, pyruvic acid, acetyl CoA

In gluconeogenesis, during the postabsorptive state, amino acids and ________ are converted to glucose. A) glycerol B) glycogen C) glyceraldehyde D) glucagon

A) glycerol

Storage of glucose in the form of glycogen. A) glycogenesis B) glycogenolysis C) glycolysis D) gluconeogenesis

A) glycogenesis

Glucose can be obtained from ________. A) glycogenolysis B) triglyceride anabolism C) protein anabolism D) lipogenesis

A) glycogenolysis

Which of the choices below describes the pathway of cellular respiration (the complete oxidation of glucose)? A) glycolysis, Krebs cycle, electron transport chain, oxidative phosphorylation B) gluconeogenesis, Krebs cycle, lipolysis C) lipolysis, glycogenolysis, beta oxidation D) glycogenesis, lipogenesis, electron transport chain

A) glycolysis, Krebs cycle, electron transport chain, oxidative phosphorylation

Cholesterol, though it is not an energy molecule, has importance in the body because it ________. A) is a stabilizing component of the plasma membranes and is the parent molecule of steroid hormones B) helps provide essential nutrients to the brain and lungs C) helps mobilize fats during periods of starvation D) enters the glycolytic pathway without being altered

A) is a stabilizing component of the plasma membranes and is the parent molecule of steroid hormones

Splitting of triglycerides into glycerol and fatty acids. A) lipolysis B) beta oxidation C) lipogenesis D) ketogenesis

A) lipolysis

Oxidative deamination takes place in the ________. A) liver B) muscles C) kidneys D) blood

A) liver

The primary reason elderly people should decrease their caloric intake is that ________. A) muscle mass and metabolism decline with age B) their appetite begins to diminish C) they have a higher metabolic rate and do not need large amounts of food D) they spend most of the day at rest, and their food will quickly turn to fat

A) muscle mass and metabolism decline with age

Which of the following mechanisms produces the most ATP during cellular respiration? A) oxidative phosphorylation B) substrate-level phosphorylation C) oxidation-reduction reactions D) oxidation reactions

A) oxidative phosphorylation

What process primes a molecule to change in a way that increases its activity, produces motion, or does work? A) phosphorylation B) beta oxidation C) cellular respiration D) glycolysis

A) phosphorylation

In the case of a person who consumes a normal, balanced diet, proteins are essential to the body for all of the following except ________. A) production of energy B) production of some hormones C) production of enzymes, clotting factors, and antibodies D) formation of functional molecules like hemoglobin and cytochromes

A) production of energy

Loss of heat in the form of infrared waves is termed ________. A) radiation B) convection C) conduction D) evaporation

A) radiation

Which of the following is a normal consequence of the activation of the heat-promoting center? A) release of epinephrine B) sympathetic sweat gland activation C) increase in ADH production D) vasodilation of cutaneous blood vessels

A) release of epinephrine

Which of the following is not a function of LDLs? A) transport cholesterol from the peripheral tissues to the liver B) regulate cholesterol synthesis in tissue cells C) make cholesterol available to tissue cells for membrane or hormone synthesis D) influence cholesterol synthesis in tissue cells

A) transport cholesterol from the peripheral tissues to the liver

When proteins undergo deamination, the waste substance found in the urine is mostly________. A) urea B) ammonia C) acetyl CoA D) ketone bodie

A) urea

Select the correct statement about proteins. A) Strict vegetarians need not worry about adequate protein intake, as most vegetables are almost perfect sources of amino acids. B) Proteins can be synthesized in the body if most of the amino acids are present. C) Proteins will be used by most cells for ATP synthesis if insufficient carbohydrates are ingested. D) Catabolic steroids (hormones) accelerate the rate of protein synthesis

C) Proteins will be used by most cells for ATP synthesis if insufficient carbohydrates are ingested.

Which of the choices below is not a source of glucose during the postabsorptive state? A) glycogenolysis in the liver B) lipolysis in adipose tissues and the liver C) absorption of glucose from the GI tract D) catabolism of cellular protein

C) absorption of glucose from the GI tract

In the liver, the amine group of glutamic acid is removed as ________ in the oxidative state. A) glyceraldehyde B) pyruvic acid C) ammonia D) oxaloacetic acid

C) ammonia

Catabolism would be best described as a process that ________. A) causes a decline in circulating ketone bodies B) builds up triglycerides during the postabsorptive state C) breaks down complex structures to simpler ones D) elevates glucagon levels

C) breaks down complex structures to simpler ones

Conditions that promote the oxidative deamination and energy use of amino acids include ________. A) adequate essential amino acids B) adequate fat calories to provide adequate ATP formation C) excessive amounts of protein in the diet D) ammonia combining with oxygen to form urea

C) excessive amounts of protein in the diet

Breakdown of glucose to pyruvic acid. A) glycogenesis B) glycogenolysis C) glycolysis D) gluconeogenesis

C) glycolysis

Synthesis of lipids from glucose or amino acids. A) lipolysis B) beta oxidation C) lipogenesis D) ketogenesis

C) lipogenesis

It is important to ensure that your diet is adequately rich in vitamins because ________. A) vitamins provide protection against the common cold B) very few foods contain vitamins C) most vitamins are coenzymes needed to help the body utilize essential nutrients D) all vitamins are water soluble and pass out of the body too quickly to ensure utilization

C) most vitamins are coenzymes needed to help the body utilize essential nutrients

Which of the choices below is not a mechanism of heat production? A) vasoconstriction of cutaneous blood vessels B) shivering C) sweating D) enhanced thyroxine release

C) sweating

Which of the following statements best describes complete protein? A) derived from meat and fish only B) meets all the minimum daily requirements for a healthy diet C) derived only from legumes and other plant material D) must meet all the body's amino acid requirements for maintenance and growth

D) must meet all the body's amino acid requirements for maintenance and growth

Which of the following is the most important function of the liver? A) carbohydrate and lipid metabolism B) synthesis of bile salts C) processing of drugs and hormones and activation of vitamin D D) protein metabolism

D) protein metabolism

When a person's hypothalamic thermostat is set to a higher level and the actual body temperature is below that level, the person may ________. A) pant B) exhibit vasodilation of skin vessels C) perspire heavily D) shiver

D) shiver

Which of the choices below is not a major route of heat exchange? A) radiation B) conduction/convection C) evaporation D) shivering

D) shivering

The most abundant dietary lipids are ________. A) cholesterol B) phospholipids C) fatty acids D) triglycerides

D) triglycerides

Heat-loss mechanisms do not include ________. A) reducing activity B) the evaporation of sweat C) behavior measures such as wearing light, loose clothing D) vasoconstriction of peripheral blood vessels

D) vasoconstriction of peripheral blood vessels

MARASMUS

Protein calorie malnutrition, accompanied by by progressive wasting. Often due to ingestion of food of very poor nutritional quality. Growth is severely stunted