Chapter 24

The Affluent Society

Author: Gabraith. Explained how the resulting wealth boom after WW2 in America was more substantially benefitting private sectors then public ones.

In Brown v. Board of Education, what was Thurgood Marshall's main argument before the Supreme Court? a) That segregation did lifelong damage to black children, undermining their self-esteem. b) That Plessy v. Ferguson was an outdated ruling that needed to be updated. c) That the time had come to implement the promises of Reconstruction. d) That the white, southern politicians did not adequately provide for black schools, thereby violating the "but equal" part of the Plessy ruling. e) That children ought to attend the school that is closest to them, and Linda Brown lived within a mile of the "white" school and should be able to attend that school.

a) That segregation did lifelong damage to black children, undermining their self-esteem.

Between 1946 and 1960, the American gross national product: a) more than doubled, and wages increased. b) declined as wages stagnated. c) stayed about the same. d) returned to prewar levels. e) increased so dramatically that poverty was completely eliminated.

a) more than doubled, and wages increased.

In his 1961 farewell address, President Eisenhower warned Americans about: a) the military-industrial complex. b) the rise of organized crime. c) the increase in juvenile delinquency. d) environmental hazards. e) the slow pace of the civil rights movement.

a) the military-industrial complex.

Dulles's policy of "brinksmanship" involved:

averting war through the threat of nuclear force

William Levitt, with the help of the GI Bill, gave many Americans the opportunity to a) get an education. b) buy a home. c) buy a gray flannel suit. d) buy a car. e) advance within the military.

b) buy a home.

After World War II, suburban growth: a) declined. b) increased dramatically, especially in California. c) occurred primarily in the South. d) was dominated by expensive housing. e) was discouraged by state and federal government policies.

b) increased dramatically, especially in California.

The Southern Christian Leadership Conference: a) was a coalition of white southerners who resisted desegregation. b) was a coalition of black ministers and civil rights activists who fought for desegregation. c) worked primarily on the local level. d) did not seek federal assistance. e) had the support of all southern congressmen.

b) was a coalition of black ministers and civil rights activists who fought for desegregation.

During the postwar suburban boom, African-Americans: a) experienced little, if any, discrimination, especially in the North. b) were encouraged to move into communities like Levittown, New York. c) were discriminated against only in the South. d) received special treatment if they were veterans. e) were often unable to receive financing for housing.

e) were often unable to receive financing for housing.

In The Affluent Society, John Kenneth Galbraith pointed out the:

persistence of poverty

The Twenty-second Amendment:

prohibited presidents from serving more than two terms

In response to the Little Rock crisis of 1957, Eisenhower:

sent 1,000 federal troops to protect black students

Between 1945 and 1960, home ownership:

significantly increased

One sign of the times came in 1954 when Congress added the words "under God" to:

the Pledge of Allegiance

Between 1945 and 1960 in the United States:

the gross national product almost doubled

In his farewell address, Eisenhower warned about:

the power of the military-industrial complex

Most blacks who moved to Chicago were fleeing terrible poverty in:

the rural South

By the 1950s, suburban life was marked by an increasing:

uniformity

In response to the court-ordered desegregation of Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas:

violence broke out, and President Eisenhower sent in federal troops.

The Southern Christian Leadership Conference:

was a coalition of black ministers and civil rights activists who fought for desegregation.

The phenomenon of "white flight" in the 1950s:

was a major cause of the growth of the suburbs

The Montgomery Bus Boycott:

was sparked when Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give her seat up to a white man.

The Montgomery Bus Boycott:

was sparked when Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her seat to a white man.

After World War II, most working women:

were concentrated in low-paying, nonunion jobs such as clerical, sales, and service labor.

During the postwar suburban boom, African-Americans:

were often unable to receive either private or public financing for housing

By the mid-1950s, most workers:

were white collar

During the 1950s, the income gap between whites and blacks:

widened

After the war, Americans were most eager to:

purchase

Elvis was especially controversial because of his:

suggestive gyrations on stage

In Brown v. Board of Education, what was Thurgood Marshall's main argument before the Supreme Court?

that segregation did lifelong damage to black children, undermining their self-esteem

Challenges to the mass conformity of the 1950s came from:

the Beats

As a result of the Montgomery boycott in 1955-1956:

the Supreme Court ruled that segregation in public transportation was illegal

As a result of the Montgomery boycott in 1955-1956:

the Supreme Court ruled that segregation in public transportation was illegal.

Senator Joseph McCarthy's power began to unravel when he made reckless charges about Communist influence in:

the U.S. Army

One major reason for religion's growing appeal in the 1950s was:

the desire to combat godless communism

The postwar era witnessed its most dramatic population growth in:

the sunbelt

To libertarian conservatives, freedom meant: a) first and foremost a moral condition. b) individual autonomy, limited government, and unregulated capitalism. c) using government as a vehicle for social reform, ensuring an equal distribution of wealth. d) what it did in the late eighteenth century—the right to own property and to vote. e) racial equality and the end of a segregated society.

b) individual autonomy, limited government, and unregulated capitalism.

The Housing Act of 1949: a) set a high income ceiling for eligibility. b) reinforced the concentration of poverty in nonwhite urban neighborhoods. c) ended the concentration of poverty in nonwhite urban neighborhoods. d) allowed growing numbers of blacks to move to the suburbs. e) paired with urban renewal programs, made American cities more diverse and prosperous.

b) reinforced the concentration of poverty in nonwhite urban neighborhoods.

In response to the court-ordered desegregation of Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas: a) violence broke out, but President Eisenhower refused to send federal troops. b) violence broke out, and President Eisenhower sent in federal troops. c) high schools across the South became desegregated immediately. d) Governor Orval Faubus used the National Guard to protect the black students from angry whites. e) Governor Orval Faubus requested that federal troops be sent into Little Rock to end the violence.

b) violence broke out, and President Eisenhower sent in federal troops.

After World War II, the automobile: a) declined in use, and the Midwest suffered economically. b) became a status symbol only for the wealthy. c) remained a luxury, not a necessity of life. d) altered the American landscape. e) was replaced by the train as the preferred method of transportation.

d) altered the American landscape.

The 1960 presidential debate between John F. Kennedy and Richard Nixon: a) was broadcast only on the radio. b) allowed Nixon to demonstrate his best qualities, thus winning the debate. c) showed Kennedy to be an ineffective speaker, and thus he lost. d) highlighted the impact of television on political campaigns. e) was little noticed at the time.

d) highlighted the impact of television on political campaigns.

Why did Eisenhower intervene in Vietnam? a) To prevent the Japanese from colonizing Vietnam. b) To support Ho Chi Minh's nationalist movement. c) To prevent the French from restoring colonial rule. d) To support the Vietnamese people in their opposition to colonial rule. e) To prevent Vietnam from becoming a communist nation.

e) To prevent Vietnam from becoming a communist nation.

All of the following increased through the postwar years EXCEPT:

family savings

With the end of World War II, women workers were encouraged to:

give up their jobs to returning veterans

Ultimately, the Beats:

helped inspire the youth revolt of the 1960s

The 1960 presidential debate between John F. Kennedy and Richard Nixon:

highlighted the impact of television on political campaigns.

After World War II, suburban growth:

increased dramatically, especially in places like Levittown and California

After World War II, suburban growth:

increased dramatically, especially in places like Levittown and California.

After World War II, suburban growth:

increased dramatically, especially in places such as Levittown and California.

Martin Luther King Jr. was:

inspired by the teachings of Gandhi.

Suburban growth was spurred by all of the following EXCEPT:

new construction of mass public transportation

Montgomery showed African Americans and the civil rights movement the power of:

nonviolent protest

By the early 1950s, the United States was supporting the French effort against the Viet Minh:

only financially

Which of the following is NOT true of the GI Bill?

Its huge cost did not justify its benefits.

The kitchen debates were between:

Khrushchev and Nixon

Levittown

Marked the rise of suburban living, culture, etc. Efficient housing, all similar design and materials, benefitted the GIs returning from war.

The Impact of Television

1) TV overpowered newspapers, magazines, radios as source of news info and diversion 2) TV advertising = vast market for new fashions/ products 3) televised athletic events made college/pro sports a major source of entertainment 4) TV programming created a popular image of american life: white, middle class, suburban, with traditional gender roles. also sometimes portrayed less conventional lifestyles. 5) oppressed/less fortunate people could see the way everyone else lived - contributed to sense of powerlessness and isolation

H-Bomb

More powerful form of atomic bombs, developed by both US and USSR.

M.A.D.

Mutually assured destruction. Caused both US and USSR to tread lightly.

"The Kitchen Debate"

Conversations between Nixon and Khrushchev at the american exhibition. These exhibitions were meant to promote understanding between the two countries. Displayed the conflict between East and West ideologies. Broadcasted on Nat'l Tv.

Milton Friedman

Economist, author of: capitalism and freedom. Advocated for the overturn to the private sector of all government functions. This included: min. wage, grad. income tax, social security. Believed gov. shouldn't regulate people/economy.

Sputnik

First satellite, launched by the Russians.

Benjamin Spock

...

Nixon

Significance: Civil Rights Act, EPA, diffused tensions between US and china/russia,

Who argued the case Brown v. Board of Education before the Supreme Court?

Thurgood Marshall

New conservatism

Toleration of differences, called for return to christianized civilization (good/evil). Wanted gov. to regulate people's behavior. Believed that freedom, was about morality.

U2 spy plane crisis.

US spy plane, shot down by the Russians, ended conversation between us and ussr for a while. Eisenhower denied incident.

Modern republicanism

Wealthy businesses part of the government. Scaled back gov. funding, kept new deal ideals, intended to redefine republicanism. Expanded welfare state ideas.

Suburbia

Word for the suburban towns neighboring major cities. Grew due to the rise in population and the expansion of highway networks.

The arrest of Rosa Parks in Montgomery, Alabama, in 1955 inspired:

a massive bus boycott

After World War II, the automobile:

altered the American landscape

After World War II, the automobile:

altered the American landscape.

Libertarian conservatives

Opposed strong nat'l gov. Wanted ind. freedom, limited gov., and unregulated cap'lism.

Which Supreme Court decision did Brown overturn?

Plessy v. Ferguson

Urban renewal

Renewal of already urban areas to accommodate for more people. To make housing more modern.

Free enterprise

Rested on private ownership, universal name of capitalism. Major business, used to fight for freedom.

Baby Boom

Rise in births, stemmed from the overarching expectancy by society for women to return home to be housewives and to fill their "traditional" roles. This idea was reinforced by the media, portraying a bland, dependant housewife.

Eisenhower

Significance: War Vet., grew infrastructure (Highway act), ended Korean War, and kept american peaceful during the cold war.

Which statement best describes how the white South reacted to the Brown v. Board of Education decision?

Some states closed the public schools, rather than integrate, and offered white children the choice to opt out of integrated schools

What was the organization called that Martin Luther King Jr. established after the Montgomery Bus Boycott?

Southern Christian Leadership Council (SCLC)

Checkers speech

Speech given my Nixon that saved his career. He was accused of having been privately funded by Californian families. Showed how tv was transforming politics.

Interstate Highway System

Initiated in 1956, led to the growth of suburbans, automobile sales, etc.

President Eisenhower used the CIA to overthrow which Middle Eastern government in the early 1950s, in large part because this government attempted to nationalize British-owned oil fields?

Iran

By 1960, about 65 percent of Americans:

belonged to a church

In the postwar era, the trend in the corporate sector was toward:

bigness and concentration

William Levitt, coupled with the GI Bill, gave many Americans the opportunity to

buy a home.

The Southern Manifesto: a) rejected massive resistance. b) argued that southern states should not fly the Confederate flag over state capitol buildings. c) repudiated the Supreme Court decision in Brown v. Board of Education. d) argued that the Brown v. Board of Education decision reinforced southern customs and traditions. e) argued that the Supreme Court decision in Plessy v. Ferguson was unconstitutional.

c) repudiated the Supreme Court decision in Brown v. Board of Education.

As a result of the Montgomery boycott in 1955-1956: a) blacks won the right to attend the school of their choice. b) the Supreme Court ruled that segregation in public transportation was legal. c) the Supreme Court ruled that segregation in public transportation was illegal. d) African-American women became less involved in the civil rights movement. e) Rosa Parks was sent to jail for over a year.

c) the Supreme Court ruled that segregation in public transportation was illegal.

All of the following are true of Sputnik 1 EXCEPT that it:

carried a nuclear warhead

The postwar economic boom was fueled mainly by:

cold war-related military spending

In the 1950s, teenagers became especially important as:

consumers

Which statement best describes how the white South reacted to the Brown v. Board of Education decision? a) In opposition to integration, white southerners often burned down schools. b) While the general public was outraged, southern congressional politicians supported the Supreme Court's decisions. c) Southerners worked closely with the NAACP, cooperating when they could to integrate schools. d) Some states closed the public schools rather than integrate, and offered white children the choice to opt out of integrated schools. e) Southerners took it in stride, recognizing that the time had come for change.

d) Some states closed the public schools rather than integrate, and offered white children the choice to opt out of integrated schools.

Secretary of State John Foster Dulles's policy of massive retaliation: a) was part of the effort to rely more on conventional forces. b) eased tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union. c) calmed the American public's fear of nuclear war. d) applied only to communist China. e) declared that any Soviet attack would be countered by a nuclear attack.

e) declared that any Soviet attack would be countered by a nuclear attack.

The ability to influence the world with American goods and popular culture is called: a) hard power. b) coercive power. c) persuasive power. d) cultural power. e) soft power.

e) soft power.

Many critics of American life in the 1950s believed that middle-class society suffered from:

excessive conformity

The youthful rebels known as the Beats:

favored road trips, Buddhism, and jazz

In 1954, the Supreme Court case known as Brown v. Board of Education:

found that separate-but-equal was unconstitutional

In 1954, the Supreme Court case known as Brown v. Board of Education:

found that separate-but-equal was unconstitutional.