Chapter 24: Urinary System Review Ques.

All of the following are true of the kidneys except that they are

-covered by peritoneum -surrounded by a fibrous capsule -located in a position that is retroperitoneal-held in place by the renal fascia -EXCEPT located partly within the pelvic cavity

Autoregulation of the rate of glomerular filtration has which of the following properties?

-depends on changes in the efferent arteriole -depends on changes in the afferent arteriole -depends on changes in the mesangial cells -All of the answers are correct

Which of the following descriptions best matches the term nephron loop?

-enables production of hypertonic urine -relies on countercurrent multiplication -creates high NaCl concentration in the renal medulla -All of the answers are correct

Substances secreted by the distal convoluted tubule include

-hydrogen -penicillin -creatinine -potassium ions All of the answers are correct

Each of the following is a normal constituent of urine except

-hydrogen ions -urea -creatinine -uric acid -EXCEPT proteins

Increased sympathetic tone can do all of the following except

-increase cardiac output -stimulate peripheral vasoconstriction -produce venoconstriction of blood reservoirs -increase systemic blood pressure -EXCEPT increase the glomerular filtration rate

Tubular reabsorption involves all of the following except

-osmosis -active transport -secondary active transport -facilitated diffusion -EXCEPT phagocytosis

Which of the following is not a function of the urinary system?

-regulates blood volume -regulates plasma concentrations of electrolytes -contributes to stabilizing blood pH -eliminates organic waste products -NOT excretes excess albumin molecules

Each of the following organs is part of the urinary system except the

-urinary bladder -ureter -urethra -kidney -EXCEPT rectum

Where does most nutrient reabsorption occur?

1

Urine passes, in the order given, through which of the following structures?

1-collecting duct 2-renal pelvis 3-ureter 4-bladder 5-urethra

A healthy adult typically produces ________ of urine per day.

1200 mL

Approximately ________ liters of glomerular filtrate enter glomerular capsules each day.

180

Which event does not occur in the distal convoluted tubule?

-A combination of secretion and reabsorption further alters the solute composition of the tubular fluid -Sodium ions are reabsorbed in exchange for potassium ions -Aldosterone-regulated sodium reabsorption occurs. -NOT Osmosis pulls water out of the tubular fluid and into the peritubular fluid

Which statement regarding the kidneys is false?

-The kidneys are retroperitoneal organs -Each kidney is stabilized and protected by three concentric layers of connective tissue -The kidneys lie between vertebrae T12 and L3 -FALSE The right kidney lies slightly superior to the left kidney

The mechanism for producing concentrated urine involves

-a properly functioning nephron loop -the secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) -a high concentration of NaCl in the fluid surrounding the collecting ducts -aquaporins being inserted into the membranes of the collecting duct cells -All of the answers are correct

Put the following urinary structures in order as urine is produced and eliminated from the body 1) liver 2) urinary bladder 3) kidney 4) ureter 5) urethra

3) kidney 4) ureter 2) urinary bladder 5) urethra

The prominent indentation on the medial surface of the kidney is the

hilum

The primary function of the proximal convoluted tubule is

reabsorbing nutrients

Regarding kidney function, in ________, solutes are transported from the peritubular fluid across the tubular epithelium into the tubular fluid.

secretion

The area of the urinary bladder bounded by the openings of the two ureters and the urethra is called the

trigone

The most abundant waste solute in urine is

urea

Identify the structure labeled "10"

ureter

Which nervous system structure(s) inhibits micturition by relaxing the detrusor and contracting the internal urethral sphincter?

Stretch receptor impulses activate sympathetic outflow

The renal sinus is

an internal cavity lined by the fibrous capsule

As diffusion takes place across the dialysis membrane, which of the following diffuse(s) into the bloodstream?

bicarbonate ions

The ability to form concentrated urine depends on the functions of

both the distal convoluted tubule and the collecting duct

Renal columns are

bundles of tissue that extend between pyramids from the cortex

The afferent arteriole in the kidney

carries blood to the glomerulus

Contraction of which structure compresses the urinary bladder and expels its contents into the urethra?

detrusor muscle

The portion of the nephron that empties into the collecting duct is the

distal convoluted tubule

Blood leaves the glomerulus through a blood vessel called the

efferent arteriole

The following is a list of the blood vessels that carry blood to the kidney. 1. afferent arteriole 2. arcuate artery 3. interlobar artery 4. renal artery 5. glomerulus 6. cortical radiate artery 7. efferent arteriole 8. peritubular capillary What is the proper order in which blood passes through these vessels?

4. renal artery 3. interlobar artery 2. arcuate artery 6. cortical radiate artery 1. afferent arteriole 5. glomerulus 7. efferent arteriole 8. peritubular capillary

Which structure is the collecting duct?

6

As the filtrate passes through the renal tubules, approximately what percentage is reabsorbed and returned to the circulation?

99

What percentage of nutrients (glucose, amino acids, etc.) is reabsorbed in the PCT?

99

________ nephrons are essential to water conservation and the production of concentrated urine.

Juxtamedullary

A glomerulus is

a knot of capillaries within the renal corpuscle

Where does filtration exclusively occur in the kidney? (Module 24.7B)

across the filtration membrane in the renal corpuscle

Which blood vessel(s) deliver(s) blood to the glomerulus?

afferent arteriole

Variable secretion of potassium and hydrogen ions is a specific function of which renal structure?

collecting system

The detrusor muscle

compresses the urinary bladder and expels urine through the urethra

Eighty-five percent of nephrons in the human kidney are located in the ________ and have short nephron loops.

cortex

Chloride ion is reabsorbed in the thick ascending limb by

cotransport with Na ions

The DCT secretes hydrogen ions in exchange for sodium ions by the process of

countertransport

Peristaltic contractions, beginning at the renal pelvis, sweep along the ureter, forcing urine toward the urinary bladder. In a normal, healthy person, how often do these contractions occur?

every 30 seconds or so

The outermost layer of the kidney is the

fibrous capsule

What physiological process occurs at the structure labeled "2"?

filtration

Which of the following descriptions best matches the term calyx?

final urine enters here

The amount of filtrate produced by the kidneys each minute is called the

glomerular filtration rate

The process of filtration occurs at the

glomerulus

One mechanism the kidney uses to raise systemic blood pressure is to

increase secretion of renin by the juxtaglomerular complex

Antidiuretic hormone

increases the permeability of the collecting ducts to water

Nephrons located close to the medulla with long nephron loops are called

juxtamedullary nephrons

Name the major excretory organs of the urinary system. (Module 24.1A)

kidneys

Major calyces are

large tributaries of the renal pelvis

In French, it's "faire de pipi," in Spanish, it's "hacer pipí," in English, it's "I have to pee." What's the medical term for this universal urge to pass urine?

micturition

When the level of ADH (antidiuretic hormone) decreases,

more urine is produced and the osmolarity of the urine decreases

The functional unit of the kidney is the

nephron

Countercurrent multiplication takes place in the

nephron loop

The U-shaped segment of the nephron is the

nephron loop

The ________ delivers urine to a minor calyx.

papillary duct

The efferent arteriole of a nephron divides to form a network of capillaries within the cortex called the ________ capillaries.

peritubular

The filtrate first passes from the glomerular capsule to the

proximal convoluted tubule

Identify the structure labeled "6"

renal column

The glomerular capsule and the glomerulus make up the

renal corpuscle

Identify the structure labeled "8"

renal papilla

Identify the structure labeled "9"

renal pelvis

The cavity of the kidney that receives urine from the calyces is called the

renal pelvis

The expanded beginning of the ureter connects to the

renal pelvis

Identify the structure labeled "5"

renal pyramid

Triangular or conical structures located in the renal medulla are called

renal pyramids

The left kidney lies ________ to the right kidney.

slightly superior

The thick ascending limb of the nephron loop actively pumps what substances into the peritubular fluid? (Module 24.11B)

sodium and chloride ions

During the micturition reflex,

stimulation of stretch receptors in the bladder wall sends impulses to the sacral cord

The urethral lining consists of:

stratified squamous epithelium near the external urethral orifice

Which of the following is greater?

the concentration of solute in the filtrate at the bottom of the nephron loop

If you have to urinate, but have to "hold it" until you can find a bathroom, what structure are you "holding it" with?

the external urethral sphincter

What structures enter and exit the kidney at the hilum? (Module 24.2A)

the renal artery and renal nerves enter; the renal vein and ureter exit at the hilum

Urine is carried to the urinary bladder by

the ureters

Which of the following descriptions best matches the term "renal papilla"?

tip of the medullary pyramid

What is the function of the vasa recta?

to collect and transport water and solutes within the renal medulla in association with the juxtamedullary nephron

The ureters and urinary bladder are lined by ________ epithelium.

transitional

Urine is eliminated from the body through the

urethra

Urine is temporarily stored in the

urinary bladder

In response to increased levels of aldosterone, the kidneys produce

urine with a lower concentration of sodium ions

The ________ is a capillary plexus that parallels the nephron loop.

vasa recta

Regarding kidney function, in reabsorption,

water and solutes are transported from the tubular fluid, across the tubular, epithelium, and into the peritubular fluid