Chapter 25: Forces for Independence and Revolution in Asia
The British Raj refers to the
90- year period of British rule in India.
tariff
A tax on imported goods
After the death of Sun Yat-sen, how did Chiang Kai-shek unify the Nationalist Party or KMT?
After Sun Yat-sen died, the cooperation between the Communists and the KMT began to unravel. The Communists wanted to create a communist state, while conservatives wanted to unify China under Nationalist rule. When radical leaders moved the capital, Chiang Kai-shek used the army to crush the Communists, driving survivors into hiding in the countryside. By 1928, Chiang captured Beijing and reunified China under Nationalist rule.
How did other people react after Yuan Shikai announced plans to make himself emperor?
After Yuan Shikai announced plans to make himself emperor, rebellions broke out all over China.
What role did the British monarchy play in India after 1857?
After the 1857 uprising, the power of the East India Company came to an end. In August 1858, Parliament transferred the rule of India from the company to Britain's monarch. The 90-year period of British colonial rule in India that took place between 1858 and 1947 was known as the British Raj.
How did the British respond to news of the Amritsar Massacre?
After the massacre, the British removed Dyer from command. In response to Indian outrage, British leaders made only minor reforms that allowed Indians to be elected to provincial councils.
How did the British respond to Indian acts of civil disobedience in the early 1920's?
British officials arrested tens of thousands of protesting Indians. Even still, British policies toward India did not change.
How did the Long March both hurt and help Mao Zedong's struggle for power?
During the Long March, Mao's Red Army suffered repeated attacks and almost constant bombardments by the Nationalists. Of the 100,000 Communists who began the Long March, only 8,000 survivors arrived at their new base in northwest China in October 1935. However, the retreat allowed Mao to oust his rivals and take control of the Chinese Communist Party.
Which new groups of people joined Gandhi on his second satyagraha?
For the first time, women joined the second satyagraha in large numbers. Groups of people from central and south India gave the movement their support for the first time as well.
How did Gandhi's experiences in South Africa change his life?
Gandhi found few opportunities to practice law in India. He went to work for an Indian firm in South Africa in 1893, but he experienced racial prejudice there. He decided to use his legal training to lead a campaign for equal rights for South Africa's Indian minority.
What did Gandhi's followers hope to achieve by engaging in civil disobedience?
Gandhi's followers believed that if millions of Indians engaged in peaceful civil disobedience, Britain's colonial officials would be brought to their knees.
Why did Gandhi promote civil disobedience?
He felt that peaceful demonstrations were more effective than violent uprisings
How did Western nations respond to the Boxers?
In August 1900, a coalition of European forces was sent to Beijing to defeat the Chinese forces and free the foreigners the Boxers had trapped there. The Western forces crushed the Boxer Rebellion.
Which is one reason why Gandhi's Salt March was successful?
Indians gained worldwide attention and support after the March.
What happened to the conflict between the Nationalists and the Communists from 1937 through the end of World War II?
Japan's invasion of China in 1937 brought a temporary halt to China's civil war. The Nationalists retreated to western China, but they were weakened by Japan's bombing campaign that continued throughout the war. The Communists divided their army into smaller units to fight a guerilla war against the Japanese, and they emerged from the war stronger as a result.
Why did many Bengali Indians protest against the division of Bengal?
Many Bengali Indians saw the split as an attempt to reduce Hindu power.
Why would some Indians put their lives in danger for the British?
Many Indians believed that if they were loyal to Britain during the war, Britain would give India home rule or perhaps even independence.
What would an Indian rebel think about the British ruling his country?
Many Indians believed the British had no respect for India's rich and ancient culture. They thought that Western culture and religion were being forced on them. Some were also troubled by the railroads and other technology the British introduced.
Who supported Mao in his fight against the Nationalists?
Mao's supporters were peasants and workers who joined his Red Army against the Nationalists.
Why did a regent rule for Emperor PuYi?
PuYi was too young to take the throne
How did Sun Yat-sen respond to Qing rulers' resistance to modernizing China?
Sun Yat-sen set out to replace China's old ruling system with a republican form of government. He organized a number of uprisings that ultimately failed, but a revolt in 1911 was finally successful in overthrowing the Qing dynasty. Sun Yat-sen became known as the father of modern China.
Where did Chiang Kai-shek flee to after Communists gained control of most major Chinese cities?
Taiwan
Who were the Boxers, and what did they try to achieve in 1900?
The Boxers were members of a secret group known as the Righteous and Harmonious Fists. They wanted to drive all foreigners from China.
Why did India's textile industry suffer under British rule?
The British allowed their textiles to flood the Indian market tariff free.
What would a British soldier think about the Indian rebels?
The British believed they were bringing civilization to India. They thought it was a benefit for India's people to learn English and have an English-style education. They believed they were improving India by introducing railroads and other modern technologies.
When China's civil war resumed after World War II, how were the Communists able to prevail over the Nationalists?
The Communists had widespread peasant support in the countryside, and they were supplied with weapons left behind by the Japanese. By early 1949, they were able to take Beijing without a fight, and by the fall, Mao had forced Chiang to abandon mainland China. On October 1, 1949, Mao Zedong announced the formation of the People's Republic of China.
How did Indians respond to news of the Amritsar Massacre?
The Indian National Congress adopted a policy of resistance to British rule. Millions of Indians suddenly became nationalists. After years of patiently waiting for change, they now wanted Britain out of India.
What factors made it possible for the People's Liberation Army to take power from the Nationalists?
The Nationalists had been weakened and left unpopular after World War II. Peasants threw their support behind the Communist Party. Conservatives in the Nationalist Party still believed in a military victory despite military weakness
Why did Gandhi lead his followers on the Salt March?
The Salt March was a protest against a British tax on salt. By harvesting sand to boil for salt, Gandhi and his followers broke the law intentionally to confront the British over a tax on a basic human need.
Why did warlords declare their independence from the capital of Beijing?
They were opposed to Yuan Shikai's decision to become emperor.
What was the Partition of India?
When the British gave India its independence, it divided the land into two nations. Pakistan was created as a separate nation for Muslims, and India for Hindus and members of other groups.
How did China's first president, Yuan Shikai, rule over China?
Yuan Shikai was mainly interested in increasing his power. He ignored republican principles, dissolved parliament, and changed the constitution to make himself president for life.
The Boxer Rebellion refers to
a Chinese uprising against foreigners.
Guerrilla War
a form of warfare that involves surprise attacks by small groups of fighters, including harassment of the enemy and sabotage
warlord
a military leader who governs by force, usually within a limited area
Dominion
a nation within the British Empire that controls its own domestic and foreign affairs, but is tied to Britain by allegiance to the British monarch
Salt March
a nonviolent campaign of civil disobedience led by Mohandas Gandhi in 1930
What did the Muslim League request from the British forces?
a separate nation for Muslims if India was granted independence
Bureaucracy
a system in which nonelected government officials are organized into specialized departments and operate according to fixed rules within a hierarchy of authority
general strike
a work stoppage by a large portion of the entire workforce of a locality or country
What was the Long March?
a year long retreat of the Red Army and communist leaders
A sepoy is
an Indian soldier trained by British forces.
Indian National Congress
an organization founded in 1885 to improve the rights and status of Indians in British colonial India and a major political party in India since its independence in 1947
Boxer Rebellion
an uprising by a secret group known as the Righteous and Harmonious Fists, called "Boxers" by Westerners, that attempted to drive all foreigners from China
Which of these is an example of Gandhi's noncooperation movement?
boycotting British taxes
Which is an example of British cultural dominance in India?
changing the official language to English in British controlled areas
Who was Chiang Kai-shek?
commander of the Nationalist Party's Revolutionary Army
During World War I, many Indians fought in the British Army. What did they want in return for their loyalty to the British?
home rule or political independence
The Amritsar Massacre refers to the
killing or wounding of about 1,500 protesters by British troops.
home rule
limited self-government over internal matters that is granted by a large political unit to a smaller one within it
Sun Yat-sen, leader of China's 1911 revolution, hoped to build a nation based on which three principles?
nationalism, democracy, socialism
Mao Zedong chose which group of people to lead a Communist revolution?
peasants
regent
person who rules a country while its monarch is too young, old, or ill to rule, or is absent
British Raj
the 90-year period of British colonial rule in India that took place between 1858 and 1947
Indian Civil Service
the body of some 1,500 appointed officials who carried out day-to-day government of British India
Civil Disobedience
the breaking of or refusal to obey laws or other governmental commands to protest and bring attention to a perceived injustice and force change
Segregation
the forced separation of a race, class, or ethnic group
Amritsar Massacre
the unprovoked killing or wounding by British troops of nearly 1,500 peaceful protesters at Amritsar, Punjab in 1919
Long March
the year-long, 6,000-mile retreat of the Red Army and communist leaders from southeastern to northwestern China after their defeat by Nationalist forces in October 1934
Why was the Indian National Congress formed?
to demand more participation of Indians in government
